{"1": {"fulltext": "i^-v\\nit I\\n\u00e2\u0096\u00a0iliiil,\\nreader\\nf\\ninmfmHnuimmnmu(nmitntmmnfuimumiiu(tifumiuuiuuuiunnfff!ifru iiiiimiimiifi\\\\:", "height": "3609", "width": "2465", "jp2-path": "carpentersgeogra01carp_0001.jp2"}, "2": {"fulltext": "LIBRARY OF CONGRESS,\\nChap. _ Copyright Eo,\\nShelllX-2:3\\nUNITED STATES OF AMERICA.\\nJ", "height": "3404", "width": "2279", "jp2-path": "carpentersgeogra01carp_0002.jp2"}, "3": {"fulltext": "", "height": "3404", "width": "2279", "jp2-path": "carpentersgeogra01carp_0003.jp2"}, "4": {"fulltext": "", "height": "3404", "width": "2279", "jp2-path": "carpentersgeogra01carp_0004.jp2"}, "5": {"fulltext": "", "height": "3404", "width": "2279", "jp2-path": "carpentersgeogra01carp_0005.jp2"}, "6": {"fulltext": "", "height": "3404", "width": "2279", "jp2-path": "carpentersgeogra01carp_0006.jp2"}, "7": {"fulltext": "", "height": "3404", "width": "2279", "jp2-path": "carpentersgeogra01carp_0007.jp2"}, "8": {"fulltext": "", "height": "3404", "width": "2279", "jp2-path": "carpentersgeogra01carp_0008.jp2"}, "9": {"fulltext": "CARPENTER S GEOGRAPHICAL READER\\nSOUTH AMERICA\\nBY\\nFRANK G. CARPENTER\\n^^c\\nNEW YORK CINaNNATI CHICAGO\\nAMERICAN BOOK COMPANY", "height": "3404", "width": "2279", "jp2-path": "carpentersgeogra01carp_0009.jp2"}, "10": {"fulltext": "5.,-\\nTWO COPIES RECEIVED\\nLibrary of Cojsgregf^\\nOffice of the\\nfieglster of Copyrlghff^\\n48553\\nCopyright, 1899, by\\nFrank G. Carpenter.\\nCarp. S. Am.\\nE-P1\\nSECOND COPVf", "height": "3404", "width": "2279", "jp2-path": "carpentersgeogra01carp_0010.jp2"}, "11": {"fulltext": "PREFACE.\\nIn this book the children are taken by the author upon\\na personally conducted tour through the most character-\\nistic parts of the South American continent. Leaving\\nNew York, they sail through the Atlantic Ocean and Carib-\\nbean Sea to the Isthmus of Panama. Here they cross\\nover to the Pacific, and travel along the west coast, visiting\\nall the different countries and learning about their civiH-\\nzation and industries.\\nThey cHmb the Andes; they explore the highlands of\\nEcuador, Peru, and Bolivia, and steam over Lake Titicaca.\\nThey travel extensively upon the great coast desert, visit\\nthe wheat and fruit lands of Chile, and then make their way\\nabout through the Strait of Magellan into the Atlantic.\\nThey go along the Atlantic coast, through Patagonia,\\ninto the pastures and pampas of Argentina, and sail on the\\nParana and Paraguay rivers for thousands of miles into\\nthe heart of the continent.\\nReturning through the Rio de la Plata, they make their\\nway along the coast of Brazil to the mouth of the Ama-\\nzon. They explore the wilds of the great Amazon valley,\\nand then go on into Venezuela to the Orinoco river, down\\nwhich they sail into the Atlantic, and close their tour with\\ntravels in Dutch, French, and English Guiana.\\nAmong the striking features of the book are the pic-\\n5", "height": "3404", "width": "2279", "jp2-path": "carpentersgeogra01carp_0011.jp2"}, "12": {"fulltext": "6 PREFACE.\\ntures of life and work among the people of the various\\ncountries. The children take journeys through the cities\\nthey see life in the villages, and spend days upon the farms,\\nin. the factories, and in the mines, seeing all phases of life\\namong the rich and the poor, the savage and the civilized.\\nThe great industries of South America have received\\nespecial attention. In the Andes the young readers go\\ndown into the mines and see how gold, silver, and tin are\\nextracted from the earth. They explore the nitrate fields\\non the coast, see the great borax lakes of Bolivia, exam-\\nine the guano islands, and are carried out under the ocean\\ninto the subterranean coal mines of southern Chile.\\nThey learn about sheep raising during their travels in\\nTierra del Fuego and Patagonia, and upon the pampas of\\nArgentina they visit the greatest stock ranches of the world.\\nThey travel through the coffee plantations of Brazil, and\\nspend some time in the rubber camps of the Amazon and\\nin the cacao orchards of Venezuela and Ecuador.\\nThey learn much of the curious animals of the different\\nzones, and see the wonders of nature in the flowers and\\ntrees of the tropics.\\nThe travels are in the shape of an imaginary tour made\\nby the children themselves, with the author as a guide.\\nThe book will, it is believed, aid in putting flesh and\\nblood on the bones of the geographies, and will give a\\nliving interest to geographical study.\\nThe book has the merit of being written from original\\nsources of information. It comprises the observations\\nof the author gathered in a trip of more than twenty-\\nfive thousand miles along the routes herein described.\\nMost of the descriptions were written on the ground,\\nand a very large number of the photographs were made\\nby the author especially for this book.", "height": "3404", "width": "2279", "jp2-path": "carpentersgeogra01carp_0012.jp2"}, "13": {"fulltext": "CONTENTS.\\nI. From New York to Panama\\nII. The Isthmus of Panama\\nIII. Across Panama to the Pacific\\nIV, The Republic of Colombia\\nV. The Land of the Equator\\nVI. The Great South American Desert\\nVII. In Lima, the Capital of Peru\\nVIII. Up the Andes\\nIX. On the Roof of South America\\nX. Steamboating above the Clouds\\nXI. Travels in Bolivia\\nXII. The Mineral Wealth of the Andes\\nXIII. On the Nitrate Desert and the Guano Islands\\nXIV. Along the Coast to Valparaiso\\nXV. Across South America by Rail\\nXVI. Santiago, the Capital of Chile\\nXVII. A Visit to a- Chilean Farm\\nXVIII. Southern Chile and the Araucanians-\\nXIX. In the Coal Mines of Chile\\nXX. In and about the Strait of Magellan\\nXXI. At the End of the Continent\\nXXII. In Argentina\u00e2\u0080\u0094 Patagonia\\nXXIII. In Argentina\u00e2\u0080\u0094 Life on the Pampas\\nXXIV. In the Great Fruit and Bread Lands of South America\\n7\\nPAGE\\n9\\ni6\\n24\\n29\\n38\\n50\\n58\\n67\\n72\\n81\\n87\\n95\\n100\\n108\\n115\\n123\\n130\\n137\\n144\\n151\\n159\\n167\\n174\\n182", "height": "3404", "width": "2279", "jp2-path": "carpentersgeogra01carp_0013.jp2"}, "14": {"fulltext": "8\\nCONTENTS.\\nPAGE\\nXXV. In Buenos Aires 192\\nXXVI. Uruguay In Montevideo, the Paris of South America 201\\nXXVII. Up the Rio de la Plata System 208\\nXXVIII. In Paraguay 218\\nXXIX. Paraguay\u00e2\u0080\u0094 A Trip into the Interior 226\\nXXX. Paraguay A Curious Tea\u00e2\u0080\u0094 The Chaco and its Indians 233\\nXXXI. In Brazil\u00e2\u0080\u0094 The Wilds of Matto Grosso .243\\nXXXII. Southern Brazil 249\\nXXXIII. In the Land of Coffee 257\\nXXXIV. Rio de Janeiro 267\\nXXXV. More about Rio 274\\nXXXVI. Bahia and the Diamond Mines 283\\nXXXVII. Along the Coast of Brazil .291\\nXXXVIII. The Valley of the Amazon 299\\nXXXIX. Para, the Metropolis of the Amazon 305\\nXL. In the Land of Rubber 312\\nXLI. A Trip on the Amazon 320\\nXLII. On the Orinoco and the Llanos 327\\nXLIII. Venezuela and its Capital 334\\nXLIV. In the Guianas 342\\nIndex 351\\nLIST OF MAPS.\\nSouth America\\nFrontispiece\\nIsthmus of Panama\\n18\\nColombia\\n30\\nPeru and Bolivia\\n73\\nTierra del Fuego\\n158\\nArgentina and Chile\\nV\\n202\\nBrazil\\n242\\nVenezuela and Guiana\\n343", "height": "3404", "width": "2279", "jp2-path": "carpentersgeogra01carp_0014.jp2"}, "15": {"fulltext": "TRAVELS THROUGH\\nSOUTH AMERICA.\\n^^^c\\nI. FROM NEW YORK TO PANAMA.\\nIT is a great undertaking to explore a whole continent, but\\nthat is what I shall ask the boys and girls to do with\\nme in this book. We shall travel together over all South\\nAmerica, to learn what kind of a country it is and what it\\nhas in it, and to see for ourselves just what is going on in\\nevery part of it.\\nWe shall first sail from New York to the Isthmus of\\nPanama, and crossing that narrow neck of land, go through\\nthe Pacific Ocean along the west coast to the Strait of\\nMagellan, stopping here and there, and making many trips\\nfar into the interior. We shall go through the strait about\\nthe southern end of Patagonia, and then travel along the\\neast coast of the continent through the Atlantic to the\\nmouth of the Amazon, journeying thousands of miles in-\\nward at different points, and exploring all the great rivers.\\nFrom far up the Amazon we shall go north through the\\nwilds into the lands along the Caribbean Sea, and thence\\ntake ship for New York.\\n9", "height": "3404", "width": "2279", "jp2-path": "carpentersgeogra01carp_0015.jp2"}, "16": {"fulltext": "lO\\nATLANTIC OCEAN.\\nThis will be a very long journey. South America is so\\nlarge that we must travel much farther than the distance\\naround the world if we would visit only its principal parts.\\nIt is a difficult trip. Much of it will be in the Andes\\nMountains, which are among the highest on earth, and in\\nArgentina we shall travel over plains and pastures where\\nfor thousands of miles we shall not see a hill.\\nWe shall find all kinds of animals and, I might almost\\nsay, all kinds of men. There are curious Indians here and\\nthere over South America there are mixed races in most\\nof the states; and there are numerous negroes, as well as\\nseveral varieties of the Caucasian race. Many of the peo-\\nple have odd customs, and we shall find every thing strange.\\nBut our steamer, the Alliaufa, for the Isthmus of Pana-\\nma, is lying at its wharf in New York, ready to start. I\\nOur steamer is ready to start.", "height": "3404", "width": "2279", "jp2-path": "carpentersgeogra01carp_0016.jp2"}, "17": {"fulltext": "VOYAGE TO PANAMA. II\\nwonder if we are well prepared for the journey. Let us\\nlook carefully over our baggage and see. It will be hard\\nto buy things in some of the countries, for we must remem-\\nber that but few South American cities have so good\\nstores as we have.\\nIt is now winter. It is so cold in New York that we\\ndare not go out on the street without heavy clothing. We\\nshall be in the land of perpetual summer when we step\\nfrom the steamer upon the Isthmus of Panama, and our\\novercoats and flannels will seem very hot on the equator.\\nAnd still we cannot throw them away, for we shall need\\nthem in cold Patagonia and while we are climbing the\\nsnowy peaks of the Andes. No our first business is to\\nlay in a good stock of all kinds of clothing.\\nAnother thing which each of us needs is a good saddle\\nand bridle. Many of the journeys will be on donkeys and\\nmules, and the saddles sold in South America are very\\nuncomfortable. I think the boys should take guns, for we\\nmay have shots at alligators and jaguars, at tapirs, and\\nperhaps at peccaries or wild hogs.\\nWe also need cameras and photographic supplies to\\nbring back records of the things we see, in order to prove\\nthat the stories we tell are founded on truth.\\nBut stop a moment. I wonder if we all have our pass-\\nports. There are often revolutions in South America,\\nand during such it is not the easiest thing in the world to\\nkeep one s head on one s shoulders or to keep out of prison.\\nWe must be able to prove that we are Americans, so that\\nwe can claim the protection and rights that our citizens\\nhave all over the world.\\nPassports are furnished for this purpose by the Secre-\\ntary of State at Washington. Each passport is a piece of\\nwhite paper about as large as a sheet of foolscap, certifying", "height": "3404", "width": "2279", "jp2-path": "carpentersgeogra01carp_0017.jp2"}, "18": {"fulltext": "lit all tit inlNinijtiiij^Hfm-*^* -\u00c2\u00bb1 J \u00c2\u00bb*i\u00c2\u00bb^ 0)nYlijf i^:\\n//^//,n/.\\n////v\\n7-;., q, e..^.,^\u00e2\u0080\u009e.-\\n12\\nA Passport.", "height": "3404", "width": "2279", "jp2-path": "carpentersgeogra01carp_0018.jp2"}, "19": {"fulltext": "VOYAGE TO PANAMA. 13\\nthat its owner is an American citizen. It has the coat of\\narms of the United States at the top, and at the bottom\\nthe big red seal of the State Department at Washington.\\nBetween the two there is a description of the person to\\nwhom the passport is given. It tells just how tall he is,\\nthe color of his eyes, hair, and face, whether his nose, chin,\\nand mouth are big or little, and just how old he was when\\nthe passport was issued. It also bears his signature. The\\npaper is signed by the Secretary of State, and it requests\\nall people to permit the bearer, who is a citizen of the\\nUnited States, safely and freely to pass, and in case of\\nneed to give him all lawful aid and protection.\\nWe find our passports all right, and are counting over\\nour baggage when we are warned that it is time to be off.\\nThe ship has already finished loading its cargo, and we\\nmake our way in and out among the men who are wheel-\\ning on board the bags containing the South American\\nmails.\\nA moment later the bell rings. to notify all who are\\nnot going with us to leave. There are farewell kisses and\\nhurried good-bys. The engines begin to throb, and as we\\nwave our handkerchiefs to our friends on the wharf our\\nboat moves slowly out into the East river and down by\\nStaten Island through the harbor of New York.\\nWithin a short time the city has passed out of view, and\\nas evening falls we stand at the stern of the steamer and\\nwatch the lights of Sandy Hook fade away into the dark-\\nness, realizing that we shall not see our native land for\\nmany months to come.\\nIt is about two thousand miles from New York to Colon^,\\non the Isthmus of Panama; but our ship does not go so\\nfast as the big steamers of the Atlantic, and it takes a full\\nweek for our voyage.", "height": "3404", "width": "2279", "jp2-path": "carpentersgeogra01carp_0019.jp2"}, "20": {"fulltext": "14\\nATLANTIC OCEAN.\\nThe first day out is cold and bracing, and we spend\\nthe time in learning our steamer. It is a ship of three\\nthousand tons, about fifty feet wide and three hundred\\nfeet long. It flies the American flag. The sailors are\\nfrom difi erent parts of New\\nEngland, and our captain is a\\nYankee from Maine. At high\\nnoon every day he makes an\\nobservation, telling by the sun\\njust where we are, and a little\\nlater on we all rush to the cabin\\nto learn how many miles we\\nhave gone in the twenty-four\\nhours.\\nAt the close of the second\\nday the air becomes warm. We\\nare crossing the Gulf Stream,\\nthat mighty river of the Atlan-\\nticwhich is three thousand times\\nas great as the Mississippi in\\nvolume. The water is now\\nwarmer than that of the ocean through which it is flow-\\ning. It warms the air like a furnace, and we can feel the\\ndifference as we pass out of it and travel along its eastern\\nedge toward the Caribbean Sea.\\nBut why do we not keep in the stream and be warm all\\nthe way?\\nYou will easily see when you remember how hard it is\\nto pull a boat against a strong current. The Gulf Stream,\\nflows northward at the rate of three miles an hour, and we\\nare going as fast as we can to the south. If we should\\nkeep in the stream we should have to steam against a three-\\nmile current, and we should lose at least three miles an hour.\\nAt high noon he makes an\\nobservation.", "height": "3404", "width": "2279", "jp2-path": "carpentersgeogra01carp_0020.jp2"}, "21": {"fulltext": "VOYAGE TO PANAMA. 1 5\\nWe find the weather much colder outside the stream.\\nIt is not long before it grows warmer, however, for we are\\nsailing southward and shall soon be in the Caribbean Sea.\\nIt is already so pleasant that we can leave off our over-\\ncoats, and we walk the deck, scanning the wide expanse of\\nblue water on all sides.\\nBut what is that away off to our right? It is httle\\nmore than a blue speck in the distance.\\nThat is one of the most famous islands in the world.\\nIt is San Salvador, upon which Columbus landed when he\\nfirst discovered America. The sight that greets our eyes\\nis the same that greeted his more than four hundred years\\nago. When he first stood upon San Salvador he thought\\nit an island off the coast of Asia, and did not reahze that\\nhe had discovered a new world. San Salvador is one of\\nthe most fertile of the Bahamas. It produces fruits,\\ngrain, and roots in great abundance, and it is as rich to-\\nday as it was when Columbus landed upon it.\\nA little farther south we see a white Hghthouse stand-\\ning among a grove of palm trees, and the captain tells us\\nwe are looking at Bird Rock Island, another of the Baha-\\nmas and still farther south the bleak and rocky coasts of\\neastern Cuba come into view, with the purple mountains of\\nHaiti in plain sight on the opposite side of the ship. We\\nsail between these two islands for hours, and then go out\\nover the blue waters of the Caribbean.\\nThe sea is now like glass. The sun is quite hot at noon,\\nbut during the rest of the day the air is soft, warm, and\\n-pleasant. It is like a June day in Ohio. We put on our\\nthin linen clothes and enjoy our voyage over the tropical\\nseas.\\nWe sail for two days with no land in sight. There are\\nfew ships, and the only moving things upon the waters are", "height": "3404", "width": "2279", "jp2-path": "carpentersgeogra01carp_0021.jp2"}, "22": {"fulltext": "l6 COLOMBIA.\\nthe gulls which hover about us and the schools of flying\\nfish which dart from wave to wave, one now and then\\njumping too high and lighting on our deck in its flight\\nBut listen. The captain calls out that we are approach-\\ning the Isthmus of Panama. We are coming near to that\\nwonderful strip of earth and rock which ties North and\\nSouth America together.\\nWe rush to the prow of the ship and look toward the\\nwest. At last a thin, hazy line of blue floats up out of the\\nwaters at the horizon. Now the blue deepens. It rises\\nup in the form of low mountains, while little green islands\\nbob out of the sea in front of our ship.\\nNow we are still closer. See, there is a low city along\\nthe shore. It is surrounded by green trees and plants,\\nand rising out of it and over it are tall palm trees with\\nfanlike leaves moving to and fro in the breeze. That town\\nis Colon, the city at the eastern end of the Panama Rail-\\nroad, where we are to land, and those trees are real cocoa-\\nnut palms, which seem to be waving to us a welcome to the\\nIsthmus of Panama.\\nII. THE ISTHMUS OF PANAMA.\\nWE shall cross the Isthmus of Panama on a railroad in\\na very few hours. The first white man who went\\nover took twenty-nine days, and his journey made him\\nfamous for all time as one of the world s great discoverers.\\nIt was only a few years after Columbus discovered\\nAmerica. Then no one knew that this land was an isth-\\nmus. Most people supposed it to be a part of Asia.\\nExpeditions were being made to learn just what the land\\ncontained, and among the explorers was a young Spaniard", "height": "3404", "width": "2279", "jp2-path": "carpentersgeogra01carp_0022.jp2"}, "23": {"fulltext": "ISTHMUS OF PANAMA. 1 7\\nnamed Vasco Nunez de Balboa, who came with a party\\nto the Gulf of Darien, not far south of Colon. Here he\\nfounded a settlement and went out among the Indians\\ntrading for gold.\\nOne day when he was weighing some gold which he\\nwas about to buy, a young Indian chief struck the scales\\nwith his fist, scattering the precious metal upon the ground,\\nand said\\nIf this is what you prize so much that you are ready\\nto leave home and risk your lives for it, I can tell you of\\na land where gold is as cheap as iron where it is so com-\\nmon that the people eat and drink out of vessels made\\nof it.\\nWhat the Indian said was true. He spoke of Peru, a\\ncountry which was then rich in gold, and in which we\\nshall travel by and by.\\nHis saying excited Balboa, and he questioned the chief,\\nwho told him that the land of gold lay to the westward\\nover the mountains, where there was a sea so great that no\\none had ever come to its end.\\nBalboa then decided to find out if this story were true,\\nand on September i, 15 13, he started. It took him eleven\\ndays to cut his way through the thick forest to the top\\nof the mountains, and then on the 25th of September,\\n15 13, he saw a great sea to the south, which he called the\\nSouth Sea, but which we call the Pacific Ocean. Four\\ndays later he cHmbed down the west slope, and with sword\\nin hand rushed into the waters up to his waist, and claimed\\nthe great sea and all it contained for the King of Spain.\\nThe Isthmus of Panama is not large. The neck of an\\nhourglass is not so narrow in comparison with the globes\\nwhich it joins as this little neck of land with the conti-\\nnents of North and South America above and below it.", "height": "3404", "width": "2279", "jp2-path": "carpentersgeogra01carp_0023.jp2"}, "24": {"fulltext": "i8\\nCOLOMBIA.\\nAt its narrowest part, if it were level, we could walk across\\nit in a day, while to cross North America from New York\\nto San Francisco requires six days and nights on a fast\\nrailroad train, and in South America to make our way\\nfrom the Atlantic up the Amazon as far as we could go,\\nand thence to the Pacific by land, would take more than\\ntwo months.\\nYes, the isthmus is very narrow, but it forms a great\\nwall against the commerce of the world. See those boxes\\nand bales of goods\\nwhich are being tak-\\nen out of the hold\\nof our steamer. They\\nare putting them on\\nthe cars which will\\ncarry them across to\\nthe city of Panama,\\non the Pacific. There\\nthey will again be\\nloaded upon ships\\ngoing north to San\\nFrancisco or south\\nto Ecuador, Peru,\\nand Chile. Those\\nmen who are work-\\ning must be paid,\\nand the railroad\\ncharges high prices\\nfor freight. Indeed,\\nthe transfer of goods across the isthmus costs so much that\\nit is often cheaper to send them from New York to San\\nFrancisco on ships clear around South America, although\\nthe distance is eight thousand miles greater.", "height": "3404", "width": "2279", "jp2-path": "carpentersgeogra01carp_0024.jp2"}, "25": {"fulltext": "ISTHMUS OF PANAMA. 19\\nWhat a fine thing it would be if we had a canal cut\\nacross the isthmus wide enough for the biggest ships to\\nsail through! Then our Pacific coast, Hawaii, and the\\nPhilippines would be thousands of miles nearer by ship to\\nour Atlantic coast and Europe and Asia, so far as com-\\nmerce is concerned, would be much closer together.\\nSuch canals have been planned ever since Balboa\\nshowed that the two great oceans at this place are so close\\nto each other. There are now two great undertakings to\\ncut through the land from one ocean to the other. One is\\nthe Nicaragua Canal across Central America by way of the\\nlarge Lake of Nicaragua and the river San Juan, and the\\nother is the canal which is being dug by the French\\nfrom Colon, where we now are, to the Bay of Panama, on\\nthe Pacific.\\nWe shall see much of the Panama Canal as we cross on\\nthe railroad. Vast sums have been spent upon it, but it\\nis still far from completion. We shall see what a great\\njob it is to cut through the land, although at this point the\\nisthmus is so narrow that one of our fastest trains might\\ncross from ocean to ocean in an hour.\\nThe chief obstacle is the series of great mountain chains\\nwhich runs north and south along the west side of our\\nhemisphere from Alaska to the Strait of Magellan. We\\nknew of it in the Rockies and the Andes. It exists also\\nat the Isthmus of Panama, although it sinks so low at this\\nplace that the greatest peaks are not half a mile high.\\nIndeed, the pass through which the canal is to go is only\\ntwo and one half times as high as the Washington Monu-\\nment. Still, the mountains are masses of rock, and it takes\\na long time, by blasting and drilling and dredging, to cut\\nthem down so as to make a ditch wide enough and deep\\nenough for ships to pass through.\\nCARP. S. AM. 2", "height": "3404", "width": "2279", "jp2-path": "carpentersgeogra01carp_0025.jp2"}, "26": {"fulltext": "20\\nCOLOMBIA.\\nAnother difficulty in making the canal is in the great\\nrains. The isthmus is one of the rainiest parts of the\\nworld, and during some of the year the streams and rivers\\nflowing down the mountains become raging torrents. The\\nCha^gres river, which crosses the line of the canal, some-\\ntimes rises in one rainy night as high as a four-story house,\\nso that it will take a great dam to hold back its waters.\\nIndeed, it will cost so much to make the canal that many\\npeople wonder if it will be completed.\\nBut we have some time yet before the train starts, and\\nwe can take a run through Colon. We cross the track\\nof the Panama Railroad, which runs through the town, and\\nvisit the entrance to the canal, where we see great dredges\\nand numerous small boats. The dredges are idle and\\ncovered with rust. There is a vast amount of machinery\\nThe dredges are idle.", "height": "3404", "width": "2279", "jp2-path": "carpentersgeogra01carp_0026.jp2"}, "27": {"fulltext": "ISTHMUS OF PANAMA.\\n21\\ngoing to ruin, for the work in this part of the canal has\\nbeen given up for the time.\\nWe learn that Colon was largely made by the canal peo-\\nple, and that the most of the men we see on the streets\\ncame here to work upon it. Among them are negroes\\nfrom Jamaica who address us in English, and brown-faced\\nColombians who speak nothing but Spanish. The Co-\\nlombians are the descendants of the Spaniards who came\\nhere centuries ago. Some of them are pure whites, and\\nothers are of the mixed race of Spaniards and Indians.\\nColon has also a sprinkling of French, Americans, and\\nEnglish. It has many Chinese, the first of whom were\\nbrought here by the thousands years ago to work on the\\nFront Street, Colon.\\nrailroad. They did not get along well, and so many of them\\ndied that one of the stations on the railroad is called Mata-\\nchin which, freely translated, means dead Chinamen.\\nWhat a queer town Colon is We say this again and", "height": "3404", "width": "2279", "jp2-path": "carpentersgeogra01carp_0027.jp2"}, "28": {"fulltext": "22\\nCOLOMBIA.\\nagain as we walk through its streets. Many of the houses\\nare empty, and nearly all are going to ruin. When the\\ncanal was started, thousands of people were employed\\nupon it, and it was thought that Colon would be a great\\ncity. The finest part of it was made for the officers of the\\ncanal, and was called, after Columbus, the town of Chris-\\ntophe Colomb.\\nWe take carriages and drive through this section. Its\\nwide streets are lined with cocoa palm trees, each of\\nwhich has a bushel or so of green cocoanuts hanging close\\nWe take carriages and drive through this section.\\nto its trunk where the leaves jut out. The cocoanuts are\\nas big as the heads of the half-naked negro babies who\\nare playing under the trees, and we think that a commo-\\ntion would arise if one should drop down among them.\\nWe see more cocoanut trees as we drive through other\\nparts of Colon. They are found almost everywhere on", "height": "3404", "width": "2279", "jp2-path": "carpentersgeogra01carp_0028.jp2"}, "29": {"fulltext": "ISTHMUS OF PANAMA. 23\\nthe isthmus. The most of them are wild, but there are\\nalso cocoanut plantations where we can learn just how the\\ntrees grow. They are so easy to raise that we almost\\nwish we could stop and start a grove of our own.\\nThe cocoanut trees are first sprouted by placing a lot\\nof the nuts on top of the ground, a few inches apart.\\nAfter a while each nut sends out a sprout from one of the\\nlittle eyes at its end. The sprout grows up into the air,\\nand at the same time a root shoots out of its base down\\ninto the ground.\\nWithin a few months the sprout has grown as high as\\na table. The sprout and nut are now broken off from\\nthe root and set out where the tree is to stand. The nut\\nis buried about six inches deep in the ground, the rest\\nof the sprout remaining above. The earth is pressed\\ntightly down about the sprout, and the planting is done.\\nCocoanut trees are set out at about the same distance\\napart as the trees of our peach orchards. They grow\\nrapidly, and at seven years begin to bear nuts. The fruit\\nripens all the year round, and we see blossoms and nuts\\non the same tree.\\nThe nuts are not picked from the trees, but they drop\\nwhen they are ripe. The men go daily from tree to tree\\nto gather the nuts. Each nut has a thick green husk\\nupon it. This is torn off, and the nuts then look as we\\nsee them in our stores, and are ready for shipment.\\nThey are loading cocoanuts on the steamer when we get\\nback to the wharves. The captain will take a shipload to\\nNew York, and tells us that they will be sold there by the\\nthousand for two or three cents apiece.", "height": "3404", "width": "2279", "jp2-path": "carpentersgeogra01carp_0029.jp2"}, "30": {"fulltext": "24\\nCOLOMBIA.\\nIII. ACROSS PANAMA TO THE PACIFIC.\\nOUR train for Panama is ready to start. We buy our\\ntickets of an American station agent, and later on we\\nnotice that the conductors and other railroad officials are\\nAmericans. The Panama Railroad was built by Ameri-\\ncans shortly after gold was discovered in California. It\\nhas been very profitable, although it has cost a great deal\\nof money and thousands of lives. Indeed, so many men\\ndied of fever while working upon it that it is said there\\nwas more than one death for every tie in the track.\\nThe cars are much like our cars at home. Each seat\\nhas its window, and we have a good view of the country as\\nthe train whirls us along through tropical wonders.\\nNow we go by a banana plantation. See how the wide\\nBanana Peddlers.", "height": "3404", "width": "2279", "jp2-path": "carpentersgeogra01carp_0030.jp2"}, "31": {"fulltext": "ACROSS PANAMA.\\n25\\ngreen leaves of the plants extend up from the ground\\nhigher than the head of a man. They are nearly as high\\nas the top of the cars, and great bunches of green bananas\\nbend down among them, almost touching the ground.\\nNow we pass orange trees loaded with fruit, and there\\nis a tree filled with green and ripe lemons. There are\\nmany forest trees, the names of which we do not know.\\nSome of the trees are covered with orchids, and some are\\nmasses of other beautiful flowers. Among them are fern\\ntrees, and also bamboos of many varieties, which wave\\ntheir tall, green, feathery branches in the breeze made by\\nthe train as we pass.\\nThere are twenty different varieties of palms on the\\nisthmus, some of which are of wonderful value. That\\nsmall, fat, bunchy tree, with the leaves sticking out on all\\nsides, is the ivory palm. See those prickly green balls, as\\nbig as your head, which grow\\nclose to its trunk at the top. In\\nthose balls are the nuts which\\nform the vegetable ivory of com-\\nmerce. Each nut is somewhat\\nlike a chestnut, but about five\\ntimes as big. That train which\\nis passing us now is probably\\ncarrying thousands of ivory nuts\\nto Colon, whence they will be\\nshipped to New York, and there\\nmade into buttons, combs, and\\nother such things.\\nBut see, there is another\\nstrange palm. I mean that one\\nat your left, with the green shoots at the top. That is\\nthe cabbage palm. Its head looks like a cabbage, and if you\\nSago Palm.", "height": "3404", "width": "2279", "jp2-path": "carpentersgeogra01carp_0031.jp2"}, "32": {"fulltext": "26\\nCOLOMBIA.\\nshould cook it you would find that it tastes much the same.\\nOn the hill farther back there are palms which furnish the\\nsago we cook in puddings and soups, and now and then\\nwe pass what the natives call the wine palm, because from\\nits sap they can make a sweet drink which will intoxicate\\nlike wine.\\nBut we are coming into the mountains. We are slowly\\nclimbing the hills. There are woods all about us. The\\nforests in the distance look more like the woodlands of\\nour country than those of the tropics. The trees are\\ncloser together, and they are so bound about with vines\\nthat we could not make our\\nway through them without\\nchopping it out with an ax.\\nWe see but few birds, as they\\nare frightened off by the noise\\nof the train; but a short dis-\\ntance back from the railroad\\nthere are bright-colored par-\\nrots and great scarlet-breasted\\ntoucans with bills four inches\\nlong. There are yellow birds\\nabout as big as a robin, which\\nwhistle like mocking birds, and\\norioles whose beautifully woven\\nnests hang down like bags from\\nthe trees.\\nThere are also many wild\\nanimals. See that monkey\\nwhich is grinning at us out of the branches of that tree as\\nwe pass. There are monkeys of all sizes on the isthmus,\\nas well as ant-eaters, jaguars, and wild hogs.\\nThere are snakes, large and small, from the poisonous\\n#\u00e2\u0096\u00a0\u00e2\u0096\u00a0\u00e2\u0096\u00a01\\nCocoa Palms and Cocoanut.", "height": "3404", "width": "2279", "jp2-path": "carpentersgeogra01carp_0032.jp2"}, "33": {"fulltext": "ACROSS PANAMA.\\n27\\nviper to the great boa constrictor. There are plenty of\\ninsects. We must be careful where we walk, lest we step\\non a tarantula, a scorpion, or a centiped.\\nNotice the telegraph poles. They are made of iron.\\nThis is because of the ants, some of which eat wood.\\nThese ants sometimes travel in armies, and they will con^\\nsume a pine telegraph pole in a night.\\nThe mosquitoes are worse than ours of New Jersey, and\\nI warn you to beware of a little insect called the chigoe,\\nor jigger, which attacks the bare toes just under the nail.\\nWhen it bites you it will not hurt more than the prick oi\\na needle, and the bite will make only a little red spot on\\nyour toe. As it bites, however, it lays its eggs in the\\nlittle hole it makes in the flesh. The eggs are so small\\nthat you can hardly see them, but if you do not soon dig\\nthem out with a needle they will hatch into worms, which\\nwill cause you\\ngreat pain and\\nprobably the\\nloss of your\\ntoe.\\nThe isthmus\\nhas many vari-\\neties of Hzards.\\nWe see them\\ncrawling out\\nr J i.1. Iguana Lizard.\\nirom under the\\nties on the railroad, and we may have a chance to eat them\\nwhen asked out to dine. The flesh of one variety of lizard\\nis as tender as a spring chicken. It is sold in the Panama\\nmarkets. This is the iguana lizard. It is from three to six feet\\nin length, and its eggs are of the size of a marble. The eggs\\nare yellow and shriveled, but are by no means unpalatable.", "height": "3404", "width": "2279", "jp2-path": "carpentersgeogra01carp_0033.jp2"}, "34": {"fulltext": "28\\nCOLOMBIA.\\nBut here we are on the other side of the mountains.\\nWe go quickly down to the lowlands, and end our journey\\nin Panama, with the Pacific Ocean before us.\\nPanama has about twenty-five thousand people. It is\\none of the most- picturesque cities of the hemisphere. Its\\nhouses are built like those of old Spain, with galleries\\nWharves, Panama.\\nhanging out, so that we are shaded from the sun as we\\nwalk through the streets. The streets go up hill and\\ndown. They wind in and out around a great bay which\\nis guarded from the sea by green islands.\\nThere are many good stores, and several hotels. We\\nvisit the wharves and see the great business that is done in\\ntransferring goods from one ocean to the other. We spend\\nsome time on the bay looking at the ships which have", "height": "3404", "width": "2279", "jp2-path": "carpentersgeogra01carp_0034.jp2"}, "35": {"fulltext": "ACROSS PANAMA.\\n29\\ncome from different parts of the world. They are an-\\nchored far out from the shore, at the edge of the islands,\\non account of the tides, which are here very strong. We\\nlearn that one is just about to sail southward along the\\ncoast of Colombia, and upon it we take passage.\\n3 \u00c2\u00bb^C\\nIV. THE REPUBLIC OF COLOMBIA.\\nWE are sailing southward this morning upon the\\nmighty Pacific. Were it not for the slight breeze\\nof the northeast trade winds it would be stifling, and as it\\nis the sea seems to steam.", "height": "3404", "width": "2279", "jp2-path": "carpentersgeogra01carp_0035.jp2"}, "36": {"fulltext": "30\\nCOLOMBIA.\\nLongitude BO West from Grcciiw\\nCome with me to the side of the ship and look out to\\nthe west. Notice how the blue waves stretch on and on\\nuntil they lose themselves in the sky. We are on the\\ngreatest of the\\noceans. That wa-\\nter extends west-\\nward for ten thou-\\nsand miles until it\\nwraps itself around\\nthe Philippine Is-\\nlands and washes\\nthe east coast of\\nAsia.\\nHow bright the\\nsun is, and how\\ndazzling! It darts\\nits rays down, and\\nColombia. millions of dia-\\nmonds are dancing upon the waves under our eyes. We\\nwink and blink as we look. The reflected rays of the sun\\nare here as bright as its direct rays in July at our homes.\\nCome now to the other side of the vessel and look at\\nthe shadows. The water below us is of an indigo blue,\\nwhich seems to grow lighter as our eyes travel over it to\\nthe green hills of the shore.\\nWhat is that cackling and crowing and quacking we\\nhear? Can that be .the baa of a lamb? Was not that\\nthe moo of a cow? We rub our eyes to see if we are not\\ndreaming. This voyage of ours must be a mistake, and\\nwe are surely back near one of the farmyards in the\\ncountry at home.\\nNo, it is not a mistake. The noise of the fowls comes\\nfrom those two-storied coops on the deck. You can see", "height": "3404", "width": "2279", "jp2-path": "carpentersgeogra01carp_0036.jp2"}, "37": {"fulltext": "GENERAL VIEW. 3 I\\nthe chickens and geese poking their heads through the\\nslats. The bleating and mooing is from sheep and cattle\\nwhich are kept in stalls two floors below. They are car-\\nried to furnish the meat for our tables. It is so warm\\nhere on the southern Pacific that fresh meat will soon\\nspoil.\\nWhat a noise the creatures make! We are awakened\\nby them every morning, and hardly know where we are\\nuntil the cabin boy brings in our breakfast. It consists of\\na small cup of coffee and one or two slices of bread, and\\nprotest as we may, we cannot have more until eleven\\no clock. This is the custom throughout South America.\\nBetween eleven and one they have a second breakfast,\\nwhich is much like our dinner, and their dinner is at about\\nsix in the evening. We grumble at first, but soon find it\\nis as pleasant as our way of eating at home.\\nBut here we are saiHng into one of the ports of Colom-\\nbia. There are palm trees and bamboos on the coast, and\\nthe dense vegetation is much like that of the isthmus.\\nThere is a town a little back from the water. It is com-\\nposed of thatched huts and of one-story white buildings\\ncovered with plaster and roofed with red tiles. There are\\nsome little saiKng vessels at anchor, and many small boats\\nin which dark-skinned men are rowing-out to the steamer.\\nWe are now in the Bay of Buenaventura (boo-a-na-ven-\\ntoo ra), and from here we shall make a long tour through\\nColombia.\\nThe country is so vast that we cannot expect to visit it\\nall. Colombia is ten times as large as the state of New\\nYork. It is as long from north to south as the distance\\nfrom St. Paul to New Orleans, and its coast line on the\\nCaribbean Sea is longer than the distance from New York\\nto Chicago.", "height": "3404", "width": "2279", "jp2-path": "carpentersgeogra01carp_0037.jp2"}, "38": {"fulltext": "32 COLOMBIA.\\nIt is a land of mountains and plains. The Andes run\\nthrough it in three high ranges, and between them are\\nsome of the most fertile river valleys of all South America.\\nThe mountains contain many rich mines of silver and gold.\\nThere are men from all parts of the world digging the\\nprecious stuff out of the hills, and there are some places\\nin which diamonds are found mixed with the gold.\\nColombia has produced more than six hundred million\\ndollars worth of gold.\\nWe make our way over the coast range of the Andes\\nfrom Buenaventura, traveling for the first twenty-five miles\\nupon a little narrow gauge railroad, and then taking mules.\\nThe animals carry us on their backs up one steep trail\\nafter another, and bring us at last into a region said to be\\none of the most healthful and beautiful on earth. This is\\nthe valley of the Cauca river. It is covered with planta-\\ntions of sugar cane, coffee, and cacao. There are great\\nfields of bananas and large orange orchards. There are\\nmany lemons, and we make lem-\\nonade of the fruit which we our-\\nselves pull from the trees.\\nWe stay for a day with a\\nfarmer to see his cacao planta-\\ntion. The cacao tree bears the\\nfruit from the seeds of which our\\nchocolate is made. The planter\\nhas thousands of trees, and upon\\nour mules we ride with him\\nthrough one cacao orchard after\\nanother. How. beautiful everything is! The trees look\\nlike lilac bushes, except that they are from fifteen to thirty\\nfeet high. They are ragged and gnarly. Their leaves are\\nof a bright green, and the fruit is so large that if it lay on", "height": "3404", "width": "2279", "jp2-path": "carpentersgeogra01carp_0038.jp2"}, "39": {"fulltext": "GENERAL VIEW.\\n33\\nthe ground you might think it a little squash or a very\\nbig ripe cucumber. It is of a bright lemon color, streaked\\nwith red. It grows close to the bark of the trunk and\\nbranches, and not on the ends of twigs like apples or pears.\\nAt our request the planter gives us a specimen. We\\nchop it in two with a knife. It has a thick skin, and inside\\nthis a white pulp in which are imbedded about thirty\\ndark-brown seeds much like large hma beans. From these\\nseeds are made the chocolate and cocoa of commerce.\\nThe fruit is gathered when ripe, and the seeds are\\nwashed out of the pulp. They are dried in the sun and\\nshipped to factories in different parts of the world. In\\nthe factories they are ground, and from their meal, after\\nseveral processes which take out some of the oil, the pure\\nchocolate is made. From the seed hulls, in much the\\nsame way, cocoa is made.\\nIn another part of the plantation we learn how the trees\\nVillage in Colombia.", "height": "3404", "width": "2279", "jp2-path": "carpentersgeogra01carp_0039.jp2"}, "40": {"fulltext": "34\\nCOLOMBIA.\\nare grown. The seeds are first planted in hills about\\nfifteen feet apart, three seeds being put in each hill. They\\nsoon sprout up, and at first look not unHke small orange\\ntrees. They are cultivated, and the weeds are kept down.\\nAt three or four years they begin to produce fruit, and\\ncontinue to yield for thirty years and more.\\nWe see many cacao orchards in other parts of Colombia,\\nand we learn that raising this product forms one of the\\ngreat South American industries. We shall find other\\norchards in Ecuador and in the lands farther east. Indeed,\\na great deal of the chocolate which is drunk in the United\\nStates and Europe comes from this part of the world.\\nWe are delighted with the people of the Cauca valley.\\nThey are noted for their hospitality, and are so kind that\\nCapitol, Bogota.", "height": "3404", "width": "2279", "jp2-path": "carpentersgeogra01carp_0040.jp2"}, "41": {"fulltext": "GENERAL VIEW.\\n35\\ntheir country has been called The Land of the Gentle\\nYes, because the people hate to say no to any request.\\nThey are largely composed of the mixed race of Spaniards\\nand Indians. They are very simple in their tastes, their\\nchief business being farming and fruit raising.\\nWe take boats and sail for days down the Cauca river,\\ncoming at last into the Magdalena river, where we find\\nsteamers bound for Honda, the port from which Bogota\\nthe capital, is reached.\\nHonda is as far from the mouth of the Magdalena as\\nPittsburg is from New York, but the river extends south-\\nward many miles far-\\nther. It is a vast\\nstream more than a\\nthousand miles long,\\nforming the great in-\\nternal highway of\\nColombia. We sail\\nthrough the lowlands,\\nwinding this way\\nand that across the\\nstream, avoiding the\\nsand bars. We pass\\nmany river steamers loaded with freight, and cargo boats\\nwith negroes and Indians, who stand upon them and push\\nthem onward with poles which they thrust down into the\\nbed of the river.\\nFarther north the scenery grows grander. We are now\\nnear high mountains, and at Honda, a small river town,\\nwhere we land, we take mules and climb for two days up\\nthe steep roads which lead to the great plain upon which\\nBogota is situated.\\nBogota is one of the high cities of the world. It is\\nCargo Boat.", "height": "3404", "width": "2279", "jp2-path": "carpentersgeogra01carp_0041.jp2"}, "42": {"fulltext": "36 COLOMBIA.\\nalmost nine thousand feet above the sea, or much higher\\nthan Denver or Mexico city. As we rise we find the air\\ncooler. On the Magdalena the heat was intense, the very\\nwater was warm, and at Honda the stones were almost too\\nhot to touch. At Bogota we are in a temperate climate,\\nfresh and cool in the daytime, but so chilly at night that\\nwhen we go outside the hotel we wear overcoats.\\nWe spend some time in Bogota, studying the city and\\npeople. It has about one hundred thousand inhabitants,\\nthe rnost of whom are of the mixed Spanish and Indian\\nrace.\\nBogota is a Spanish-built town. Nearly all the houses\\nare of one story, close to the street, with iron bars over\\ntheir windows. They are painted in the brightest of\\ncolors, and nearly all have roofs of red tiles.\\nThe best part of the city is about the Plaza Bolivar\\n(bo-leVar), a beautiful park with gardens of flowers and\\ntropical trees. On one side of the plaza is the capitol, or\\ngovernment building; and on another, with arcades before\\nthem, are stores containing goods from all parts of the\\nworld. We see many people out shopping. The ladies are\\ndressed in black, with black shawls over their heads, but\\nthe men of the better classes are dressed like our men at\\nhome.\\nWe are surprised to find that Bogota has street cars,\\npublic libraries, and schools. It has telephones and elec-\\ntric lights, and it has daily newspapers printed in Spanish.\\nIn it are the houses of Congress and the homes and offices\\nof the president and other officials who govern the Repub-\\nlic of Colombia. There are many soldiers, and we are\\nawakened each morning by the trumpeters who are calling\\nthe troops out to drill.\\nThe strangest things to us, however, are the Indians and", "height": "3404", "width": "2279", "jp2-path": "carpentersgeogra01carp_0042.jp2"}, "43": {"fulltext": "GENERAL VIEW\\n37\\nthe donkeys. The Indians dress in cotton. The men\\nhave on white shirts and trousers, and sometimes also a\\nponcho, or blanket, which they wear over their shoulders,\\nIndian Women.\\nsticking their heads through a hole in the center. The\\nwomen wear dark clothes, and nearly all have on straw-\\nhats like those our boys wear in the summer.\\nThe donkeys are the beasts of burden of the city.\\nThey take the place of carts and wagons. Bread, vege-\\ntables, and fruit are carried about from house to house\\nupon them, and at the market scores of these little ani-\\nmals stand and wait while their masters sell the produce\\nthey have brought in from the country.\\nWe see more donkeys and Indians as we go back to the\\nCARP. S. AM.\u00e2\u0080\u0094 3", "height": "3404", "width": "2279", "jp2-path": "carpentersgeogra01carp_0043.jp2"}, "44": {"fulltext": "38\\nECUADOR.\\nseacoast over the mountains. Our journey is made upon\\nmules, and it takes a long time for us to climb the two\\nranges of the Andes\\nbetween Bogota and\\nthe Pacific.\\nAt last, however, we\\nreach Buenaventura,\\nand are glad to be again\\nin our cabins, hearing\\nthe throb, throb, throb\\nof the huge engine as\\nit forces the vessel\\nthrough the ocean.\\nWe pass the southern\\nboundary of Colom-\\nbia, and then coast for\\na time along northern\\nEcuador. As we cross\\nthe equator the sun\\ngrows hotter and hot-\\nter, and we feel almost roasting as we enter the great Gulf\\nof Guayaquil (gwi-a kel and sail up the Guayas river to\\nGuayaquil, the chief seaport of Ecuador.\\n1\\ns.\\n1\\nm^^jK\\nrW\\n9 -^BT ioteSSl ^H\\ni ^^^w\\n^^^H\u00c2\u00bbM^^^^ jn\\nm\\n^IK J\\n^^Sffl|^^K\\n^^^mP^fWBSBa\\n^_\\n-^2^\\nMat Makers.\\nV. THE LAND OF THE EQUATOR.\\nECUADOR means equator, and we are now in one of\\nthe lands of the equator. Ecuador lies on both sides\\nof that central line of the earth. It is of the shape of a\\nfan, whose handle extends almost to Brazil, and whose\\nscalloped rim is fringed with the ocean spray.", "height": "3404", "width": "2279", "jp2-path": "carpentersgeogra01carp_0044.jp2"}, "45": {"fulltext": "LAND OF THE EQUATOR. 39\\nThe exact size of Ecuador is unsettled. According to\\nthe boundaries which the natives claim, it is larger than\\nTexas; but if Peru and Colombia are allowed what they\\nassert belongs to them it will be but little larger than\\nColorado.\\nIt is a curious country, made up of lowlands and high-\\nlands. The parts of it along the coast and near the east\\nboundary are low and tropical, and the remainder is a\\nland of the clouds. It comprises some of the highest of\\nthe Andes, with mighty plateaus where the chmate is\\ncool and temperate, and where in some parts it is perpet-\\nual spring.\\nWe are now in the most tropical part of the country.\\nGuayaquil never needs a furnace, and heating stoves are\\nunknown. Look at the city as it lies there on the banks\\nof the river. There is not a chimney rising above any of\\nthe houses. There is not a stovepipe in the city, and the\\nweather is so warm that most of the buildings are made\\nwithout windows, mere holes in th^ walls serving for light\\nand air.\\nThe boatmen who have rowed out to the ship to take\\nus on shore are half naked, and as we land at the wharf we\\nsee half-naked babies playing about near their mothers,\\nwho sit there peddling oranges, pineapples, bananas, and\\nall sorts of tropical fruits.\\nHow the sun beats down upon us as we stand in the\\nstreet, and what a vile smell comes up from the gutters!\\nGuayaquil is very unhealthful it often has yellow fever;\\nand we must be careful to keep out of the sun. Let us\\ngo farther over into the business part of the city. Now\\nwe are walking under arcades by one great store after\\nanother. It is like passing through a museum or a bazaar\\nof East India. The stores are all open. The front walls", "height": "3404", "width": "2279", "jp2-path": "carpentersgeogra01carp_0045.jp2"}, "46": {"fulltext": "40\\nECUADOR.\\nStreet Scene, Guayaquil.\\nhave been folded back or taken away for the day, and the\\ngoods are piled upon the counters and stacked upon the\\nfloors.\\nWhat a queer throng is this that moves along in the\\nshade! There are women dressed in black, with black\\nshawls over their heads. There are Indian girls from the\\ninterior, in bright-colored gowns and straw hats, and there\\nare dark-faced Indian peons, or workmen, who trot along\\nwith great bags of cacao and other things on their backs.\\nWhat a lot of donkeys there are in the street There\\nis one loaded with lumber. Three long boards have been\\nstrapped to each of his sides, and he clears the whole street\\nwhen his master turns him about. There is another donkey", "height": "3404", "width": "2279", "jp2-path": "carpentersgeogra01carp_0046.jp2"}, "47": {"fulltext": "LAND OF THE EQUATOR.\\n41\\nwith two large wooden boxes slung over his back. That\\nis the bread wagon of Guayaquil, and that boy who is\\ndragging him on-\\nward is probably\\nthesonofthebaker.\\nThere are other\\ndonkeys carrying\\nvegetables in pan-\\nniers, and we see\\nthat donkeys and\\nmules here take the\\nplaces of our huck-\\nster carts, carriages,\\nand drays.\\nBut what is the\\nmatter with that\\nThe bread wagon of Guayaquil.\\ndonkey s legs? He is actually wearing trousers. There\\nis also a band of cotton cloth on the under part of his\\nbody. There are other donkeys dressed the same way.\\nWe ask why this is, and are told that the flies and gnats\\nare so bad in Guayaquil that the donkeys have to wear\\nwaistbands and trousers.\\nLet us take a walk through the streets. They are lined\\nwith workmen, who are laboring at their trades on the\\nsidewalks, and Indian women, who comb their own and\\ntheir children s hair as they wait for their customers.\\nWe stop a moment before a house which is just being\\nbuilt. The carpenters are nailing bamboo laths on the\\nframework of the building, and spreading upon them a\\nthin coat of plaster. The part of the house they have\\nfinished looks as though it were made of brick or stone\\ncovered with stucco, when in fact it is so thin that you\\ncould ram a hole through it with a rail. See how the", "height": "3404", "width": "2279", "jp2-path": "carpentersgeogra01carp_0047.jp2"}, "48": {"fulltext": "42 ECUADOR.\\nbeams and rafters are made in sections and spliced. The\\nhouses are so constructed on account of the earth-\\nquakes which are felt here every few weeks. Heavy-\\nbuildings will fall if the earth shakes very much, but these\\nlight structures thus put together sway to and fro, but do\\nnot come down.\\nGuayaquil is quite a business center. It is one of the\\nbest ports on the west coast of South America. It Hes\\nabout sixty miles up the Guayas river, where the stream\\nis a mile wide, and so deep that it furnishes a safe harbor\\nfor great ocean steamers. The river is filled with ship-\\nping, and there are many dugouts and cargo boats which\\nhave brought goods cacao, cane sugar, and ivory nuts\\nfrom the interior of Ecuador for shipment abroad.\\nThere are also little steamers which take us up the\\nGuayas river almost to the foot of the Andes. We leave\\nat night, and awake to find ourselves floating in and out\\namong houses built high upon piles surrounded by water.\\nIt is the rainy season of Ecuador, and the low coast lands\\nare flooded. The people of this region are now living in\\nthe second stories of their houses. We see them going\\nfrom one hut to another in canoes. There are market-\\nmen paddling about, and there is a group of children in\\nthat little boat being paddled to school.\\nThe town at which we now are is Bodegas (bo-da gas).\\nIt is the head of navigation of the Guayas river. Only a\\nsmall part of it is on the mainland, and this part is half\\nflooded, so that the street crossings are bridged with logs,\\nand the people have to hug the walls and step upon blocks\\nin getting from one store to another along the side streets.\\nMany of the houses are far out in the river. The\\nsmaller ones have only one room, made of poles covered\\nwith palm leaves, and reached by ladders from the water.", "height": "3404", "width": "2279", "jp2-path": "carpentersgeogra01carp_0048.jp2"}, "49": {"fulltext": "LAND OF THE EQUATOR\\n43\\nMany of the houses are far out in the river.\\nLet us take a canoe and visit one of them. The owner\\nmakes us welcome, and we squat down on a block on the\\nfloor, sitting rather gingerly upon it for fear the floor may\\nbreak through and drop us down into the water. See, it\\nis made of bamboo canes. There are so many cracks\\nthat the women do not need to sweep, for the dirt falls\\nthrough into the river, or to the ground during the dry\\nseason.\\nNotice that clay pot resting over the little fire in that\\nbox over there. That is the cook stove of the family.\\nThese people use charcoal for fuel. They live largely\\nupon sweet potatoes or yams, plantains or large bananas,\\nand a potatolike tuber called the yucca. They are fond\\nof rice, and eat a great deal of beef dried in the sun.\\nLeaving Bodegas, we start out for our trip over the\\nAndes. We ride for miles in canoes through the flooded\\nlands, among the treetops of the tropical forest. Now\\nwe pass alligators, which swim lazily off into the bushes.\\nNow monkeys make faces at us out of the branches, and", "height": "3404", "width": "2279", "jp2-path": "carpentersgeogra01carp_0049.jp2"}, "50": {"fulltext": "44 ECUADOR.\\nnow a bright-colored parrot shrieks out as we go on our\\nway. We take a shot now and then at an alhgator, but\\nfail to hit the beast in a vulnerable spot.\\nWe pass many Indians in canoes and flatboats, carrying\\ntheir wares down to Bodegas. We ride by cacao planta-\\ntions, and finally shoot out of the woods into the open,\\nwith the mighty Andes rising above us.\\nNow we have left the river and are on our mules, climb-\\ning the mountains. The road is so narrow in places that\\nwe have to go single file, and so steep now and then that\\nwe fear we shall slip off behind. Now we ford a stream,\\nthrowing our legs high on the donkey s neck to keep our\\nfeet out of the water, and now we go along narrow ledges,\\nshuddering to think how we should be dashed to pieces if\\nthe little animals should slip in the mud. The roads grow\\nworse farther up, and we heartily agree with the natives\\nof the country who say that their roads are rather for\\nbirds than for men.\\nAs we ride higher still the air becomes fresher and\\ncolder. We are now out of the region of coffee and cacao,\\nand in one of less luxurious vegetation. We have left the\\ntropical forests, and at last reach a point so far above the\\nsea that there are no trees at all.\\nWe shiver under the blankets in the rude huts where\\nwe stay overnight, and find our accommodations very un-\\ncomfortable. Our beds are on wooden platforms. We\\nare tormented with insects, and at one place the chickens,\\ncats, and dogs run in and out of the rooms where we are\\ntrying to sleep.\\nFarther on we come to a plain higher up in the air than\\nPikes Peak. It is covered with sand, and the cold wind\\nalmost blows us from our mules as we attempt to ride over\\nit. This is the Arenal, the pass of the Andes through", "height": "3404", "width": "2279", "jp2-path": "carpentersgeogra01carp_0050.jp2"}, "51": {"fulltext": "LAND OF THE EQUATOR.\\n45\\nVillage in the Andes.\\nwhich we reach the high central valley which forms the\\nchief part of Ecuador.\\nNow we have gone through the pass and are on our\\nway up through the valley toward Quito. We are almost\\ntwo miles above the sea, with some of the highest of the\\nAndes about us. Over there is Chimborazo, its snowy\\npeak kissing the clouds more than four miles above Guaya-\\nquil and on each side of us, extending up and down the\\nvalley as far as our eyes can reach, are great mountain\\npeaks, many of which are three or four miles in height.\\nThe great valley of Ecuador extends through the coun-\\ntry from north to south, with these mighty mountains on\\neach side of it. Some of the mountains are active volca-\\nnoes. We see the vapor rising from them as we ride\\nonward. There are frequent earthquakes in this region,\\nand the houses are built to withstand them.", "height": "3404", "width": "2279", "jp2-path": "carpentersgeogra01carp_0051.jp2"}, "52": {"fulltext": "46 ECUADOR.\\nThe high valley of Ecuador is a rich farming region.\\nWe ride through fields of potatoes, barley, and wheat,\\npassing orchards and gar-\\ndens, and green clover\\nfields in which cattle are\\nfeeding. We go from\\none small town to an-\\nother until we come to\\nthe little city of Ambato,\\nwhere we get the stage\\nfor Quito. In this we\\ngo on the gallop all day\\nlong, changing our mules\\nnow and then, until at\\nlast we reach the capital\\nof Ecuador.\\nWe are now in the\\nhighest capital city of\\nthe world. Quito is\\nmore than a thousand\\nfeet higher than Mount\\nSaint Bernard, the\\nhighest point in Europe\\nupon which men can live\\nthroughout the whole\\nyear, and the place where\\nthe famous Saint Bernard\\nClimbing the Andes. dogs are kept to hunt for\\nmen lost in the snow.\\nOn Saint Bernard there is often ice all the year round.\\nWe find no ice at Quito. The air is as warm as that of\\nMay in our northern States, and the people tell us that\\ntheir climate is perpetual spring. The great height so tem-", "height": "3404", "width": "2279", "jp2-path": "carpentersgeogra01carp_0052.jp2"}, "53": {"fulltext": "LAND OF THE EQUATOR.\\n47\\n/himborazo.\\npers the heat rays of the sun as to make them just right,\\nalthough the city is almost on the equator. We enjoy\\nthe clear sky and the fresh air from the great mountains\\nabout, and learn to prepare for the showers which come\\nregularly during about two hours every afternoon.\\nQuito is an odd city. It has fifty thousand people.\\nThe streets are laid out at right angles. They are so nar-\\nrow that there is room for Httle more than foot passen-\\ngers. Most of the people walk or ride on mules and\\nhorses, and almost all carrying of goods through the city\\nis upon donkeys or mules.\\nThe houses of Quito are of one or two stories, made of\\nstone or bricks covered with stucco, and roofed with red\\ntiles. A large part of the town is given up to convents\\nand churches, and we see priests, clad in white and in black\\ngowns, going about everywhere.", "height": "3404", "width": "2279", "jp2-path": "carpentersgeogra01carp_0053.jp2"}, "54": {"fulltext": "48\\nECUADOR.\\nThere are many women dressed in black, with black\\nshawls on their heads, going to and fro, and crowds of queer\\nIndians who have come in from the country. The Indians\\nhave on bright-colored costumes, each tribe having a style\\nof its own.\\nEcuador has a great many Indians. More than two\\nthirds of the population, it is said, are of the red race. The\\nmajority of the Indians are semicivilized. They have\\nsmall farms, or work for the whites and mixed race of\\nSpaniards and Indians. These people are the descendants\\nof those ruled by the Incas at the time the Spaniards first\\ncame. They had approached nearer to civilization than\\nthe Indians of the lowlands, and had covered this valley\\nbetween the ranges of the Andes with their cities and vil-\\nlages.\\nOne of the largest cities was Quito, a much greater town\\nthen than it is now. In it Atahualpa (a-ta-hwarpa), the\\nInca monarch, had a palace whose roof was covered with\\ngold, and there were many other\\nfine houses.\\nThe Spaniards under Pizarro\\nconquered Atahualpa and made\\nthe Indians their slaves. Other\\nSpaniards came afterwards some\\nof them married with the Indians,\\nand the descendants of the Span-\\niards and of the Spaniards and\\nIndians form the ruling classes in\\nEcuador to-day.\\nThe pure Indians are still httle\\nmore than the slaves of the whites.\\nThey till the soil. They carry\\nUncivilized Indians. boxes of goods on their backs up", "height": "3404", "width": "2279", "jp2-path": "carpentersgeogra01carp_0054.jp2"}, "55": {"fulltext": "LAND OF THE EQUATOR.\\n49\\nHuman Head, Dried.\\nand down the mountains, and do all kinds of hard labor\\nfor small pay. They are not thrifty, and do not seem to\\ncare that they are in debt to their masters,\\nwho can therefore force them to work.\\nThey seem to have no ambition whatever.\\nIf one of them has a little brick or stone\\nhut, a suit or two of cotton clothes, and a\\nlittle rice and meat, with enough money\\nto enable him to get drunk now and then,\\nhe considers himself very well off.\\nNot all the Indians in Ecuador are civ-\\nilized. Some whom we see in Quito have\\nvery hard faces. They have come on long journeys from\\nthe eastern part of the country, bringing skins and other\\nthings from the wilds to the markets for sale. Among\\nthem are Indians who have a horrible\\npractice of curing the heads of the ene-\\nmies they kill. They cut off the head\\nand, having removed the bones, fill the\\nskin with hot pebbles to dry it. As it\\nshrinks they keep pressing it inward on\\nall sides so carefully that it does not lose\\nits shape, but dries up to the size of a\\nman s fist, keeping the same features it\\nhad when in life. Such heads are some-\\ntimes baked in the sand, and when so\\ntreated they will last for years. They\\nare grewsome objects, and when an In-\\ndian takes us aside and offers to sell us\\none, which he pulls from under his blan-\\nket, we turn away in disgust.\\nThere is a university in Quito, and in our trips through\\nthe country we find here and there a pubhc school. We\\nWater Carrier.", "height": "3404", "width": "2279", "jp2-path": "carpentersgeogra01carp_0055.jp2"}, "56": {"fulltext": "50 PERU.\\ncan always tell where they are, for the children study\\nout loud, often making such a din that they can be\\nheard a long distance. We learn, however, that only a\\nsmall portion of the people can read, and that the majority\\nof the children do not attend school. This condition will\\nprobably be bettered, for although Ecuador is one of the\\nmost backward of the South American countries, it is\\nslowly improving.\\nA railroad has been planned from the coast up the\\nAndes to Quito. A part of it is already built, and the\\nday may come when this temperate valley, with its rich\\nfarming lands, will be connected with the seaport by rail.\\nAt present the only way to and from Guayaquil is by\\nmule, and we must travel back in the same way we came.\\n3\\nVI. THE GREAT SOUTH AMERICAN\\nDESERT.\\nw\\nE have left Ecuador and are now in the coast lands\\nV of Peru. We are in the midst of the great South\\nAmerican desert, which extends from Ecuador two thou-\\nsand miles south along the coast of Peru and Chile. As\\nfar as we can see to the north and south there is nothing\\nbut sand, sand, sand. On the east the thirsty foothills of\\nthe Andes rise and lose themselves in gray rocky moun-\\ntains, which, piled one above another, end at last in per-\\npetual snow. On the west are the sparkling waters of\\nthe Pacific, casting their silvery spray upon the beach.\\nThe air is cool and dry, but the sand is so dazzling under\\nthe rays of the sun that we shield our eyes with smoked\\nspectacles to keep out the glare.", "height": "3404", "width": "2279", "jp2-path": "carpentersgeogra01carp_0056.jp2"}, "57": {"fulltext": "GREAT DESERT.\\n51\\nIn the coast lands of Ecuador the soil was black and\\nmoist, and the tropical vegetation so thick that we had to\\nchop our way a foot at a time to get through it. Here\\nwe gallop on our horses for miles without seeing a tree, a\\nflower, or a blade of grass.\\nNow we pass queerly shaped hills which seem to be in\\nmotion, and which really are moving toward the north.\\nThese are the traveling sand dunes of Peru. They are of\\nthe shape of a half-moon and are of different sizes, some\\nso small that they could be put into a schoolroom, and\\nothers so large that they contain many hundreds of tons of\\nthis traveHng sand.\\nTraveling Sand Dunes.\\nBut how can a hill travel? Come to one of the sand\\nmounds and see. The coast winds, which here blow\\nalmost always toward the north, roll the little grains on\\nthe south side of the pile over one another, so that they\\ntravel up the outside of the half-moon and roll down on", "height": "3404", "width": "2279", "jp2-path": "carpentersgeogra01carp_0057.jp2"}, "58": {"fulltext": "52 PERU.\\nthe inside, keeping the hill of the same shape, but slowly\\nmoving it onward.\\nThe traveling sands cover up everything they meet.\\nThey hide the bridle paths, which are the only roads of\\nthe desert, and for this reason we dare not go without a\\nguide, who directs our course by the stars at night and\\ntells us where we are by the winds during the day.\\nNow we see the skull of a traveler who has been lost\\nand has died here, and now and then a flock of vultures\\npicking at the bones of animals which have perished of\\nthirst in the desert now a mighty condor, the biggest bird\\nthat flies, circles high in the air above us, making a mov-\\ning shadow on the plain but for most of the time there is\\nnothing but sand and rock and sea.\\nIs not this a wonderful region Yes but it is easy to\\nsee that it cannot be otherwise when we think just where\\nit is. First, let us remember that the atmosphere is the\\nclothing of the earth, and that old Mother Earth works well\\nonly when her clothes are periodically wet. We also know\\nthat the mountains are the great clothes wringers of\\nnature. They squeeze the water out of the air which\\ncomes against them, and by the differences in temperature\\ncause it to fall upon the land.\\nNow, the chief winds which sweep over the South\\nAmerican continent come from the east. They start\\nfrom the hot shores of Africa across the warm regions of\\nthe South Atlantic. They pump themselves full of water\\nas they cross the ocean, so that when they reach the coast\\nof Brazil they are well loaded. As they go over the land\\nthey are somewhat cooled, and drop some of their burden\\nin the form of rain, feeding the great rivers of eastern South\\nAmerica, and covering the land with tropical verdure.\\nThey drop more and more water as they climb up the", "height": "3404", "width": "2279", "jp2-path": "carpentersgeogra01carp_0058.jp2"}, "59": {"fulltext": "GREAT DESERT.\\n53\\neastern slopes of the Andes, so that when they have\\nreached the top almost all has been squeezed out, and\\nwhat is left falls there in snow. These winds then sweep\\non along the Pacific. They are cold, but so dry that they\\nhave not a drop left for the coast. The result is a desert\\nupon which rain seldom falls.\\nAnd are there no oases in this great desert Yes here\\nand there, at wide distances apart, we find little rivers\\nmade by the melting snows of the Andes. There are in\\nthe whole two thousand miles of sand about forty such\\nstreams, and along them are the only places where people\\nlive. It is in these snow-water valleys that Lima, the\\ncapital of Peru, and other quite large cities are located,\\nand here are some of the best farm lands of Peru. The\\nsoil of the desert is rich, and if water can be got to it\\nit will produce almost any kind of crops. We ride out of\\nthe sands into irrigated\\nfields, and are surprised\\nto see the rich planta-\\ntions of sugar cane, rice,\\ntobacco, and cotton\\nwhich grow here, with\\nnothing but sand all\\nabout them.\\nWe come upon vine-\\nyards, in which deli-\\ncious grapes hang from\\nthe vines, and we slake\\nour thirst with oranges\\nwhich we pick from the\\ntrees. There are no\\nbetter fruit lands any-\\nwhere than the irrigated\\nCARP. S. AM. 4.\\nPapaw Tree.", "height": "3404", "width": "2279", "jp2-path": "carpentersgeogra01carp_0059.jp2"}, "60": {"fulltext": "54 PERU.\\nvalleys of this sandy region. Bananas, oranges, limes, and\\nlemons grow side by side with peaches and pears, and\\nthere are delicious cherries, plums, dates, and figs. There\\nare watermelons and muskmelons, guavas and mangoes,\\nand also papaws and alligator pears. The papaw is a\\nfruit as large as a muskmelon and grows on a tree, and\\nthe alligator pear, which is not so large as our pears at\\nhome, has a flesh that tastes like fresh butter, and is eaten\\nwith salt. We find fruit for sale in every town, and for\\na very few cents we can buy all we can eat.\\nThe farms are divided into small fields, fenced with\\nthick walls of mud as high as your waist, and are covered\\nwith a network of ditches to water the crops.\\nIn the north, in the Piura valley, there are rich fields of\\ncotton, much of the cotton wool being red or brown in-\\nstead of white like ours. Peru raises fine cotton. If the\\nplants are allowed to grow they become trees and produce\\nsmall crops of cotton for ten years. The cotton plant\\nblooms throughout most of the year, and we see buds, blos-\\nsoms, and cotton wool on the same tree at the same time.\\nThe best of the cotton is grown on plants only one or two\\nyears old. It is more like wool than ordinary cotton, and\\nis used by the manufacturers of hats, stockings, and un-\\nderclothes to mix with wool, as it renders the articles\\nless liable to shrink.\\nThere are many sugar estates in the valleys farther\\nsouth. Sugar cane is one of the chief crops of Peru. The\\ncane is much like our Indian corn. It is planted in rows,\\nand comes up so luxuriantly that the fields in the distance\\nseem a mass of beautiful green. Some of the plantations\\nare large and well worked. Many of the rich farmers use\\nsteam plows and harrows, and the cane is hauled from the\\nfields to the sugar mills upon little railroads.", "height": "3404", "width": "2279", "jp2-path": "carpentersgeogra01carp_0060.jp2"}, "61": {"fulltext": "GREAT DESERT.\\n55\\nMost of the farming, however, is done in a small way.\\nThe fields are cultivated with oxen yoked to the plows\\nby their horns. They do Httle more than scratch the\\nground as they drag the plow over it.\\nThe larger farms are owned by the rich whites or by peo-\\nple of the mixed race of Spaniards and Indians. Those\\nwho do the work are the Indians, who, from their lack of\\nambition, and from the laws which make those in debt work\\nfor their creditors, are little more than the slaves of the\\nPeons in Ponchos and Rebosas.\\nwhites. The peons, as these people are often called,\\nreceive very low wages, but seem to be perfectly satisfied\\nwith their lot. They are very ignorant, and but few know\\nhow to read.\\nThere is a group of them now at work in that field.", "height": "3404", "width": "2279", "jp2-path": "carpentersgeogra01carp_0061.jp2"}, "62": {"fulltext": "56 PERU.\\nThey are as brown as our Indians, although they do not\\nlook at all savage. Both women and men wear straw\\nhats. The men have on leather sandals, but the women\\nand children are barefooted. They dress in that way all\\nthe year round, except when it is cold and on Sundays\\nand feast days. Then the men wear ponchos over their\\nshoulders, and the women have rebosas draped about their\\nshoulders and heads.\\nWe shall see ponchos and rebosas nearly everywhere on\\nthe west coast of the continent. The poncho is the over-\\ncoat and dress coat of the native man. It is merely a\\nbright-colored blanket as large as a bed blanket, with a\\nhole in the middle. You stick your head through the\\nhole and allow the folds to come down over your shoul-\\nders. It looks quite picturesque, and it is both warm and\\ncomfortable. The rebosa is a long black shawl large\\nenoueh to cover the shoulders and at the same time to be\\no\\nwrapped around the head.\\nBut let us enter the hut of one of the peons and learn\\nhow they live. The hut is made of cane, and we can see\\nout on all sides through the cracks in the walls. The\\nfloor is the ground, and the roof is of reeds, for it is needed\\nonly to keep out the sun, there being no danger of rain\\non the desert. The house has only one room, which is\\nnot so large as many a room in our houses at home.\\nWhere is the furniture? It looks as if the people had\\nmoved, for there is not much to be seen. There in the\\ncorner is a wooden platform as high as your knee. That\\nis the sleeping place for the father and mother. The\\nchildren sleep on the floor. There are no mattresses, no\\nblankets, and no quilts. Each peon wears at night the same\\nclothing he has on during the day, the little ones huddling\\ntogether to keep warm when the nights are cold.", "height": "3404", "width": "2279", "jp2-path": "carpentersgeogra01carp_0062.jp2"}, "63": {"fulltext": "GREAT DESERT. 57\\nLook at the opposite corner. See those two stones\\nplaced just wide enough apart to allow that earthen pot to\\nrest on them. That is the cooking stove for the family.\\nIn preparing the meals a fire will be placed under it, and\\nthus the stew of goat s meat and rice, the most common\\nfood, will be cooked. The house has neither \\\\rindows nor\\nchimneys, and, with the exception of that rude box over\\nthere, no furniture at all. This Indian has a few chickens\\nand goats. You can see them now outside the hut. At\\nnight he will bring them indoors, and animals and family\\nwill all rest together.\\nWe shall find such Indians over all Peru, although their\\nhouses and clothes will be warmer in the cold lands of the\\nmountains. They are of the same race as the Indians we\\nsaw in the highlands of Ecuador, and we can hardly real-\\nize that they once owned the whole country and that they\\nwere more civilized in some ways than their descendants\\nare to-day. We shall see the ruins of their large cities\\nand villages, and discover evidences that they once farmed\\na vast territory which is now nothing but desert and waste.\\nThey knew how to irrigate the soil. They even cultivated\\nthe hillsides of the Andes. There are still terraces high\\nup in the mountains which they cut out and built up with\\nearth to raise crops.\\nThese Indians were a very rich people, and their rulers\\nreally did eat and drink from dishes of gold and silver, just\\nas the Indian chief told Balboa. Their Spanish conquerors\\ntook out of one of their temples, it is said, as much gold as\\nforty-two horses could haul at one time, and about twice\\nas much silver. The silver nails of another temple weighed\\ntwenty-two thousand ounces, and there was so much more\\nsilver that when the horses of the invaders needed new\\nshoes they were shod with this precious white metal.", "height": "3404", "width": "2279", "jp2-path": "carpentersgeogra01carp_0063.jp2"}, "64": {"fulltext": "58 PERU.\\nThe leader of the Spaniards was named Pizarro. He\\nwas a cruel man, and acted dishonestly with the Indians\\nand with the Inca king, their rider. After he had got\\npossession of the king by inviting him to take supper\\nwith him in his fortress, he closed the gates and killed\\nthe king s attendants. He then fought the Indian army,\\nwhich was thus without a commander, and conquered it.\\nHe kept the king in prison, but told him he would release\\nhim if his subjects would fill the room in which he was\\nimprisoned with gold from the floor to a mark on the\\nwall as high up as a man could reach. The king sent\\nthis word out over the land by messengers. A vast\\namount of gold was brought, and then Pizarro, instead of\\nallowing the king to go free, had him condemned to death\\nand cruelly killed.\\nThe Spaniards soon became masters of the whole coun-\\ntry. For centuries after this time they treated the Indians\\nwith the greatest cruelty. They made slaves of them,\\nforcing them to work in the mines. They used them so\\nbadly that many died, so that to-day Peru, with both\\nwhite people and Indians, has not so many inhabitants as\\nit had when the Spaniards first came.\\n3 C\\nVII. IN LIMA, THE CAPITAL OF PERU.\\nLET us chmb to the roof of our hotel and take a bird s-\\nj eye view of the Peruvian capital before we begin to\\nexplore it. We are in a vast field of flat roofs, above\\nwhich, here and there, rise the massive towers of great\\nchurches. At the back are the bleak foothills of the\\nAndes, gray and forbidding. There are white clouds", "height": "3404", "width": "2279", "jp2-path": "carpentersgeogra01carp_0064.jp2"}, "65": {"fulltext": "LIMA.\\n59\\nrushing over their sides, and the hills rise one above the\\nother until they lose themselves in the dark, smoky sky.\\nThis morning the tops of the Andes are hidden. On\\nAt the back are the bleak foothills of the Andes.\\nbright days their snowy summits, glistening in the sun-\\nlight, shine like masses of silver high above Lima.\\nTurn your eyes again to the city. See that rushing\\nstream which flows through it. That is the Rimac (re\\nmac) river, which has come from the tops of the Andes\\nto w^ater this beautiful valley, whose green fields stretch\\naway beyond the houses to the right and left.\\nIt is this river that makes Lima possible. Without it\\nall would be desert. It waters the large plantations of\\nsugar, cotton, and other rich crops which extend from", "height": "3404", "width": "2279", "jp2-path": "carpentersgeogra01carp_0065.jp2"}, "66": {"fulltext": "6o PERU.\\nhere six miles to the east, where the river flows into the\\nsea.\\nWith a glass we can see the Pacific. That town on the\\ncoast is Callao (cal-la^o), the seaport of the capital and the\\nchief port of Peru, and that train which is rushing down\\nthrough the green fields is carrying passengers and freight\\nfrom Lima to the steamers.\\nWhat queer roofs these are all about us! They are\\nmore like little gardens than the coverings of houses.\\nPlease step more lightly, and do not stamp your feet as\\nyou walk to and fro. The roof is trembling under us, and\\nwith a httle effort we could push our way through. The\\nroof is made of bamboo poles, with earth spread upon them.\\nWere it not for the plaster, the dust would sift through\\ninto the rooms. It is so with the most of the other houses\\nabout us, some being covered with canes, upon which mat-\\nting is spread, and upon that a layer of earth, sand, or ashes.\\nIs not this a strange way to build houses? You would\\nthink all would melt through if it rains. Yes, so it would,\\nbut we must not forget where we are. We are in the great\\ndesert region of western South America, where it seldom\\nrains from one year s end to the other. There are prob-\\nably not a dozen umbrellas in all these houses below us,\\nand none of the people need waterproofs or rubber shoes.\\nThe people can always depend on dry weather.\\nThe houses of Lima are constructed of mud, because\\nthis is the cheapest of building materials. The city, not-\\nwithstanding, has a substantial appearance. It seems at\\nfirst to be made of brick and stone. The mud walls of\\nsome of its buildings look like marble others are painted\\nto imitate granite, and others of bright colors seem to be\\nmade of brick covered with plaster. Most of them are in\\nreality nothing but mud, being made of sun-dried brick.", "height": "3404", "width": "2279", "jp2-path": "carpentersgeogra01carp_0066.jp2"}, "67": {"fulltext": "LIMA.\\n6l\\nWe are surprised at the extent of some of the houses.\\nThey are very large. They are usually of one or two\\nstories. In the two-story buildings only the first story is\\nmade of sun-dried brick, the second being a combination\\nof mud and bamboo canes.\\nFrom the roof we can see the shape of the houses.\\nEach is constructed in the form of a hollow square, with a\\nlittle court or garden in the center. About the court the\\npeople sit at night, this being their favorite lounging place.\\nMany of the windows open on the courts, but much of the\\nlight comes from the roofs. Little dormer windows are\\nbuilt up for this purpose from nearly every one of the\\nhouses. The dormers look like chicken coops, and it is\\nindeed hard to tell which are the roof windows and which\\nare the real chicken coops.\\nYes, I mean chicken coops which contain chickens.\\nFrom the roof we can see the shape of the houses.", "height": "3404", "width": "2279", "jp2-path": "carpentersgeogra01carp_0067.jp2"}, "68": {"fulltext": "62\\nPERU.\\nDon t you see the coops on the roofs all about us? On\\nthat building just over the way the hens are putting their\\nheads out through the slats, and just beyond is a coop in\\nwhich a rooster is crowing. Thousands of chickens are\\nraised on the tops of the houses of Lima. Chickens are\\nhatched, grow up, and themselves lay eggs, and are finally\\nkilled for the kitchens below. It is said, indeed, that some\\npeople in Lima keep cows and goats on their roofs, but\\nthere are none in sight from where we now stand.\\nBut let us go down and take a walk through the city.\\nThe streets are narrow. They cross one another at right\\nangles, with parks or plazas cut out here and there. The\\ni-sl^^\\nEach house has a Httle court in the center.\\nbusiness streets have awnings out over the sidewalks, and\\nthere are many balconies or porches which jut out, so that\\nwe are protected from the rays of the sun. It is but a", "height": "3404", "width": "2279", "jp2-path": "carpentersgeogra01carp_0068.jp2"}, "69": {"fulltext": "LIMA.\\n63\\nfew steps from our hotel to the chief plaza or square, on\\none side of which is the great Lima cathedral.\\nThis building is one of the finest churches on the South\\nAmerican continent. It is older than any church in our\\ncountry, and although it is made of sun-dried brick, it has\\ncost millions of dollars. We enter it and take a look at\\nthe skeleton of the treacherous Pizarro, which is preserved\\nhere in a coffin of glass, and then go out and cross to the\\nopposite side of the square, where is the capitol of Peru.\\nThe country is a republic, and it is in this long, low,\\ntwo-story building that Congress sits and the president\\nhas his offices. There are soldiers at all the entrances,\\nand we see that the ruler of Peru is far more carefully\\nguarded than our president. Elections are not so fair here\\nas in the United\\nStates, and when\\none party is defeat-\\ned it often brings\\nabout a revolution.\\nThe soldiers of the\\ndefeated party at-\\ntempt to drive out\\nthe president, and if\\nthey can do so they\\ntake charge of the\\ngovernment until\\nanother election is\\nheld.\\nBut suppose we\\ngo shopping. It is\\nnow about four in\\nthe afternoon, and\\nfor the next hour The business streets have awnings.", "height": "3404", "width": "2279", "jp2-path": "carpentersgeogra01carp_0069.jp2"}, "70": {"fulltext": "64 PERU.\\nthe streets will be filled with well-dressed people, some\\nchatting together, and others going from store to store\\nbuying goods.\\nThe business hours of South American cities are from\\nseven in the morning until eleven, and from one until six\\nin the afternoon. Between eleven and one most of the\\nstores are closed. The merchants go to their breakfasts;\\nfor the people like to rest during the heat of the day.\\nLima has many fine stores. They have no windows,\\nbut the doors are so made that the fronts can be opened,\\nand as we walk through the streets we seem to be passing\\nthrough a museum with goods of all kinds piled upon the\\nfloors.\\nWhat queerly dressed women we meet everywhere\\nThey are clad in black, and they look more like nuns than\\nlike our own mothers and sisters out walking or shopping\\nat home. Peruvian women do not wear bonnets. Instead,\\nthey have fine black cloths draped about their heads and\\npinned fast at the back of the neck, so that only the face\\nshows. This is the dress the ladies wear on the streets.\\nIt is contrary to custom for a woman to go into church\\nwith anything else on her head, and if one should attempt\\nto enter wearing a bonnet she would be touched with a\\nstick by the sexton and told to uncover her head. The\\nwomen of the upper classes when at home dress much as\\nwe do, and are quite as fond of gay clothes.\\nThe men wear clothes similar to ours. They have on\\ntall hats and kid gloves, and nearly every one carries a\\ncane. See how they lift their hats, smile, and shake\\nhands when they meet, and how they smile and tip their\\nhats when they part. The Peruvians are very polite, and\\nespecially cordial to strangers. One of them will walk a\\nblock to show us our way, and if we admire anything he", "height": "3404", "width": "2279", "jp2-path": "carpentersgeogra01carp_0070.jp2"}, "71": {"fulltext": "LIMA.\\n65\\nhas he will at once offer it to us as a gift. We must not\\naccept such gifts, however, for they are made merely as\\na matter of form.\\nDuring a recent trip in South America I was offered all\\nsorts of things, from diamond rings to poodle dogs and\\nfast horses. One day a rich Peruvian told me that his\\npalace was mine. I felt quite rich for a moment, but\\nwhen I remembered that the palace was worth a fortune,\\nI knew he could not be in earnest, and politely refused.\\nBut let us leave the stores and walk through the city.\\nThe streets are so narrow that the carriages which go this\\nway and that have trouble in passing, and we are often\\ncrowded against the walls by the hucksters and milk-\\nwomen, who ride quite close to the sidewalk to keep out\\nof the throng. The hucksters carry their vegetables about\\nin panniers slung upon donkeys,\\nand the bread man rides a horse\\nwith a bag of loaves on each side.\\nThat woman who is coming to-\\nward us is a milkwoman. See\\nhow she bobs up and down as her\\npony trots onward. She has her\\ncans in those leather buckets fast-\\nened to the sides of the pony, and\\nshe is sitting almost on top of the\\nbuckets, with her feet about his\\nneck. She is dressed in bright\\ncalico and wears above her brown\\nface a broad-brimmed Panama\\nhat. Now she stops and slides\\ndown over the horse s neck to the street. She ties a rope\\naround his front legs at the ankles to keep him from run-\\nning away, and takes one of the buckets into that house.\\nThat is a milkwoman.", "height": "3404", "width": "2279", "jp2-path": "carpentersgeogra01carp_0071.jp2"}, "72": {"fulltext": "66 PERU.\\nAll the milk of Lima is thus served. The streets are too\\nnarrow for carts or large wagons, and the huckstering is\\ndone on horses, donkeys, or mules.\\nNext morning we go to the market. Here we find\\ndozens of donkeys loaded with all sorts of things. We\\nsee scores of milkwomen starting out on their horses to\\npeddle milk through the city. The big market house is\\nthronged with cooks and other women buying things for\\ntheir tables.\\nAs we go by the stalls we see that Peru is a land of\\ngood things to eat. There are string beans as long as\\nyour arm. They are tied up in bunches and hung upon\\npoles. We see potatoes of all kinds, some of which are as\\nyellow as gold. They are the i^mous papas amarillas, the\\nyellow potatoes of Peru. They are delicious when cooked.\\nWe see sweet potatoes of many varieties, and quantities\\nof yucca, a rootlike tuber somewhat like the potato, used\\nin many of the South American countries. It grows as big\\naround as a baseball bat, and is often two feet in length.\\nIt is very white, and its flesh is somewhat waxy and jelly-\\nHke.\\nThere are roasting ears at almost all the vegetable stands,\\nand squashes, pumpkins, and many kinds of melons.\\nThere are oranges, lemons, and alligator pears. There are\\nguavas and pomegranates, pineapples and bananas, peaches\\nand pears, and grapes of many kinds. There are excellent\\nfish, one kind of which is dressed with lemon juice and\\neaten raw. There are all sorts of meats, and you can buy\\na kid or a half-dozen guinea pigs for a trifle. The Peru-\\nvians are veTy fond of guinea pigs, and raise them for food.\\nThe meat tastes like young pigeon or the tenderest squir-\\nrel. We try it ourselves in the form of a stew, and find it\\ndelicious.", "height": "3404", "width": "2279", "jp2-path": "carpentersgeogra01carp_0072.jp2"}, "73": {"fulltext": "UP THE ANDES. 67\\nVIII. UP THE ANDES.\\nGET out your overcoats, put on your high boots or\\nthick shoes, and take your gloves with you. We are\\nbound for the top of the Andes, and may have to tramp\\nthrough the snow.\\nWe shall go there upon the Oro^ya Railroad, the steep-\\nest railroad of the world. It begins at Callao, on the Pa-\\ncific, and passes through Lima on its way up the Andes. It\\nwas planned by an American named Meiggs, who intended\\nthat it should connect the seaport with the famous silver\\nmines of Cerro de Pasco. It would cost so much, how-\\never, that it has not been completed. It now extends to\\na short distance on the other side of the mountains, al-\\nthough it is planned to build it at some time to the navi-\\ngable tributaries of the Amazon, about three hundred\\nmiles farther on.\\nn\\nAs it is, the road is less than one hundred and fifty miles\\nlong. It is so steep, however, that it will carry us more\\nthan three miles above where we now are, and bring us to\\nthe great plateau between the tops of the Andes.\\nLeaving Lima at seven o clock in the morning, we first\\ntravel through the sugar and cotton plantations of the\\nRimac valley. The fields are as green as Georgia in June.\\nThe cotton plants are in blossom, and the plantations look\\nlike vast gardens of pink and light-yellow roses. There\\nare gangs of Indian peons, clad in white cotton, working\\namong them. The fields are as well kept as our gardens\\nat home.\\nWe pass several villages of one-story houses, go by a\\ncotton mill and a large sugar factory, and then shoot out", "height": "3404", "width": "2279", "jp2-path": "carpentersgeogra01carp_0073.jp2"}, "74": {"fulltext": "6^\\nPERU.\\nof the green into the dry foothills of the Andes. What a\\nchange The vegetation has disappeared. The low hills\\nare bleak and bare in the light of the early morning. We\\nride for miles, climbing higher and higher, and seeing\\nnothing but dazzling gray rock.\\nFarther on a thin fuzz of green crops out of the gray.\\nNow a little cactus and small bunches of weeds appear.\\nFruit Sellers at Railroad Station.\\nAs we rise higher still the mountains grow greener. At a\\nmile above the sea there is a thin coat of grass, and at two\\nmiles we count forty different kinds of flowers at a stop-\\nping of the train. There are buttercups without number,\\nand flowers of all colors, the names of which we do not\\nknow. It is now winter in the Andes, when halfway up\\nthe western slope there are frequent mists or light rains.\\nIn summer all is as gray and sterile as the desert below.", "height": "3404", "width": "2279", "jp2-path": "carpentersgeogra01carp_0074.jp2"}, "75": {"fulltext": "UP THE ANDES. 69\\nNow we are still higher. We have come to a region\\nwhere only bits of soil are to be seen here and there.\\nNotice how the people till every foot of good ground.\\nThe fields on this hill are not bigger than a bedspread,\\nand those on the other side of the valley opposite the\\nrailroad seem in the distance the size of a handkerchief.\\nSee those green ledges one above the other on the moun-\\ntainside. They rise almost to the tops of the hills, and\\nwere so made that a man could stand on any of the lower\\nones and weed the crop on the ledge just above. Those\\nterraces were built by the Indians in the time of the\\nIncas. They are used only for grazing to-day.\\nNow we have stopped at a station. About it there is a\\nvillage of huts with walls of sun-dried brick and roofs of\\ngray thatch. The stones upon the roof have been laid\\nthere to keep the strong winds from lifting the thatch.\\nHow small the huts are, and how mean Some are not\\nbetter than dog kennels. They are the homes of the\\npeople who are gathering about us as we stand on the\\nplatform. They are dark-faced Indian men, women, and\\nchildren, dressed in white cottons. You may see more of\\nthem at work in the fields, or tending the sheep which\\ngraze in the mountains.\\nHow pure the air is, and how grand the scenes all about\\nus! The mountains rise almost straight up over our\\nheads. The railroad hangs to their sides, and we ride for\\nmiles between walls of rock which look like gigantic\\ncathedrals, their spires lost in the clouds. We shoot\\nthrough tunnels which wind about like the letter S, and\\ncross steel bridges over deep canyons above mountain\\nstreams. Every turn brings new pictures, some of which\\nare of terrible grandeur.\\nWhat a triumph of modern engineering was the build-\\nCARP. S. AM. 5", "height": "3404", "width": "2279", "jp2-path": "carpentersgeogra01carp_0075.jp2"}, "76": {"fulltext": "70\\nPERU.\\ning of this track up the Andes It cost many millions of\\ndollars and thousands of lives. The road goes up some\\nof the steepest mountains of the globe. Much of its bed\\nwas cut out of the rocks. At times the men had to be\\nlowered in baskets over the precipices to drill holes for the\\nWe shoot through tunnels.\\nblasting. The tracks wind this way and that, one above\\nthe other, so that in places we can count five different\\ntracks which run parallel one over the other, showing us\\nhow the road had to zigzag to climb its way up.\\nFarther up the air grows colder. At two miles we pass\\nthrough a rainstorm, and later on are surrounded by snow.\\nNow the mist and clouds have come down about us, and\\nwe are enveloped in fog. A little higher, and we are\\nabove the clouds. There the wind is carrying the clouds", "height": "3404", "width": "2279", "jp2-path": "carpentersgeogra01carp_0076.jp2"}, "77": {"fulltext": "UP THE ANDES. 7 1\\ndown the Andes, the air becomes clear, and we shudder at\\nthe precipices along which the track crawls.\\nNow we are on the tops of the Andes. That white\\npeak above us is Mount Meiggs. Its summit is more\\nthan seventeen thousand feet above the sea, and where we\\nstop at the entrance to the Galera tunnel, going through\\nthe mountain, we are three miles higher up in the air than\\nwhen we started this morning.\\nWe are on the highest railroad point in the world, far\\nabove the height of Fujiyama, the sacred snow capped\\nmountain of Japan. We are about as high up as Mont\\nBlanc or any point in Europe, and a thousand feet higher\\nthan Pikes Peak or any other mountain in the United\\nStates outside Alaska. There is a blue glacier hanging\\nover us on the top of Mount Meiggs, and right under it,\\nin the middle of the tunnel, is a place where the waters\\nflowing to the Atlantic and Pacific divide. We go in and\\ntake a drink from the stream at the side of the railroad,\\nwhich is trickling on its way to the Rimac river and the\\nPacific, and then by a jump reach a place where we bend\\nover and scoop up some water which is about starting\\ndown the east slope of the Andes into one of the tribu-\\ntaries of the Amazon, on its way to the Atlantic.\\nWe walk farther on through the tunnel to the eastern\\nslope of the Andes. There are snow banks outside at the\\nedge of the tunnel, and we start a snow fight away up here\\nin the clouds. We are soon glad to stop. The air is so\\nrare that every throw sends our hearts into our throats, and\\nwe pant for breath. We try to yell, but our voices are\\nweak from the thinness of the air, and the yell ends in a\\nsqueak. Our boots grow suddenly heavy. We walk\\nslowly, and in climbing the hills we crawl. Some of us\\nare attacked with the mountain sickness, which comes to", "height": "3404", "width": "2279", "jp2-path": "carpentersgeogra01carp_0077.jp2"}, "78": {"fulltext": "72\\nPERU.\\nEntrance to the Galera Tunnel.\\nmany when they first go so high up In the air. We have\\nterrible headaches, and at the same time feel severe nausea.\\nDuring our first night in the mountains we cannot sleep.\\nSome of us faint away, and blood flows from our mouths,\\neyes, and noses. The sickness soon passes off, however,\\nand we then enjoy the strange sights and pure air of the\\nAndes.\\nIX. ON THE ROOF OF SOUTH AMERICA.\\nWE start southward this morning upon the high plateau\\nof the Andes. The cold air bites our noses. There\\nare snowy mountains on each side of us. We are on what\\nmight be called the roof of the South American conti-", "height": "3404", "width": "2279", "jp2-path": "carpentersgeogra01carp_0078.jp2"}, "79": {"fulltext": "ON THE ROOF OF SOUTH AMERICA.\\n73\\nnent. The Andes are among the highest mountains of the\\nglobe. They have several peaks which rise more than\\nfour miles above the sea. We saw some of the greatest\\nof them in Ecuador, and we shall travel among others on\\nour way south through Peru and Bolivia.\\nPeru and Bolivia.\\nThe highest of the Andes is Mount Aconcagua (a-c6n-\\nca gua), in Chile. It is 23,910 feet high. Beginning with\\nit and running northward to Ecuador, the mountains ex-\\ntend in an irregular double chain, upholding this lofty\\nplateau upon which we now are. The plateau in some\\nparts of Peru is five hundred miles wide, and much of it is\\nabout two miles and a half above the sea.\\nWe are many days riding on horseback upon it to Bo-\\nlivia. Now and then we make excursions into the hills,\\nto the camps where men are mining for sih er and gold.\\nThe Andes of this region are noted for their mineral de-", "height": "3404", "width": "2279", "jp2-path": "carpentersgeogra01carp_0079.jp2"}, "80": {"fulltext": "74 PERU.\\nposits, and great quantities of the precious metals are taken\\nout of them every year.\\nWe spend the most of the time, however, upon the pla-\\nteau. We ride on and on over a desolate plain covered\\nwith a scanty growth of fuzzy green grass. How it rains\\nThis is the winter season. We have a storm of hail, snow,\\nor rain almost every day. The grass is soaked with water,\\nwhich it holds like a sponge, and we cannot get down\\nfrom our horses without wetting our feet.\\nThere are few trees. The little mud huts which we see\\nhave small patches of potatoes, green barley, or quinua\\n(keenVa) about them.\\nThis plateau is the natural home of the potato. It was\\ntaken from here to Europe, and is said to have been first\\nintroduced into Italy about seventy years after Columbus\\ndiscovered America. Later on potatoes were cultivated\\nextensively in Ireland, so many being used there that they\\nare sometimes called Irish potatoes. The potatoes we see\\nhere are very small. Most of them are not bigger than\\nwalnuts. It takes a milder climate and richer soil to make\\nthem grow to the size of the large potatoes sold in our\\nmarkets.\\nWe are so high up that barley will not ripen. That which\\nwe see is grown for forage. The quinua, to a certain\\nextent, takes the place of other grains in these highlands.\\nIt is a plant which looks much like dockweed. It has\\nyellow or red leaves, and its seeds when shelled out are\\nwhite. They a%\u00c2\u00a3 Hke hominy ground fine. Quinua is\\neaten as mush and is cooked in stews.\\nThere are also dandelions and other hardy flowers on\\nthe plains, and there are many evergreen bushes, which\\ngrow only as tall as our ankles, for all things are stunted\\nhere away up in the air.", "height": "3404", "width": "2279", "jp2-path": "carpentersgeogra01carp_0080.jp2"}, "81": {"fulltext": "ON THE ROOF OF SOUTH AMERICA.\\n75\\nWhat are those queer animals we see in the pastures?\\nWe now and then meet droves of them going along with\\nbags on their backs. They are bigger than sheep, but\\nthey look not unlike them, for they are covered with wool.\\nThey have long necks, with heads like a camel s. Their\\nLlamas,\\nfeet and legs are like those of a deer. See how gracefully\\nthey walk. Notice how they hold their Httle heads in the\\nair, pricking up their ears as they see us, for all the world\\nHke so many Skye terriers. Those are llamas, the odd Httle\\nanimals which act as beasts of burden upon this highland.\\nAre they not beautiful Some are snow white, some\\nseal brown, and a few black and spotted. Their wool is\\nlong. It is used by the Indians to make ponchos, blankets,\\nand clothes.\\nLet us examine the llamas more closely. Take this\\ndrove which is coming toward us, each little animal", "height": "3404", "width": "2279", "jp2-path": "carpentersgeogra01carp_0081.jp2"}, "82": {"fulltext": "76 PERU.\\ncarrying a bag of silver ore on his back. Notice how\\nsmall the loads are. Each load weighs just one hundred\\npounds. The llama is very particular as to how much he\\ndoes, and that is the biggest load he will stand. If you\\nput on more he will not cry or groan, as the camel does,\\nbut will calmly kneel down and not move until his load is\\nmade right.\\nLook out Don t stroke that beast over there Don t\\nyou see he is angry by the way he is shaking his head\\nAnd do llamas bite?\\nThey do not bite, but when they are angry they spit,\\nand I would rather have three camels bite me than be spat\\nupon by one llama. A llama s spittle has the most offen-\\nsive of smells. The little beast chews its cud like a cow.\\nIt has a special place somewhere in its body which is well\\nfilled with fluid for such an occasion. If once hit you will\\nfind it hard to get the stench out of your clothes, and you\\ncannot go on with our party until you have had a bath\\nand a change. Most of the llamas, however, are gentle,\\nand we fall in love with them as we see them everywhere\\non the plains.\\nBut are these little llamas on the pastures through which\\nwe are riding? Some are black, and some are snow white.\\nNo those are not llamas, although they look hke them.\\nThey are alpacas, a domestic animal which is valued for\\nits long, silky wool. The wool is straighter and stronger\\nthan sheep s wool. It is used for shawls, fine clothes, and\\numbrellas, and much of it goes from Peru to our country.\\nThe vicuna (ve-coon^a) is an animal of much the same\\nspecies, which runs wild in these regions. We may have\\na chance to shoot one later on. It runs like a deer and is\\nvery wary. Vicuiia fur is like yellow^ velvet, and we can\\nbuy rugs of it in the stores of the Bolivian cities. Still", "height": "3404", "width": "2279", "jp2-path": "carpentersgeogra01carp_0082.jp2"}, "83": {"fulltext": "ON THE ROOF OF SOUTH AMERICA.\\n11\\nfarther south we shall see the guanaco, which also looks\\nlike the llama. It has yellow-and-white fur about as\\nlong as that of a\\nrabbit.\\nIn our journey\\nwe now and then\\ncross high val-\\nleys which cut\\nthrough the pla-\\nteau. Here the\\ncHmate is milder,\\nand we find all\\nkinds of semi-\\ntropical fruits.\\nIn one of these\\nvalleys Cuzco\\n(koos ko), the\\ncapital of the In-\\ncas, was located.\\nThe town was situated at a place where three rivers meet,\\nat more than two miles above the sea. There is a small\\ncity standing on the same site to-day. We see here the\\nruins of the great temples which the Spaniards found in\\nthe days of Pizarro. Then Cuzco was the chief city of\\nthe great nation of civilized Indians which inhabited almost\\nthe whole of western South America. It was a grand\\ncity, and some of its temples were plated with gold. The\\nSpaniards tore seven hundred gold plates, each as big as\\nthe lid of a large chest, from the walls of the Temple of\\nthe Sun, and when they left after their first visit their horses\\nwere loaded with gold.\\nAt that time the plateau was quite thickly populated.\\nIt is still so to-day. Cuzco itself has about tw^enty thou-\\nVicuna.", "height": "3404", "width": "2279", "jp2-path": "carpentersgeogra01carp_0083.jp2"}, "84": {"fulltext": "78\\nPERU.\\nsand inhabitants, and most of the people of Peru live in\\nthese plains between the two ranges of mountains.\\nWe are surprised to see so many Indians. In Cuzco\\nthere are twelve Indians to one white man, and on our\\nway down the plateau we meet many queer-looking\\nIndian men, women, and children.\\nThey are in their bare feet, and they\\nwear an odd dress.\\nThe men have on bright-colored\\nponchos, black vests, and wide black\\ntrousers slit up as far as the knee at\\nthe back. Each wears a bright woolen\\ncap, knit much like a nightcap, with\\nflaps down over the ears. Over the\\ncap he has a little felt hat, which seems\\nto be more for ornament than warmth.\\nThe Indian women wear black or blue\\nwoolen skirts which are quite short,\\nreaching just below the knees. They\\nhave queerly shaped hats with low\\ncrowns and broad brims. We see\\nmany of them in the fields, watching\\nthe llamas, alpacas, and sheep. They are very industri-\\nous. Each has a long spool of wool in her hand, and she\\nspins llama wool as she watches her flock.\\nWe meet more Indians as we go on toward Lake Titi-\\ncaca, and we shall see their mud villages everywhere\\nduring our journeys on the high plateau of Bolivia. They\\nbelong to the two tribes, the Quichua (ke-choo^a) and\\nAymara (i-ma-ra the same tribes which were here when\\nthe Spaniards first came. Even now they number more\\nthan a million.\\nThey are queer people, and have habits and ways of\\nIndian Water Carrier", "height": "3404", "width": "2279", "jp2-path": "carpentersgeogra01carp_0084.jp2"}, "85": {"fulltext": "ON THE ROOF OF SOUTH AMERICA.\\n79\\ntheir own. Most of them are httle more than slaves to\\nthe white and mixed races who own the most of the lands.\\nEach farm has a little colony of Indians upon it, and each\\nIndian family has its mud hut. Throughout the whole\\nyear the Indians work three days each week for the\\nEach Indian family has its mud hut.\\nowner of the land, as rent for their little huts and the\\nsmall patches of ground about them. The remaining\\nthree days they have for themselves. If their master does\\nnot want their work, he can hire them out to others, and\\nif they do not obey he can punish them.\\nThe Indians are very docile, and will bear much with-\\nout getting angry. It is said they love their masters\\nand will band together to fight for them. The Indians of\\nthe different farms often have quarrels, and at such times", "height": "3404", "width": "2279", "jp2-path": "carpentersgeogra01carp_0085.jp2"}, "86": {"fulltext": "8o\\nPERU.\\neach band marches upon the other as though in actual\\nwarfare. They sometimes use guns, but more often sHngs,\\nwith which they throw stones with great force and skill,\\nsometimes kiUing one another in their fights.\\nLet us enter an Indian hut. The one we select would\\nhardly make a respectable pigsty for one of our farms.\\nIt is of mud, and is not more than ten feet square. Its\\nthatched roof is so low that we can touch it when we\\nstand outside the front door, and as we go in we have to\\nstoop down, besides Hfting our feet up as high as a chair\\nto get over the mud sill and through the hole which serves\\nas an entrance. Inside there is only about enough space\\nin which to turn round. One side\\nof the room is filled with farm tools.\\nOn the other side is a donkey, and\\nthe chickens squawk as they run\\nhere and there to get out of our\\nway. There is little furniture. The\\npeople sit on the floor. They often\\nsleep sitting, huddling themselves\\nclose together for warmth.\\nThat little clay pot over there\\nwith the ashes beneath it is the\\nstove. The hut has no chimney,\\nand the smoke finds its way out as\\nit can. The cooking is simple. A\\nfavorite dish is challona stew, with\\nchuno (choon yo), or frozen pota-\\ntoes, mixed with it. Challona is\\ndried mutton. The sheep is split\\nopen when killed, and then left out\\nto freeze. When it is stiff, water is sprinkled over it, and it\\nis frozen again, It is then hung up and dried, after which\\nIndian with Sling.", "height": "3404", "width": "2279", "jp2-path": "carpentersgeogra01carp_0086.jp2"}, "87": {"fulltext": "STEAMBOATING ABOVE THE CLOUDS. 8l\\nit becomes so tough that it will keep for months. It must,\\nhowever, be cut up in small bits and boiled a long time\\nbefore it is tender; then the natives think it is delicious.\\nWe find chuno for sale in the markets of Cuzco, and we\\ncan buy it everywhere on the high plateau of the Andes.\\nIt looks like bits of bleached bones, or perhaps more like\\nthe large flat pebbles you find on the seashore. It is\\nreally potatoes which are frozen and dried, so that they\\ncan be kept for a year without spoiling. The raw pota-\\ntoes are first soaked in water, being wet every day, and\\nleft out at night until they freeze. Next the skins are\\ntrodden off with the bare feet, and the potatoes are thor-\\noughly dried in the air. They are now as white as snow\\nand as hard as rock. They are soaked before cooking,\\nand are usually served as a stew. We eat some, but they\\nare rather insipid.\\nD\\nX. STEAMBOATING ABOVE THE CLOUDS.\\nSTEAMBOATING above the clouds! Floating over\\nsome of the highest waters of the globe Sailing in\\nsight of glacial snows amid the tops of the Andes, so near\\nthe sky that heaven and earth seem to meet close around\\nus, and make us think we are on the very roof of the world\\nWe are outside the harbor of Puno (poo^no), on the broad\\nwaters of Lake Titicaca.\\nThe air is so clear we can see for miles. That blue\\nmass in front is Titicaca Island. It will take us four\\nhours to steam to it, but it looks quite near as it lies there\\nlike a great blue balloon on the water. There are other\\nmasses of blue here and there. There are altogether", "height": "3404", "width": "2279", "jp2-path": "carpentersgeogra01carp_0087.jp2"}, "88": {"fulltext": "B2\\nPERU.\\neight large islands in the lake, some of which are inhabited.\\nNow we are steaming by one. See, the bits of land be-\\ntween the rocks are green with scanty crops of potatoes,\\nbarley, and quinua. The soil is cultivated to the tops of\\nIndians in Balsas, Lake Titicaca.\\nthe hills, and red-faced Indians are at work in the fields.\\nTheir huts of stone and thatch are down near the shore.\\nSome have llamas, sheep, and donkeys tethered about\\nthem.\\nHow grand are the mountains! There is nothing finer\\nin the Himalayas or the Alps than the snowy peaks which\\nrise above us. That silvery mass to the north is Sorata\\n(so-ra^ta), next to Aconcagua the highest of the Andes.\\nThe great wall of mountains which stretches from it south\\nthere to the east is the Sorata range, and that tall peak", "height": "3404", "width": "2279", "jp2-path": "carpentersgeogra01carp_0088.jp2"}, "89": {"fulltext": "STEAMBOATING ABOVE THE CLOUDS. 83\\nrising high over the others is IlHmani (el-ye-ma ne), which\\nis about four miles in height.\\nThis lake upon which we are floating is higher up in the\\nair than most of the mountain tops in our country. Is it\\nnot a wonderful body of water? It is almost half as large\\nas Lake Ontario, and it lies here twice as high as the top\\nof Mount Washington. Those little huts we see on the\\nislands are among the highest houses in the world in\\nwhich people live, and this is really the loftiest of all lakes\\nupon which steamboats sail.\\nBut where does the lake come from, and where does it\\ngo We can easily see its source by looking at the snows\\nand glaciers about us. It is made by the snow water of\\nnine rivers from the Andean peaks, which flow into it.\\nWhere the water all goes is not known. The lake re-\\nmains at about the same level from one year s end to the\\nother, although it has no visible outlet to the sea. A\\npart of its waters go into the river Desaguadero (das-a-\\ngwa-da^ro) and on into a lake of the same name, or, as it\\nis called in Bolivia, Lake Poo po. Lake Poopo has no\\noutlet that can be seen.\\nBut let us take a look at our ship. It is carrying us\\nover Lake Titicaca at twelve miles an hour. It is as\\nbeautiful as a gentleman s yacht. It is named the Choya,\\nand when we look at the engine we find there is a plate\\nstating that the ship was built away off in Glasgow,\\nScotland.\\nThis seems very strange. How could they possibly get\\nsuch a big ship over the Andes? The CJioya weighs so\\nmuch that if it could be loaded on wagons a thousand\\nhorses could not pull it. How could they possibly lift\\nsuch a weight over these mountains, which everywhere\\nin Peru are almost as high as Pikes Peak?", "height": "3404", "width": "2279", "jp2-path": "carpentersgeogra01carp_0089.jp2"}, "90": {"fulltext": "84\\nPERU.\\nOf course they could not if they tried to Hft the ship\\nall at once. But such a vessel was needed for commerce,\\nand commerce works in all sorts of ways to secure its\\nown ends. All of its parts were put on a steamer and\\nbrought from Glasgow around through the Strait of\\nMagellan to the seaport Mollendo, in southern Peru.\\nLet us take a look at our ship.\\nAt Mollendo there is the beginning of a railroad quite\\nas wonderful as that upon which we came over the Andes\\nfrom Lima. It is three hundred miles long, and connects\\nthe seacoast with Arequipa (a-ra-ke pa), one of the chief\\ncities of Peru, and also with Puno, on Lake Titicaca. The\\nparts of the ship were put on the car at Mollendo, and the\\nengines puffed as they carried them over the Andes.", "height": "3404", "width": "2279", "jp2-path": "carpentersgeogra01carp_0090.jp2"}, "91": {"fulltext": "STEAMBOATING ABOVE THE CLOUDS. 85\\nAt Puno they were taken off, joined together, and\\nlaunched on the lake, so that to-day we can sail upon\\nthese high waters in a floating house made in Scotland.\\nThis is one of the wonders of commerce.\\nWe are still more interested when the engineer tells us\\nthat the coal he is using comes from Australia, so that\\nboth sides of the world seem to be working to help us\\nalong on our journey.\\nWhen we examine the freight on the Choya we see how\\nthe ship has become one of the agents of commerce. We\\nhave goods from different parts of the world which we are\\ncarrying to Bolivia, and the captain tells us that he is to.\\nbring back a load of copper, gold, silver, tin, and Peruvian\\nbark, to be sent from Puno down to the Pacific. Who\\nknows but that some of that copper will be used in the\\nsame works in Glasgow where the steamer was made, and\\nwhether some of the silver and gold may not find its way\\nto Australia to pay the very miners who have furnished\\nour coal?\\nNow we are approaching Chililaya (che-li-la ya), the\\nport of Bolivia. We see many boats near the shore.\\nSome are starting out to bring freight to the steamer.\\nWhat queer things they are! They appear to be made\\nof straw, but men are working upon them, and there is one\\nthat has a donkey and a llama on board. Some have straw\\nsails, and others are being poled through the water. Those\\nbo?ts are balsas, a curious craft used by the Indians of\\nLake Titicaca. They are just like the boats which the\\nSpaniards found these people using centuries ago.\\nThere is one which has come close to our steamer. It\\nis made of long reeds, which grow in quantities on the\\nedge of the lake. The reeds are laid together and\\ntied tightly in rolls. They are so woven and fastened", "height": "3404", "width": "2279", "jp2-path": "carpentersgeogra01carp_0091.jp2"}, "92": {"fulltext": "86\\nPERU.\\nthat they form a raftlike boat which will float on the\\nwater.\\nBut we have at last reached the wharf. There is a\\ncrowd of Indians ready to unload the steamer. We hand\\nover our baggage to two queer-looking fellows, and walk\\nwith them to the shore. Here there are hundreds of\\nInca Ruins, Lake Titicaca.\\nmules with goods awaiting shipment to Puno. There are\\ndroves of llamas which have brought in packages of rubber\\nand coffee, and there are numerous donkeys carrying the\\nbark from which quinine is made. We stop a moment,\\nwatching the drivers unload their beasts, and then walk on\\nup the hill to the rude little hotel where we have to stay\\novernight.", "height": "3404", "width": "2279", "jp2-path": "carpentersgeogra01carp_0092.jp2"}, "93": {"fulltext": "LA PAZ. 87\\nXI. TRAVELS IN BOLIVIA.\\nWHEN we land at Chililaya we are in Bolivia. We are\\njust forty-seven miles from its chief city, La Paz.\\nWe take a stage drawn b}^ eight mules for the journey.\\nWe go on the gallop all day long, stopping only to change\\nmules every three hours. We sit outside with the driver.\\nHe is an Indian. He has a little pile of stones beside him,\\nfrom which he now and then makes a good throw at the\\nlong ears of such of the animals as are lagging behind.\\nThe ride is delightful. The air is always bracing on\\nthe high plateau of Bolivia. It is so clear we can see for\\nmiles. To the east is a great wall of snow mountains,\\nwith Illimani rising above the rest of the peaks, and away\\noff to the west are lower hills, which seem to climb over\\none another and finally end in snow at the sky. Now we\\npass a mud hut, and now a flock of llamas, alpacas, or\\nsheep, feeding on the thin grass but other than this there\\nis nothing about us but the sky, the plains, and the moun-\\ntains.\\nAs we near the close of the day we look for the city to\\nwhich we are going. We are hungry, and wonder whether\\nwe shall get there before dark, when at last the driver\\npulls up the mules on their haunches, and the stage stops.\\nWe are on the brink of a precipice, and there a thousand\\nfeet below us, in a little gorge in the mountains, is the\\ncurious city of La Paz.\\nIt is so far down that we can hardly distinguish the\\nhouses. They look like a jumble of bright-colored boxes,\\nwith trees here and there rising out above their red roofs.\\nThey grow plainer as we gallop on our winding way down\\nCARP. S. AM. 6", "height": "3404", "width": "2279", "jp2-path": "carpentersgeogra01carp_0093.jp2"}, "94": {"fulltext": "88\\nBOLIVIA.\\nthe steep slopes of the hill. We are soon riding between\\nwalled gardens, and at last the stage stops in the heart of\\nthe town.\\nHow queer it all is Most of the people about us are\\nclad in the brightest of reds, blues, and greens. Every\\nother man wears a poncho, or blanket, with his head\\nLa Paz, Bolivia.\\nthrough a hole in its center, and some of the women have\\nstriped shawls, bright-colored short skirts, and queerly\\nshaped hats. Five eighths of the people are Indians, and\\nthe remainder are whites and of the mixed race of Indians\\nand whites called cholos.\\nEven the houses are a blaze of bright colors. Their\\nwalls are painted in the most delicate tints of red, blue,\\nand green. There is a lavender grocery store next to it", "height": "3404", "width": "2279", "jp2-path": "carpentersgeogra01carp_0094.jp2"}, "95": {"fulltext": "LA PAZ.\\n89\\na shoe shop of rose pink; and farther on are other estab-\\nHshments of cream and sky bkie. The houses are of one\\nor two stories. The shops are open to the street, so that\\nwe can see all that goes on within.\\nBut where can we get a cab or dray to carry our bag-\\ngage to the hotel There are none in sight, and we learn\\nthere are none in La Paz. The streets are so narrow and\\nso up hill and down that no vehicles are used in the city,\\nand all freighting is done by donkeys, ponies, llamas, and\\nmen. The Indian porters will carry our boxes. There are\\na dozen porters about the stage office. We give each man\\na trunk, and he trots off to\\nthe hotel up the hills with\\nthe trunk on his back, while\\nwe walk behind.\\nThe next morning we start\\nout for a tour of the city, go-\\ning up the hills very slowly,\\nfor the air is so pure that we\\nare soon out of breath.\\nWe visit the markets. It is\\nearly morning, but the streets\\nare filled with buyers and\\nsellers, with Indians, cholos,\\nand whites, dressed in all\\ncolors of the rainbow.\\nThere are scores of Indian\\nwomen carrying fruit and\\nvegetables to the markets for sale. Their burdens are tied\\nup in striped blankets of blue, red, yellow, and green, and\\nthey bend half double as they walk onward. They squat\\ndown on the streets and spread their wares out before\\nthem, peddling them by the piece or the pile.\\nCholo Girl.", "height": "3404", "width": "2279", "jp2-path": "carpentersgeogra01carp_0095.jp2"}, "96": {"fulltext": "90\\nBOLIVIA.\\nThere are Indian men wearing bright ponchos, and such\\na lot of Indian babies that we have to pick our way care-\\nfully to keep from treading upon them. Some lie on the\\ncold stones and play\\nwith the merchan-\\ndise their mothers\\nare selling. Some\\nare too young to\\ncrawl, and their big\\neyes peep out of the\\nshawls in which they\\nare tied to the backs\\nof their mothers.\\nMost of the babies\\nare laughing. There\\nis one crying, and\\nover there is another\\nwhich has crawled\\naway from its mother\\nand is almost under\\nThe Indian porters carry our boxes\\nthe feet of those llamas which are coming up the street.\\nNow its mother sees it and runs to save it.\\nStop and look at the queer things for sale all about us.\\nWhat funny potatoes Those in that pil^ are not bigger\\nthan chestnuts, and they are as pink as the toes of the\\nbaby who is playing among them. There are some of a\\nviolet color, while those in the next pile are as black as\\nyour boots. The white ones beside that woman over the\\nway are chuno, and have been frozen for sale.\\nWhat a variety of fruits We find some on every\\ncorner, and the market is filled with quinces, peaches, and\\npears, as well as oranges, lemons, and pineapples. The\\nfruit all comes from the lands lower down, for it is only a", "height": "3404", "width": "2279", "jp2-path": "carpentersgeogra01carp_0096.jp2"}, "97": {"fulltext": "LA PAZ.\\n91\\nfew days ride on muleback from here to the tropical val-\\nleys of the Andes., and there are all kinds of climates\\nfarther down the mountains, and all kinds of fruits.\\nBolivian Boys.\\nWhat are those big green bean pods that woman is sell-\\ning? They are not beans at all. They are a kind of\\nfruit which is eaten raw. If you will buy one and break\\nit open you will see that the seeds within it are imbedded\\nin a pulp which looks like spun silk. We smack our lips\\nas we eat it, for when it is cold it is very much like finely\\nflavored ice cream.\\nIs this not a wonderful country where all kinds of fruits\\ngrow so near together? Yes, indeed; Bolivia is naturally\\none of the rich countries of the world. In the eastern\\npart of it, below the plateau, there are great plains upon\\nwhich vast herds of cattle are feeding. In its forests there", "height": "3404", "width": "2279", "jp2-path": "carpentersgeogra01carp_0097.jp2"}, "98": {"fulltext": "92 BOLIVIA.\\nare rubber trees, from which the sap is gathered and\\nshipped down the Beni and Madeira to the mouth of the\\nAmazon, whence it is sent all over the world to bis used\\nfor making tires, coats, overshoes, and all sorts of such\\nthings. There are parts of Bolivia that have never been\\nexplored, and we could easily ride down the eastern slopes\\nof the mountains and come into a region inhabited only\\nby the most savage of Indians.\\nSome of the wild Indians are cannibals. Some go\\nabout naked, and some wear plates of wood and metal in\\nthe lobes of their ears, each plate being as large as a silver\\ndollar. Many of them make war upon white men, and\\nsome use blowguns, with which they shoot poisoned ar-\\nrows at their enemies. The guns are reeds from ten to\\ntwelve feet long, and the sHghtest scratch of one of the\\narrows causes immediate death.\\nOn the eastern slopes of the Andes, by a very short\\nride on muleback, we could reach the Yungas valley,\\nwhere there are plantations of coffee,\\ncoca, and cinchona trees.\\nHave you ever heard of cinchona?\\nPerhaps not, but I venture every\\none of you has sometime had to take\\nquinine. Quinine is the bitter white\\npowder made from the bark of the cin-\\nchona tree. It is especially good for\\nmalarial fevers, and we shall need some\\nlater on when we go up the Amazon.\\nWe see loads of cinchona bark on\\nCinchona _ _,,,.,\\nthe streets of La Paz. That little\\ndonkey which is just turning the corner has a bundle of it\\non each side of his back. Other donkeys are coming be-\\nhind him, each of which carries a load. That drove is", "height": "3404", "width": "2279", "jp2-path": "carpentersgeogra01carp_0098.jp2"}, "99": {"fulltext": "LA PAZ. 93\\nbringing the bark into La Paz. Here it will be repacked\\nand shipped to all parts of the world.\\nLet us go and pull out a piece of the bark and take a\\nbite of it. How bitter it is! It tastes like quinine.\\nBolivia raises some of the best cinchona, although ex-\\ncellent cinchona is also raised in Peru and all along the\\neastern slopes of the Andes between here and Colombia.\\nPlantations have been recently started for raising cin-\\nchona trees. Six years after planting, the trees are cut\\ndown and their bark stripped off for quinine. At this age\\neach tree will produce about four pounds of bark. The\\nnext year after cutting, sprouts will come up from the\\nstumps, and six years later another crop is ready for har-\\nvest.\\nThe most of the quinine of commerce, however, comes\\nfrom wild trees. The bark we tasted on the streets of La\\nPaz was gathered from the forests at the head of the Beni\\nriver. It was carried through the woods for miles on the\\nbacks of Indians, and was then loaded upon the donkeys\\nwhich brought it to La Paz.\\nBut what is that we see on those other donkeys which\\nare now going by us? The bundles are of about the same\\nsize as the cinchona bundles, but the stuff within them\\nlooks like leaves. That is coca leaves, from which cocaine,\\na drug used to deaden pain, is made. Dentists often put\\ncocaine in a sensitive tooth when it has to be filled.\\nCoca is also used by the Indians on the Bolivian pla-\\nteau as a chew. Every Indian we meet has a lump of\\ncoca inside his cheek, and men, women, and children are\\nchewing it all day long. The Indians in the mines will not\\nwork unless their employers give them, in addition to their\\nv/ages, some coca to chew every day, and all of the Indians\\nwould rather have coca than coffee, tea, or tobacco.", "height": "3404", "width": "2279", "jp2-path": "carpentersgeogra01carp_0099.jp2"}, "100": {"fulltext": "94\\nBOLIVIA.\\nVast quantities of it are produced every year, and are\\nshipped on llamas and donkeys to all parts of Bolivia, to\\nPeru, and to Chile.\\nYou must not confound coca with chocolate, or cacao,\\nwhich is sometimes called cocoa, nor with the cocdanut\\ntree. The coca plant is a shrub which grows from four to\\nThe Alamada or Promenade, La Paz.\\nsix feet in height. It has leaves much like our winter-\\ngreen shrub. They are very stimulating, and the Indians\\ntell us that chewing coca will keep out the cold and also\\nsatisfy hunger.\\nWe try a chew ourselves, putting some lime with it as\\nthe Indians do. The leaves taste rather bitter, the lime\\nburns our tongues, and as the habit seems very disgusting,\\nwe decide to leave coca alone.", "height": "3404", "width": "2279", "jp2-path": "carpentersgeogra01carp_0100.jp2"}, "101": {"fulltext": "MINERAL WEALTH.\\n95\\nXII. THE MINERAL WEALTH OF\\nTHE ANDES.\\nATL.\\nJr\\\\ inc\\n^T La Paz we are not far from some of the richest min-\\n[g regions of the world. The lofty Andes through-\\nout their Whole length, from the Isthmus of Panama to the\\nStrait of Magellan, contain some gold. The Sorata range,\\nwhich now looks down upon us, has rich veins of tin,\\nand vast quantities of copper are yearly taken out of\\nthe mountains to the\\nnorth and to the\\nsouth.\\nThere is so much\\ngold on the east slope\\nof the Peruvian An-\\ndes that during the\\nfloods the streams\\nwash down grains\\nand nuggets of gold.\\nMany of the streams\\nare dry part of the\\nyear, and the Indi-\\nans have paved them\\nwith stones, so that\\nthe heavy gold is\\ncaught in the cracks\\nwhen it drops. The\\ngolden grains are\\nthus carried down\\nwhen the rivers are\\nhigh, and so caught Hydraulic Mining.", "height": "3404", "width": "2279", "jp2-path": "carpentersgeogra01carp_0101.jp2"}, "102": {"fulltext": "96\\nBOLIVIA.\\nthat they can be picked up when the streams fall. This\\nwas one of the gold-mining methods of the Incas, and it\\nwas thus that much of the gold which the Spaniards took\\nfrom them was gathered.\\nWe see men washing gold in many places as we ride\\nthrough Bolivia. The miners are Indians employed by\\nthe white men. There are some at work near La Paz.\\nThey take the gravel and\\ndirt to the sides of the\\nstreams, and roll it about\\nin wooden bowls as big\\nas those in which we\\nknead bread. From time\\nto time they dip up a\\nlittle water into the bowl,\\nand shake it around so\\nthat all the dirt melts into\\nthe water and can be\\npoured out.\\nAfter a while there is\\nnothing but the gold and\\nthe gravel. The miners\\nthrow the gravel away\\nhandful by handful, first\\nlooking it carefully over and dropping back into the bowl\\nthe little yellow bits which they see. Finally all the gravel\\nhas been thrown out, and there is left a little pile of yellow\\npebbles and grains, some of which are not bigger than the\\nend of a needle. This is the gold. Such methods of min-\\ning are wasteful, for much of the gold dust is- so small that\\nthe grains cannot be seen. It is only lately that mercury\\nand other modern means which we employ to collect gold\\nhave been much used.\\nWashing Gold.", "height": "3404", "width": "2279", "jp2-path": "carpentersgeogra01carp_0102.jp2"}, "103": {"fulltext": "MINERAL WEALTH. 97\\nWhen we visit the silver mines, we find that most of the\\nwork there is done with rude tools. In the older mines the\\nIndians use hammers and drills to break up the ore. They\\ncarry it out of the mines on their backs in sacks of rawhide.\\nSilver is found in veins of ore in the rocks, and these\\nveins often extend far down under the earth. Some of\\nthe mines are hence very deep. The Indians climb out\\nof them upon ladders or notched sticks, with heavy sacks\\nof ore on their backs. They work almost naked, wearing\\nonly breechcloths about their waists, singing weird songs\\nas they dig out the ore.\\nAfter the ore is taken from the mines it is broken up\\ninto small pieces with hammers by women and children.\\nThe best of it is then ground to powder by rolling great\\nstones over it. The powder is mixed with mercury, which\\ndissolves the silver out of the dust, and by other chemical\\nprocesses it is then made ready for the use of man.\\nSome of the richest silver mines of the world are in\\nthe Andes. A little north of Mount Meiggs, where we\\ncrossed the coast range in Peru, is the town of Cerro\\nde Pasco, built about one of the richest bodies of silver ore\\never known. This body was about a mile long and more\\nthan half a mile wide.\\nThe mine was discovered several hundred years ago, in\\na curious way. An Indian shepherd had wandered to this\\nplace one day with his flock. He found the air very cold\\nas evening drew on, and kindled a fire, before which he lay\\ndown to sleep. When he awoke the next morning he\\ndiscovered that the stone upon which his fire had been\\nbuilt had melted and turned to silver. Since then thou-\\nsands of tons of pure silver have been taken out of that\\nspot, and many of the llamas we saw on our way to Mount\\nMeiggs loaded with silver had come from Cerro de Pasco.", "height": "3404", "width": "2279", "jp2-path": "carpentersgeogra01carp_0103.jp2"}, "104": {"fulltext": "98\\nBOLIVIA.\\nBags of Silver.\\nThere are other rich silver regions in different parts of\\nPeru, and in the BoHvian highlands there is a strip of\\ncountry, wider than the state of Pennsylvania, and as long\\nas the distance from- Philadelphia to Omaha, which is\\ndotted with silver mines.\\nBolivia has perhaps given more silver to the world than\\nany other country. It has a mountain called Potosi (po-\\nto si), out of which has been taken almost three billion\\ndollars worth of silver so much that, could it have been\\nmelted up and made into teaspoons, it would have fur-\\nnished enough to have given two solid silver spoons to\\nevery man, woman, and child upon the globe.\\nA ride of three days from La Paz over the plateau\\nbrings us to the town of Oruro (o-roo ro), a few miles from\\nLake Poopo. Oruro has twelve thousand people. It lies\\nat the foot of rocky mountains, and it is almost surrounded\\nby mines which contain rich veins of silver and tin.", "height": "3404", "width": "2279", "jp2-path": "carpentersgeogra01carp_0104.jp2"}, "105": {"fulltext": "MINERAL WEALTH.\\n99\\nTin mines are not so common in the world as mines of\\nsilver and gold, but tin is of such a character that a little\\nof it goes a great way. It is largely used as a coating for\\nsheets of iron, to protect them from rust. The tin cups,\\npans, and pails, and other such things which we use are\\nmade of tin plate, which is merely iron plated with tin.\\nThe only mines which gave much tin to the world until\\nwithin about two hundred years were those of southern\\nEngland. The mines there are still worked, but Great Brit-\\nain uses so much tin that this is not nearly enough, and\\nshe imports a great deal from far-away lands. It is the\\nsame with the other countries of Europe, and also with the\\nUnited States. Just now a great deal of tin comes from\\nthe Strait of Malacca, from different parts of Australia, and\\nfrom the rich mines which we find in Peru and Bolivia.\\nWe spend some time in the tin mines of Oruro. They\\nBreaking up Tin Ore.", "height": "3404", "width": "2279", "jp2-path": "carpentersgeogra01carp_0105.jp2"}, "106": {"fulltext": "lOO CHILE.\\nare noted for the fine quality of their ore. It looks to us\\nmuch like silver. Much of it does contain silver. We\\nlearn that both silver and tin are often found mixed to-\\ngether in the same vein.\\nThe ore is dug from the rocks with hammers and drills.\\nIt is broken to pieces and then ground to powder. It is\\nnext put into a furnace with other materials, and melted\\nthrough a process called smelting. After this, when the\\nfurnace is opened, all the rock and dirt passes off, and the\\npure tin flows away in a bright, silverlike stream. It is\\nrun into molds, each of which contains fifty pounds. The\\nmolds soon cool, forming the bricks of tin which are\\nshipped to all parts of the world.\\nXIII. ON THE NITRATE DESERT AND\\nTHE GUANO ISLANDS.\\nPUT on your dark spectacles this morning. You will\\nneed them to protect your eyes from the sun, for we\\nare about to travel again over the glaring sands of the\\ndesert. The country about Oruro is sterile enough, but\\nthe lands through which we must pass on our way down\\nto the sea are among the most barren parts of the world.\\nWe take the little narrow gauge railroad, which was\\nbuilt to bring the tin and silver and other things of Lower\\nBolivia to the sea, and shoot out into vast plains, upon\\nwhich everything looks gray, bare, and forbidding. Now\\nwe cross fields of salt which dazzle our eyes under the\\nglare of the sun, and go into regions of volcanic rock upon\\nwhich nothing green grows.\\nWe go by two large blue lakes, near the shores of which", "height": "3404", "width": "2279", "jp2-path": "carpentersgeogra01carp_0106.jp2"}, "107": {"fulltext": "NITRATE DESERT. lOI\\nare what look like great cakes of ice. Our lips are dry\\nand parched, and we long for a drink. The train stops at\\na station, and we ask the conductor if some of the ice\\ncannot be brought into the car. The conductor replies\\nthat the white stuff is not ice at all. He says it is borax,\\nand that the water of the lake is not fit to drink.\\nHe brings us a lump of borax from a pile which has\\njust arrived at the station to be sent off to Europe. It\\nlooks like the finest spun silk wadded up or woven into a\\nlump, and he tells us that it is used in making beads, glass,\\nand cement, and for glazing pottery ware. It is also of\\nvalue in preserving meat, fish, and milk, and forms a part\\nof some kinds of medicines. It is good for sore eyes, and\\nis very cleansing as a wash for the hair.\\nThe body of water at which we are looking is the great\\nborax lake of Ascotan^, out of which thousands of tons\\nof borax are taken each year and shipped to all parts of\\nthe world. The borax crystallizes in the waters of the\\nlake, and gathers in a crust on the edges or falls to the\\nbottom. It is produced by certain materials in the vol-\\ncanic soil about it, or perhaps by vapor which bursts up\\nthrough the ground from the volcanic mountains which\\nare found in this part of Bolivia.\\nIs it not odd that such things should come out of the\\nearth? Yes, indeed; but as we go farther down toward\\nthe sea we shall enter a region in Chile which is even more\\nstrange. There is a part of the coast desert where for\\nhundreds of miles the sands are underlaid with a great bed\\nof nitrate of soda. Nitrate of soda is a salt used for\\nmaking nitric acid and also for enriching the soil.\\nWe use vast quantities of it in the United States, and\\nmore than a million tons are shipped from this desert to\\nEurope every year. It is so valuable indeed that cities", "height": "3404", "width": "2279", "jp2-path": "carpentersgeogra01carp_0107.jp2"}, "108": {"fulltext": "102 CHILE.\\nhave grown up on this barren coast, inhabited by the\\npeople who dig out the nitrate of soda and prepare it for\\nsale. Such a town is Antofagasta (an-to-fa-gas ta), where\\nwe end our railroad journey from the plateau to the sea.\\nIt contains twenty-five thousand people, and is one of the\\nmost thriving ports on the Pacific coast of South America.\\nMaking our way through the nitrate fields to the north,\\nwe come to a still larger city, Iquique (e-ke ka), the chief\\nnitrate port of the world.\\nWhat a queer place for a town! Iquique is on the edge\\nof the sea, below ragged hills. It is built on the sand.\\nThere is not a blade of grass in the country about it. It\\nhas not a drop of water from year s end to year s end,\\nexcept that which is brought to it in ships or in the iron\\npipe, seventy-five miles long, which connects it with some\\nsprings in a desert oasis.\\nStill, it is a thriving Httle city. It has stores, schools,\\nnewspapers, telephones, electric lights, and street cars.\\nWe can buy anything we want in its markets, including\\nthe most delicious fruits and the best of fresh meats.\\nSuch things are brought in by ships from other parts of\\nthe coast, and from nitrate alone comes the money that\\npays for them all.\\nThe nitrate is found on the east side of a low range of\\nhills from fifteen to ninety miles back from the sea. It\\nis in the form of a rocky stratum with layers of salt rock\\nand sand above it, although sometimes it lies on the top\\nof the ground. It is not known just how it was formed.\\nSome people suppose that the desert was once the bed of\\nan inland sea, and that vast quantities of seaweed, con-\\ntaining nitrogen, having been covered with sand, decayed,\\nand, under the peculiar conditions of this region, became\\nnitrate of soda.", "height": "3404", "width": "2279", "jp2-path": "carpentersgeogra01carp_0108.jp2"}, "109": {"fulltext": "NITRATE DESERT.\\n103\\nIn getting out the nitrate rock a hole about a foot wide\\nis bored down through the sand, salt rock, and nitrate to\\nthe soft earth underneath. A small boy is now let down\\ninto the hole. He scoops a pocket out of the earth just\\nunder the stratum of nitrate, and fills it with powder,\\ninserting a fuse which extends up over the top.\\nNitrate Fields.\\nThe boy is then pulled out and the fuse lighted. There\\nis a loud explosion. A cloud of yellow smoke and dust\\ngoes up into the air, and the earth for a wide distance\\nabout is broken to pieces. The nitrate rock is now dug\\nout with picks and crowbars.\\nIt must be further treated, however, before it is ready\\nfor sale. Pure nitrate of soda is not found in nature, and\\nthe rock we see thus blown out of the desert is more than\\nhalf dirt and sand. It is loaded on carts and carried to\\nfactories which have been built in the fields.\\nCARP. S. AM. 7", "height": "3404", "width": "2279", "jp2-path": "carpentersgeogra01carp_0109.jp2"}, "110": {"fulltext": "104\\nCHILE.\\nr -\\\\_c^ -1\\nS^ND\\nI\\n^-1A/7\\nSALT RDCK\\n\u00e2\u0096\u00a0^^T h^\\nN/TRATE ROCK\\nn)trateIrock\\nI\\nThe factories have great boihng tanks, heated by steam\\npipes which run through them. Into these tanks of hot\\nwater the lumps of nitrate are thrown. The boihng melts\\nup the rock, and just as salt melts and goes into water, so\\nthe nitrate salt is\\ntaken up by the\\nwater of the tank,\\nwhile the dirt and\\nsand sink to the\\nbottom.\\nAfter a time all\\nof the nitrate of\\nsoda has gone out\\nof the rock into the\\n1-^r/^ ^R^^ _^^f ,4^/y boiling water. It\\n^15 now looks for all\\nthe world like pale\\nDiagram of Nitrate Bed. ^j^^p^\\nThis fluid is drawn from the boiler and run into cooling\\ntanks. In these the nitrate soon crystaUizes and sinks to\\nthe bottom, so that after a time each tank is filled with\\nwhat looks like white sugar, while the water on top has\\nbecome almost clear. The deposit is nitrate of soda.\\nThe water is now allowed to flow off, and the nitrate is\\nshoveled out into piles to dry in the sun. It is next\\nbagged up in sacks of three hundred pounds each and\\ntaken on the railroad to the seacoast, to be shipped to the\\nUnited States and to Europe.\\nThere is another thing which comes from the nitrate\\nrock which is carefully saved. This is iodine, a crystal-\\nhne substance which is used in photography and for mak-\\ning dyes and many kinds of valuable drugS; It is obtained\\nfrom the boiled water out of which the nitrate has been", "height": "3404", "width": "2279", "jp2-path": "carpentersgeogra01carp_0110.jp2"}, "111": {"fulltext": "NITRATE DESERT.\\n05\\ntaken. Into the water a certain quantity of bisulphite of\\nsoda is put. This causes all the iodine in the water to\\ndrop to the bottom in\\na dirty black powder.\\nThis powder is washed,\\nand heated in tight iron\\nboxes. It soon turns\\nto vapor, and is then\\nconducted from the\\nboxes into pipes of fire\\nclay. As the vapor\\ntouches the clay it\\ncools and changes to\\ncrystals of a beautiful\\nviolet color. These\\ncrystals are the iodine\\nof commerce. They\\nare shipped to Europe,\\nand thence sent to all\\nparts of the world.\\nIs it not curious that\\nmen should go so far\\nand work so hard\\nmerely to get food for\\nthe soil The earth is\\nmuch like man in that\\nit will not work well\\nthat is, produce good\\ncrops for many years\\nin succession without\\nbeing fed\\nThere is a loud explosion.\\nThe most of the nitrate is used as food for\\nlands which are expected to yield the richest of crops.\\nGood soil foods are so valuable indeed that farmers", "height": "3404", "width": "2279", "jp2-path": "carpentersgeogra01carp_0111.jp2"}, "112": {"fulltext": "io6\\nCHILE.\\nNitrate Factory.\\nwill pay high prices for them, and vast fortunes have been\\nmade out of other such things which are found in this\\npart of South America.\\nNext to nitrate of soda the chief of these is guano.\\nGuano is a mixture of the manure of birds, dead seals, and\\nfish, which is found along certain parts of the seacoast\\nand on a number of islands not far from the shores of\\nPeru and Chile. The islands are volcanic rocks. They\\nare as bare as the desert. They have not a blade of\\ngrass or any green thing upon them, and are merely rock\\nmasses covered with what looks much Hke sand.\\nIf you stir this sand up it will give forth a smell like\\nammonia, and if you put it upon the soil it will cause it to\\nproduce bountiful crops. If we should stay on the islands\\novernight we could see that they are then covered by the", "height": "3404", "width": "2279", "jp2-path": "carpentersgeogra01carp_0112.jp2"}, "113": {"fulltext": "GUANO ISLANDS.\\n107\\nbirds which have for ages chosen them as their roosting\\nplaces and homes. They are the pehcans and sea gulls\\nwhich feed by the millions in the waters of this part of\\nthe Pacific. They, often bring the fish they have caught\\nin their bills to the islands and leave them there. During\\nsome parts of the year, many seals come here to breed,\\nand seals often crawl out of the sea upon these rocks to die.\\nOn a Guano Island.\\nAll this has been going on for many years, and the\\nresult is a deposit which is so valuable as manure that\\nships are sent here to take it away to our country and to\\nEurope. There are houses upon some of the islands, put\\nup for the men who dig out the guano, and on one or\\ntwo of them there are little railroads which have been\\nmade to carry the guano down to the shores.", "height": "3404", "width": "2279", "jp2-path": "carpentersgeogra01carp_0113.jp2"}, "114": {"fulltext": "I08 CHILE.\\nXIV. ALONG THE COAST TO VALPARAISO.\\nIT takes us five days by steamer to go from Iquique to\\nValparaiso (val-pa-ri so), the chief seaport of Chile.\\nThe sail along the west coast is delightful. There are few\\nstorms, and almost every day we make a new port, at\\nwhich we see many strange things.\\nLuscious grapes and oranges are brought to the steamer\\nfrom the valley oases of the desert, and we now and then\\ntake on a few barrels of wine.\\nWhile our steamer stops at Antofagasta we have time to\\nvisit the largest ^melter in all South America. It has been\\nbuilt here to smelt the silver out of the ore brought down\\nfrom the Andes. This work is done in huge furnaces,\\nthe ore being melted with other materials in such a way\\nthat the pure silver is taken out of the rocks.\\nThe ore is first ground to powder, which is then molded\\ninto bricks. As we pass through the yard we see a\\nlarge plot of ground upon which are piled up enough\\nbricks to build a big house. It is perhaps the richest\\nbrickyard on earth. The bricks look like blocks of gray\\nsand, but they are really silver ore, ground fine and\\nmolded into this shape that the ore may be more easily\\nsmelted.\\nFarther down the coast we anchor at Coquimbo (ko-\\nkem bo) to take on a big load of copper. Hundreds of\\nlong bars or bricks of reddish-brown metal are brought\\nout to our steamer on a Hghter and put away in the hold.\\nThis copper comes from mines not far from the town.\\nWe learn that Chile has vast deposits of very rich copper.\\nIt lies in great lumps or veins in the mountains, and is", "height": "3404", "width": "2279", "jp2-path": "carpentersgeogra01carp_0114.jp2"}, "115": {"fulltext": "ALONG THE COAST. IO9\\ndug out and smelted in the furnaces at this port and else-\\nwhere.\\nSoon after leaving Coquimbo we notice that the shores\\nhave lost their gray, dusty look. Now and then we see\\na tree and a patch of green grass. We are out of the desert\\nat last.\\nWe sail about two hundred miles farther south, and\\nfinally come to anchor in the Bay of Valparaiso. It is\\nshaped like a half- moon, being walled with steep hills\\ncovered with luxuriant trees and beautiful flowers. A\\nfew miles inland from the coast there are orange and\\nlemon groves, vineyards and trees bearing almost all kinds\\nof fruits; and just over the mountains is the long valley\\nof Chile, one of the richest farming and, fruit-raising re-\\ngions of all South America.\\nAt Valparaiso we are not halfway along the coast.\\nChile extends from here to the Strait of Magellan. It is\\nthe narrowest of all countries in proportion to its length.\\nIt stretches only from the ocean to the top of the Andes,\\nand its width is nowhere greater than the distance from\\nNew York to Boston. In some places, indeed, its width\\nis not greater than the distance from Philadelphia to New\\nYork, but it is so long that if laid from east to west upon\\nthe United States, with one end at New York, it would\\nstretch out far beyond Great Salt Lake. If you could\\ntwist it around, so that it would lie north and south, with\\nTierra del Fuego on the Florida Keys, the nitrate fields\\nwhich we have just left would be in Hudson Bay, about\\neven with the northern part of Labrador.\\nA land of this kind must have many climates. It was\\nquite hot at Iquique, but the winter air here at Valparaiso\\nis pleasantly cool, and near the Strait of Magellan the\\nground is often covered with snow. The same difference", "height": "3404", "width": "2279", "jp2-path": "carpentersgeogra01carp_0115.jp2"}, "116": {"fulltext": "no\\nCHILE.\\nHaibor, Valparaiso.\\nexists in regard to rain. In the northern desert one\\nnever needs an umbrella, but at Valparaiso it rains now\\nand then throughout the year. It rains more as you go\\nfarther south, and in some places so much water falls that\\nthe people jokingly say it rains thirteen months every\\nyear.\\nAs we reach the rain belt the desert suddenly stops;\\ngreen fields are frequently seen and as we go still farther\\nsouth we shall travel in a valley covered with crops, and\\ncome into a country where the grass grows luxuriantly\\nand where there are gfeat forests bound together with\\nvines.\\nBut what is the cause of the change Why is northern\\nChile so dry and the greater part of southern Chile wet?\\nIt comes from the winds. We have learned that the", "height": "3404", "width": "2279", "jp2-path": "carpentersgeogra01carp_0116.jp2"}, "117": {"fulltext": "VALPARAISO. Ill\\ndesert exists because the winds which come from the east\\nhave had the water squeezed out of them by the cold air\\nof the mountains before they reach the west slope.\\nThe winds which roll over southern Chile come from a\\ndifferent direction. They are blown toward the south-\\neast. As they cross the warm waters of the Pacific they\\ndrink themselves full of moisture, and when they reach the\\ncold part of Chile the difference in the temperature makes\\nthis moisture drop down. Hence we shall find that there\\nare copious rains, producing many streams, which flow\\ndown the west slope of the Andes. On the other side of\\nthe mountains, in parts of Patagonia, the country is almost\\na desert, for the winds have been wrung dry before they\\nreach there.\\nLeaving our ship, we explore Valparaiso. The city is\\nabout the size of IndianapoHs. It is the best business\\npoint upon the whole coast, owing its growth to its harbor,\\nwhich is large enough to float all the ships of the world.\\nWe come to anchor among steamers from different parts\\nof Europe. They are loading and discharging goods.\\nSome of them are taking on cattle, wheat, vegetables, and\\nfruits for the cities of the desert farther north, and others\\nhave stopped on their way to add to their cargoes of\\nnitrate, copper, and hides, which they will carry from\\nChile to Europe.\\nWe take a boat to the shore, wondering how we can\\nget up the hills to the houses above us. Valparaiso rises\\nfrom the water in the shape of an amphitheater, or like the\\ngrand stand of a ball ground. The streets rise in terraces,\\none above the other, so that the buildings at the top seem\\nto hang out above and threaten to fall down upon those\\nbelow.\\nBut see, there are cable cars cHmbing up and down the", "height": "3404", "width": "2279", "jp2-path": "carpentersgeogra01carp_0117.jp2"}, "118": {"fulltext": "112\\nCHILE.\\nSteep hills. It is by them we shall mount from one street\\nto another, for the only level land in the city is a narrow\\nstretch along the shore.\\nUpon this level place is the business part of Valparaiso.\\nIt is all on made ground. The hills were dug down and\\nthe waters kept\\nback by walls of\\nstone and iron rails,\\nin order that the\\ntide might not eat\\nout the land.\\nWe step from our\\nboat upon stone\\nwharves, and walk\\nover streets as well\\npaved as our streets\\nat home. It is hard\\nfor us to believe\\nwe are in a South\\nAmerican city. The\\nbuildings are large\\nand much like those\\nof our cities. The stores have plate glass windows. We\\nsee German and English names over some of them, and\\nwe learn that Valparaiso has many Europeans who have\\ncome here to engage in trade.\\nThe people do not look much different from those of\\nNew York and Chicago. There are electric lights. We\\nhear the boys cry the newspapers, and as we notice the\\nsigns of enterprise all about us we believe what has been\\ntold us, that the Chileans are among the most enterpris-\\ning people of the South American continent.\\nThe country contains about three million inhabitants.\\nChileans.", "height": "3404", "width": "2279", "jp2-path": "carpentersgeogra01carp_0118.jp2"}, "119": {"fulltext": "VALPARAISO.\\n113\\nThey do not call themselves Chileans, but Chilenos (che-\\nla nos), and they pride themselves on being better and\\nstronger than the people of the countries farther north.\\nThey are Hke them, however, in that they are the de-\\nscendants of the Spaniards and of .the mixed race of\\nSpaniards and Indians. The difference is that the Span-\\niards who came to Chile were chiefly from the northern\\nprovinces of Spain, where the people are stronger and\\nbetter than those of the south, and also that the Chilean\\nIndians were the famed Araucanians, a much stronger and\\nbraver race than the tribes ruled by the Incas, with whom\\nthe Spaniards united in Ecuador and Peru.\\nStreet Scene, Valparaiso\\nThe Chileans we see on the streets of Valparaiso are\\ndressed just as we are. We hear many of them speak", "height": "3404", "width": "2279", "jp2-path": "carpentersgeogra01carp_0119.jp2"}, "120": {"fulltext": "114\\nCHILE.\\nEnglish, and as we look at our familiar surroundings we\\nwonder whether Chile is, after all, much different from the\\nUnited States.\\nBut stop. There comes a lady with a black shawl\\ndraped about her head, and behind her is a vegetable ped-\\ndler with his stock in panniers on the sides of a mule.\\nThere is a bread mule being dragged along by the baker,\\nand a milk mule going down that side street. Get out of\\nthe way of that carriage with its high-stepping horses, and,\\nas you do so, look out for the horse which has just come\\naround the corner. Its rider is a man with a poncho and\\na broad-brimmed hat. He is probably a rich farmer in\\nfrom the country. We shall see many of his kind later on.\\nA queer street car.", "height": "3404", "width": "2279", "jp2-path": "carpentersgeogra01carp_0120.jp2"}, "121": {"fulltext": "ACROSS SOUTH AMERICA. II5\\nWhat a queer street car that is going by us! It has\\nseats on top as well as inside. See that pretty woman on\\nthe rear. platform. She is the conductor. She is taking\\nup the fares and making change from the money in her\\nwhite apron pocket. There are women street car con-\\nductors in all of the chief cities of Chile. The custom\\nwas introduced when Chile was at war with Peru and the\\nmen were all needed for soldiers.\\nBut we may as well leave Valparaiso. It has so many\\nforeigners that we must go inland to see how the Chileans\\nlive and to learn about their country. There are railroads\\nto the interior, and we decide to make our first journey\\non the Transandine line.\\nXV. ACROSS SOUTH AMERICA BY RAIL.\\nWE have already seen something of the railroads farther\\nnorth which go from the Pacific to the top of the\\nAndes. The one upon which we are riding to-day will\\nsoon join the Atlantic and Pacific oceans together. It is\\nthe Transandine Railroad, going over the Andes from\\nValparaiso to Buenos Aires.\\nOur car is a Pullman, and we can see well as we go.\\nLeaving Valparaiso, the train skirts the edge of the harbor,\\npassing through the rich suburb of Vina del Mar.\\nHow soft the air is, and how sweet the smell of the\\ntrees and grass after our long stay in the desert Morn-\\ning-glories are blooming on the fences at the roadside, and\\nthat great bush over there is loaded with roses. Now we\\nwhiz by an orange grove, almost close enough to grab at\\nthe yellow balls peeping out of the leaves. Now we go\\nby vineyards, and now we stop at a station, at which pears,", "height": "3404", "width": "2279", "jp2-path": "carpentersgeogra01carp_0121.jp2"}, "122": {"fulltext": "ii6\\nCHILE.\\nTransandine Railroad.\\nfigs, and lemons are brought to the car windows for sale.\\nHow cheap everything is! We can get a big bunch of\\ngrapes, or all the oranges we can eat, for a dime.\\nNow the road leaves the coast, and we are climbing the\\nhills. There is but little green except in the valleys.\\nThey are covered with cultivated fields, through which\\nflow irrigating ditches supplied by the streams.\\nSee the men at work in the fields. There is one plow-\\ning. He has two white oxen joined to the plow by a\\npole. The pole is tied to the yoke, which rests on the\\nnecks of the oxen just back of the horns, to which it is fast-\\nened with skin ropes.\\nAt the next station we see oxen yoked the same way\\npuUing huge carts loaded with grain. Notice the wheels", "height": "3404", "width": "2279", "jp2-path": "carpentersgeogra01carp_0122.jp2"}, "123": {"fulltext": "ACROSS SOUTH AMERICA.\\n117\\nof the carts. They are twice as high as those of our carts,\\nand the loads are so heavy that eight oxen are yoked in\\ndouble file to each cart. How the wheels creak and\\nscreech on their way past the train The oxen are push-\\ning their burden along by their heads. The method of\\nyoking them is cruel indeed. An ox cannot move his\\nhead unless his fellow ox moves at the same time.\\nU.\\nk^\\nA Load of Grain.\\nThe houses of the Chilean towns are very similar to\\nthose we saw on the coast of Peru. There are many\\nhuts in the fields, made of mud, with roofs of straw,\\nthatch, or sheet iron.\\nAfter we cross the coast range the farms are larger and\\nthe country is more thickly populated. We ride for some", "height": "3404", "width": "2279", "jp2-path": "carpentersgeogra01carp_0123.jp2"}, "124": {"fulltext": "ii8\\nCHILE.\\ntime through the Irrigated valley of the Aconcagua river,\\nwith the mighty mountains rising above us. We are now\\nclimbing the second range of the Andes.\\nAs we go on, gradually rising, we pass orchards of\\napples and peaches, with rich, well- watered gardens lying\\nhigh up in the mountains. The country grows wilder and\\nwilder, and at last we are at the station where the road ends.\\nWe are now very near the frontier of Argentina and\\nwithin a short distance of the long Argentina Railroad,\\nwhich crosses the pampas to Buenos Aires. We have not\\nUspallata Pass,", "height": "3404", "width": "2279", "jp2-path": "carpentersgeogra01carp_0124.jp2"}, "125": {"fulltext": "ACROSS SOUTH AMERICA.\\n119\\ntime now to make the whole journey, for we wish to go\\nabout through the southern part of the continent by the\\nStrait of Magellan. So we shall merely ride over the\\nmountains on mules, to look at the other end of the road,\\nand then return to our travels in Chile. The railroad is\\nnot yet completed, but the distance between the two sec-\\ntions is so short that we can go there and back in less\\nthan three days.\\nh: r\\nWagon Road up the Andes,\\nThis road over the Andes is by the Uspallata Pass,\\nwhich is 12,340 feet above the sea. It is a fairly good\\nmountain road in the summer, but now, in the winter, it is\\noften blocked up with deep snows. At times the snows\\nare so heavy that all travel is stopped. The mails pile up\\nat the two ends of the railroad, and the mail carriers going\\nbetween them are sometimes lost in the storm.\\nCARP. S. AM. 8", "height": "3404", "width": "2279", "jp2-path": "carpentersgeogra01carp_0125.jp2"}, "126": {"fulltext": "I20\\nCHILE.\\nwhich nothing can\\nThat is why the Httle stone huts which we pass now and\\nthen have been built. They have no windows. They\\nlook more like bake ovens than houses. They are for\\nshelter for the passengers and postmen who are caught in\\nthe storms. Men sometimes have to live in them for days,\\nwaiting for the snows to melt in the mountains.\\nThere are one or two rude inns on the way, where we\\nstop the hot soup tastes good, for we are cold.\\nThe Andes at this point are wild in the extreme. One\\nof the worst parts of the pass is called the Valley of Deso-\\nlation. Here the land is covered with volcanic rock, upon\\nNow and then we see a gua-\\nnaco, a wild animal\\nwhich looks somewhat\\nlike a llama, except that\\nits fur is yellow spotted\\nwith white. We shall\\nsee more such farther\\nsouth.\\nNow a condor soars\\nabout over us. There\\nit is between us and the\\nsun, casting a shadow\\nupon the snow. Condors\\nwhen they are hungry\\nare like vultures; they\\nwill eat dead things,\\nand we are wondering\\nwhether that mighty\\nbird is not waiting to see\\nus drop in our tracks.\\nHow pure the air is, and how thin! We fear we may\\nhave another attack of mountain sickness. We are, how-\\nA Condor.", "height": "3404", "width": "2279", "jp2-path": "carpentersgeogra01carp_0126.jp2"}, "127": {"fulltext": "ACROSS SOUTH AMERICA. 121\\never, more than a mile lower down at the summit of this\\npass than at the Galera tunnel, through which we crossed\\nthe Andes on the Oroya Railroad back of Lima, and our\\nfaintness soon passes off.\\nThe highest part of the Transandine Railroad, yet to\\nbe built, will include many tunnels. The cars will be taken\\nup the steepest part of the mountain by a track like those\\nwhich go up Pikes Peak and Mount Washington. The\\ntrack will have three rails. In addition to the two which\\nyou usually see on a railroad there will be a third narrow\\nrail with many rungs in it, Hke a ladder. Upon this a cog\\nwheel attached to the car will move, and the little engine\\nmade for the purpose will be behind the train instead of in\\nfront of it. The cars will be pushed, not pulled, up the\\nmountains. At atout two miles above the sea there will\\nbe a tunnel through the mountains, and there will also be\\nmany snowsheds cut out of the solid rock, through which\\nthe trains will pass in order that they may not be stopped\\nin the winter.\\nThe road will be of great good to South American\\ntravelers. We shall see this as we go by the old route\\naround the south end of the continent to Buenos Aires.\\nThe voyage from Valparaiso by the Strait of Magellan\\ntakes from fourteen to sixteen days. When this road is\\nfinished passengers will be carried clear across the conti-\\nnent in twenty-nine hours. It will make the trip from\\nEurope to the west coast of South America very much\\nshorter, and travelers from Europe to Australia will come\\nto Buenos Aires in about twenty days, then cross South\\nAmerica by rail, and take ship at Valparaiso, instead of\\nmaking the long voyage around through the Strait of\\nMagellan as they now do.\\nOn our journey over the road we have fine views of", "height": "3404", "width": "2279", "jp2-path": "carpentersgeogra01carp_0127.jp2"}, "128": {"fulltext": "122\\nCHILE.\\nAconcagua, the highest of the Andes. It is one of the fine\\nmountain sights of the world. When the sky is clear it\\ncan be seen from Valparaiso rising in a great cone high\\nabove the others of the Chilean Andes, dwarfing all the\\npeaks near it except\\nMount Tupungato\\n(too poon-ga to),\\nwhich is more than\\nfour miles in height.\\nAconcagua is\\nmore than 23,900\\nfeet high, and as we\\nlook at its snowy\\ntop we long to climb\\nit. If we should\\nmake the attempt,\\nwe should probably\\nmeet snowstorms,\\nand we might be\\nfrozen during the\\ncold nights.\\nNear the summit\\nAconcagua.\\nthere are cliffs which are hard to scale, and at the top we\\nshould stand on a square plateau about two hundred feet\\nwide, with great masses of fleecy clouds far below us, and\\nthe mountains stretching away to the east and to the south.\\nOn one side we could see the pampas of Argentina, and\\non the other, over the narrow band of green which is the\\ncountry of Chile, ninety miles away, would be the shining,\\nsilvery waters of the Pacific.\\nThis journey, however, can be made only in the sum-\\nmer, and our guides will not allow us to make the attempt.\\nWe must be satisfied with the magnificent views we have", "height": "3404", "width": "2279", "jp2-path": "carpentersgeogra01carp_0128.jp2"}, "129": {"fulltext": "SANTIAGO. 123\\nhad as we rode through the pass. So we remount our\\nmules and slowly climb back down the hills to the railroad.\\nHere we take the train for Los Andes, where we change\\ncars to the line which goes down the central valley of\\nChile and brings us at last to Santiago.\\nXVI. SANTIAGO, THE CAPITAL OF CHILE.\\nSANTIAGO (san-tT-a go) is the capital of Chile. It\\nis almost as large as our national capital, and in many\\nthings like it. Washington is six hours distant from our\\nchief seaport, New York. Santiago is about six hours by\\nrail from Valparaiso, the chief seaport of Chile. Wash-\\nington Hes in a basin on the banks of the Potomac. San-\\ntiago is cut in two by the river Mapo cho, and the basin\\nupon which it is built is walled by the snowy Andes and\\nby low mountains w^hich rise one above another from\\ngrassy plains.\\nWe have our Capitol Hill. Santiago has its Santa\\nLucia (loo-se a), a mass of volcanic rocks rising almost\\nprecipitously in the midst of the city to a height more\\nthan half that of the Washington Monument.\\nSanta Lucia is perhaps the most picturesque hill of any\\ncity of the world. It has a base of a little more than an\\nacre. It is composed of rocks enormous in size and piled\\ntogether in curious shapes. There is earth mixed with\\nthe rocks, so that trees grow among them. Flowers and\\nvines have been planted, and the hill has been made into a\\nbeautiful park. Its sides are covered with English ivy.\\nTall eucalyptus trees rise out of the crevices of the rocks\\nfrom its base to its summit. It has wonderful ferns, dark", "height": "3404", "width": "2279", "jp2-path": "carpentersgeogra01carp_0129.jp2"}, "130": {"fulltext": "124\\nCHILE.\\ncaves, and beautiful grottoes in which there are waterfalls,\\nmaking altogether what might be called a hanging garden\\naway up there above the city, under the shadow of the\\nAndes.\\nThere are winding driveways and footpaths which go\\nround and round the hill to the summit. We walk up one\\nSanta Lucia.\\nof the paths to take a look over Santiago. It is early\\nmorning, and the sun is just rising up in the great blue dome\\nof the sky. It has caught the tops of the Andes at the\\nback of the city, and the snows upon them are shining like\\nfrosted silver incrusted with diamonds. The foothills in\\nthe shadow are like blue velvet, and we look at the plains\\naway off in the distance, with their rich growth of green.", "height": "3404", "width": "2279", "jp2-path": "carpentersgeogra01carp_0130.jp2"}, "131": {"fulltext": "SANTIAGO.\\n125\\nOur eyes now drop to the city below us. Red-tiled\\nroofs with trees and bushes growing out of them extend\\nabout on all sides. Those are the roofs of the Chilean\\ncapital. The scene is not unlike that we saw from the top\\nof our hotel in Lima. The houses are built in the same\\nstyle. They are close to the streets, and consist of rooms\\nbuilt around small courts, or patios, in which are the\\ngardens. Some of the Santiago houses are of vast size,\\nalthough all are low, few being of more than two stories.\\nThe Alameda, the chief street of this South American capital.\\nSee that wide avenue which cuts the city almost in\\nhalves. That is the Alameda, the chief street of this South\\nAmerican capital. It is twice as wide as Pennsylvania\\nAvenue in Washington. There are rows of tall poplar", "height": "3404", "width": "2279", "jp2-path": "carpentersgeogra01carp_0131.jp2"}, "132": {"fulltext": "126 CHILE.\\ntrees running through it from one end to the other, and\\nalong each side of the trees are stone aqueducts in which\\nstreams of mountain water are flowing.\\nWith our field glasses we see the statues of many Chil-\\nean heroes under the trees, and at every few feet stone\\nseats upon which men and women are sitting, enjoying the\\nair. Boys are riding on bicycles along the paths in the\\ncenter of the street, and at every few hundred feet there\\nare two or three cows with their calves beside them. Each\\nof the calves wears a muzzle. The cows are owned by\\nwomen, who milk them from time to time and sell the\\nmilk warm from the cow to the people who are out taking\\nthe air. The cows are not tied, but are hobbled by ropes\\nabout their hind legs.\\nNow turn your eyes a little more to the right. There\\nis another wide strip of green, with a band of silver run-\\nning through it. That is the river Mapocho, which flows\\nthrough the city. A little more to the left is the race\\ncourse, which is thronged by thousands on Sunday after-\\nnoons, when the chief races are held. The forest above it\\nis Cousiiio (coo-zenYo) Park, where the people drive in\\ntheir carriages every afternoon.\\nBut let us o^o down from the hill and take a street car\\nride through the city. The seats on the roof of the car\\nare the best for sight-seeing, and to ride there cos^s only\\none cent of our money per trip.\\nThink of a street car ride for a cent, and that ride\\nthrough Santiago We give our fare to the woman con-\\nductor, and are soon whizzing along, as high up as the roofs\\nof the one-story houses, through the suburbs and poorer\\nparts of the town. Now we pass between the higher\\nbuildings of the business section. What fine stores they\\nare They are as good as our stores at home. The show", "height": "3404", "width": "2279", "jp2-path": "carpentersgeogra01carp_0132.jp2"}, "133": {"fulltext": "SANTIAGO.\\n127\\nwindows have all sorts of beautiful goods, and there are\\nseveral great arcades roofed with glass which have been\\ncut through the business blocks from one side to the other.\\nLet us take a street car ride through the city.\\nWe go by the Moneda, or the mint. It is a great build-\\ning which contains also the home of the president and\\nmost of the offices of the Chilean government. At the\\ndoor there are soldiers with drawn swords in their hands.\\nLater on we see that the president of Chile has a military\\nguard of two hundred cavalry which goes with his carriage\\non all state occasions.\\nThe Chileans are fond of pomp and display. We meet\\npolicemen with swords at their sides on every street corner,\\nand we shall see soldiers drilling in every city and town.\\nChile is a republic after the South American fashion, in", "height": "3404", "width": "2279", "jp2-path": "carpentersgeogra01carp_0133.jp2"}, "134": {"fulltext": "28\\nCHILE.\\nwhich the chief families control the elections and hold most\\nof the offices.\\nIn that building we are now passing the houses of Con-\\ngress meet, and those men who are going in are senators\\nand deputies who sit there and make laws just as in our\\nCongress at home.\\nBut here we are at the Plaza des Armes, where all the\\ncars stop. This is the center of the Chilean capital. That\\nbig building over there is the cathedral, and the great\\nIn that building the houses of Congress meet.\\nstructure next door is the palace, where the archbishop\\nlives. The Roman Catholic religion is the chief religion\\nof Chile, and the church has a great deal of property.\\nSome of the best business blocks of Santiago belong to it,", "height": "3404", "width": "2279", "jp2-path": "carpentersgeogra01carp_0134.jp2"}, "135": {"fulltext": "SANTIAGO. 129\\nand it has vast estates in the country, upon which fruit and\\nwheat and other such things are raised for sale. Those\\nladies dressed all in black, with black shawls on their\\nheads, are going to mass. See the little rugs which they\\nhave with them. They kneel upon them when they pray,\\nfor many of the churches have no seats, and the stone\\nfloors are cold.\\nLater on we visit the schools. They are much like our\\nschools at home, save that the girls and the boys are kept\\nin different buildings, and that the children of the lower\\ngrades all study out loud. Chile has now a good public\\nschool system. There are schools in every city and vil-\\nlage, although four children out of every five are still kept\\nat home. We find Santiago has a national university with\\na thousand students, and that there are also schools for\\nthe army and navy.\\nIndeed, we are surprised at the intelligence of the Chil-\\neans. They have been called the Yankees of South\\nAmerica, because they are so bright and enterprising and\\nin other ways like us. Many people of the better classes\\nspeak French and English, some having been educated in\\nEurope. In all the cities there are daily newspapers. We\\nmeet newsboys on almost every street corner, and visit\\nlarge bookstores in the business parts of the city.\\nAt the post office we learn that millions of letters and\\nnewspapers go through the mails every year, and when\\nwe inquire we find that there are telegraph lines to all\\nparts of the country, and that the prices for telegrams are\\nmuch lower than we pay at home. There are electric\\nlights and electric railroads in the principal Chilean cities.\\nTelephones are to be found in all the large towns, and you\\ncan talk from Santiago to your friends in Valparaiso over\\nthe telephone, although it is distant six hours by rail.", "height": "3404", "width": "2279", "jp2-path": "carpentersgeogra01carp_0135.jp2"}, "136": {"fulltext": "130 CHILE.\\nDuring our stay at the capital we are invited to visit the\\nhomes of some well-to-do Chileans. We are surprised at\\nthe size of their houses. They are of one or two stories,\\nbut many of them have forty large rooms, which are fur-\\nnished as expensively as the houses of our millionaires. In\\nmany homes we see fine paintings and statues, and in the\\nsuburbs we visit mansions with gardens about them, in which\\nare lemon and orange trees and all kinds of beautiful flowers.\\nBut how about the poor? All of the Chileans cannot\\nbe rich. No, indeed they are not. There are poor people\\neverywhere. We see them driving carts, and carrying\\ngoods on their backs through the streets. We shall find\\nthem living in mud huts in all parts of the country, and if\\nwe will again mount to the top of the street car we may\\nride through sections of Santiago which are filled with low\\none-story houses in which whole families live in one room.\\nMany of the poor people sleep on the floor, and their\\nfood costs but a few cents a day. They are mostly of the\\nmixed race of Spanish and Indians. They do the hard\\nwork of Chile, and we shall see much of them in our trips\\nthrough the country.\\nXVII. A VISIT TO A CHILEAN FARM.\\nTO-DAY we start down the great central valley of\\nChile. This valley lies between the main range of\\nthe Andes and the mountains which border the coast. It\\nis in places over a hundred miles wide, and as long as the\\ndistance from New York to Pittsburg. It is divided into\\nvast estates, upon which all sorts of fruits and grains are\\ngrown, and where cattle and horses are grazed in droves\\nof thousands.", "height": "3404", "width": "2279", "jp2-path": "carpentersgeogra01carp_0136.jp2"}, "137": {"fulltext": "A VISIT TO A FARM.\\n131\\nThere are few countries in the world where farms are so\\nlarge as in Chile, or their owners so rich. We meet men\\nwho each own thousands of acres, and see many estates\\nwhich are worth more than a million dollars. The wealthier\\nfarmers live like lords upon their estates or haciendas.\\nFarming is profitable in Chile. The country produces\\nevery year more than twenty-eight million bushels of\\nwheat, millions of gallons of wine, and the best horses and\\ncattle on the west coast of South America.\\nMore than half of the people of Chile are engaged\\nin farming, but only a few families own land. Most of\\nthe farms are in this great central valley. They are irri-\\nHay Wagon.\\ngated by the streams from the mountains, and are in most\\nplaces cultivated like gardens. The fields are divided by\\ncanals, along which trees have been planted. Some of the\\nestates have stone walls about them, and now and then", "height": "3404", "width": "2279", "jp2-path": "carpentersgeogra01carp_0137.jp2"}, "138": {"fulltext": "32\\nCHILE.\\nwe see a fence of wire or boards. We look in vain for\\nbarns and haystacks and farmhouses Hke our own. The\\nonly buildings are the vast one-story structures of the\\nowners and the mud huts of the workmen. Oxen every-\\nwhere take the place of horses and mules. Huge carts\\ndrawn by oxen with yokes tied to their horns are used\\ninstead of farm wagons, and the plows are dragged\\nthrough the furrows by the same clumsy beasts.\\nSome of the\\nmore enterprising\\nChileans, how-\\never, have been in-\\ntroducing modern\\nmachinery lately,\\nand some of the\\nrich farmers now\\nhave American\\nplows, threshers,\\nand reapers.\\nWe visit one of\\nthe farms, where\\nwe are the guests\\nof the proprietor.\\nHe has given us\\nrooms in his coun-\\ntry home, whichhe\\noccupies only in\\nthe summer time,\\nwhen he lives on\\nhis country estate.\\nWhat a lot of\\nrooms there are There must be a hundred all told, and\\nall on the ground floor. The buildings are of one story,\\nChilean Farmer.", "height": "3404", "width": "2279", "jp2-path": "carpentersgeogra01carp_0138.jp2"}, "139": {"fulltext": "A VISIT TO A FARM.\\n133\\nwith roofs of red tiles, mud walls, and brick floors. They\\nsurround little green courts and gardens. Groves of\\ntrees, some of which are one hundred feet high, are\\ngrowing about them.\\nThere are many other guests at the time of our visit.\\nThere are about thirty children among them, and when\\nThere are horses for all.\\nwe go out to ride there are horses for all, some of the lit-\\ntle ones being tied to the saddles of their ponies to keep\\nthem from falling, for the children here learn to ride when\\nquite young.\\nEvery child of a rich farmer has its own pony, and we see\\nboys and girls between the ages of four and fourteen gallop-\\ning over the fields, holding their seats like men and women.", "height": "3404", "width": "2279", "jp2-path": "carpentersgeogra01carp_0139.jp2"}, "140": {"fulltext": "134 CHILE.\\nThe farm Is so large that we might ride all day on the\\nroads which go through the fields and not visit the whole.\\nThe fields are divided by fences of stone and also by\\ncanals, along which have been planted Lombardy poplars,\\nwhich so shade the road that we do not feel the warm sun.\\nWe are delighted with the horses. The peons chase\\nthem on the gallop over the fields to show us how well\\nthey can run. They are fine riding animals. They are\\ntrained to a gait much like a pace, but so easy that we\\nremain in our saddles for hours without fatigue. The\\nhorses are directed by pressing the reins against the\\nsides of the neck, and not by pulling at the bit, and the\\nlines are usually left loose. As a result the horses are\\nseldom hard in the mouth.\\nThe saddles are much heavier than ours. Many of\\nthem are plated with silver, and ladies and gentlemen\\nfrequently use silver stirrups. A Chilean often cares\\nmore to have his horse well dressed than to be well dressed\\nhimself. His bridle bit is of silver, and his spurs are often\\nof the same metal. The spurs used by the peons have\\nrowels, or spiked wheels, as big around as a coffee cup.\\nSome have wheels four inches in diameter, so that they\\ncause great pain if the owner is cruel.\\nLater on we go to the cattle. There are great herds\\nof fine stock and flocks of fat sheep. The crops in the\\nfields are growing luxuriantly, and the vineyards and\\norange orchards are loaded with fruits.\\nWe ask how such a place is managed, and are told\\nthat it has a major-domo, or chief, who has overseers\\nunder him and who organizes his laborers much like an\\narmy. Each overseer has so many men to take charge\\nof, and he tells each man what to do. Books are kept\\nshowing just how much money is paid out and what is", "height": "3404", "width": "2279", "jp2-path": "carpentersgeogra01carp_0140.jp2"}, "141": {"fulltext": "A VISIT TO A FARM.\\nThere are great herds of fine stock.\\ndone every day, so that the proprietor knows how well\\neach field is paying.\\nIndeed, the only poor things on the farm are the rotos,\\nor farm workmen. The rotos are the laboring class of\\nthe country. They are somewhat Hke the Indians we\\nsaw in Peru and Bolivia. They come of the mixed race\\nof Spaniards and Indians, inheriting the bravery of both.\\nPeruvian and Bolivian Indians are afraid of their mas-\\nters the Chilean rotos are not. They carry knives, and\\nthe master who should strike one of them would probably\\nbe stabbed in return. It is said, however, that the rotos\\nlove their masters. They do not often leave the estates\\nupon which they were born.\\nLet us enter one of their huts. What a contrast to the\\nluxurious city home of the owner! The walls are of mud\\nbricks, and the roof is of thatch. The ground forms the\\nCARP. S. AM. 9", "height": "3404", "width": "2279", "jp2-path": "carpentersgeogra01carp_0141.jp2"}, "142": {"fulltext": "136\\nCHILE.\\nfloor, and In this case the bed of the family. Two boxes\\nand a table are the only furniture. The hut has but one\\nroom, about fifteen feet square, and we are told that a\\nfamily of eight lives in it.\\nWe wonder how people can exist in such quarters, and\\nwhen we learn what they eat we wonder more. Their\\nfirst meal usually consists of a double handful of toasted\\nwheat flour mixed with water into a mush or baked as a\\ncake. At noon they have a bowl of hot beans, and for\\nWe wonder how people can exist in such quarters.\\nsupper, or dinner, as they call it, a second bowl of beans,\\nto which is added some toasted meal. They seldom eat\\nmeat, preferring to spend their money for drink.\\nAs a result of this mode of living many of the roto\\nchildren die. Only the strongest survive, but those who", "height": "3404", "width": "2279", "jp2-path": "carpentersgeogra01carp_0142.jp2"}, "143": {"fulltext": "THE ARAUCANIANS. 137\\ngrow up are so strong that four rotos can easily lift a\\npiano on their heads and trot away with it.\\nThe rotos are very polite. When not drunk they are\\nkind to their families. They are always ready to help\\none another in trouble. It is difficult to teach them\\nhabits of thrift, but it is hoped that through the common\\nschools, which have recently been introduced into all\\nparts of Chile, they will become educated and in time be\\na much better race.\\nXVIII. SOUTHERN CHILE AND THE\\nARAUCANIANS.\\nWE have left our friends in the country and are again\\non the train. We travel several hundred miles south-\\nward through the great central valley. The snowy Andes\\nare still on our left, with smoke rising here and there\\nfrom a volcanic peak. We cross httle rivers and travel\\nthrough vast wheat fields cut up by ditches in which the\\nclear water flows.\\nWhat a lot of vineyards there are The hills are cov-\\nered with low grapevines, now brown and leafless, for it\\nis winter. See that drove of cattle at the side of the road,\\nwith the rotos on horseback driving the animals this way\\nand that. They are rounding up, or counting, the stock\\nand branding the young with red-hot irons. There are a\\nthousand horses in the next field, and we shall pass other\\ncattle and horses between the stations on our way farther\\nsouth.\\nWhat queer trees border the fields! They are lofty\\npoplars planted along the irrigating ditches, all leaning", "height": "3404", "width": "2279", "jp2-path": "carpentersgeogra01carp_0143.jp2"}, "144": {"fulltext": "138\\nCHILE.\\nnorth, blown so by the winds, which usually come from\\nthe south. They look like hedges, and form lines of green\\na hundred feet high running between the great fields.\\nWhat is this broad stream we are crossing? It is the\\nBiobio (be-o-be^o), the largest river of Chile. It rises in\\nthe Andes, not far from the Argentina boundary, and\\nBridge over the Biobio.\\nflows across the country, emptying into the Bay of Con-\\ncepcion. How wide it is! The steel bridge over which\\nwe cross is one of the finest in South America; it seems\\nto us more than a mile long.\\nThere are woods on the banks of the Biobio, and from\\nnow on we shall frequently be in the forests. There are no\\nmore irrigating ditches, for the rains furnish plenty of w.ater.", "height": "3404", "width": "2279", "jp2-path": "carpentersgeogra01carp_0144.jp2"}, "145": {"fulltext": "THE ARAUCANIANS. 139\\nSee the big trees on both sides of the railroad. We\\nhave at last come into the forest region of Chile, which\\nextends from here to the Strait of Magellan.\\nThe wheat fields we are now passing have been cut out\\nof the woods. How large they are They look like our\\nfields in the new lands of the Northwest. There are\\nstumps in them. The houses of the poor are log cabins.\\nWe see men at work cutting down the trees. Those long\\nteams of oxen are dragging out lumber, their big, soft eyes\\nlooking sadly at us as they painfully pull the heavy loads\\nalong by their heads.\\nNotice the people at the station. How different they\\nseem from the rotos we saw in the north! They are\\ndark-faced and fierce-looking. They are more warmly\\nclad. The men wear ponchos, and many have on high\\nboots covered with mud.\\nListen to that group at the corner. The men are talk-\\ning German, and they do not look like Chileans. They\\nare German settlers who have come here from Europe to\\nfarm the land, which the Chilean government sells to im-\\nmigrants at a very low price. We shall see more Ger-\\nmans in the towns of this part of Chile. At Valdivia\\nthere are large tanneries, in which German workmen\\nmake fine leather for shipment to Hamburg and Russia.\\nThe trees about us have good bark for tanning, and Chile\\nhas so many cattle that hides are cheap.\\nBut who are the copper-colored people we meet every-\\nwhere They wear gorgeous ponchos woven in stripes of\\nbright colors. The women have bare arms. Their dresses\\nseem to be long blankets wrapped tightly over their chests\\nand faUing down to their feet. Some have square earrings\\nof silver, half as big as a schoolbook and as thick as one of\\nits covers. Others have silver plates on their bosoms, and", "height": "3404", "width": "2279", "jp2-path": "carpentersgeogra01carp_0145.jp2"}, "146": {"fulltext": "140\\nCHILE.\\nbands of silver beads about their necks and their ankles.\\nThey look like Indians, but they are not dressed like our\\nIndians at home.\\nThey are Indians. They are the descendants of the\\nfamed Araucanians, who inhabited Chile at the time the\\nSpaniards first came. They were noted for their bravery,\\nand it is said that more Spanish lives were lost in attempts\\nThey are the descendants of the fanned Araucanians.\\nto conquer them than in all the wars for the conquests of\\nMexico and Peru. Their struggle with the Spaniards\\nlasted more than a century, and ended by leaving to the\\nAraucanians a great part of southern Chile.\\nSince then some of this has been taken away year after\\nyear, and now the lands of the Araucanians are few.", "height": "3404", "width": "2279", "jp2-path": "carpentersgeogra01carp_0146.jp2"}, "147": {"fulltext": "THE ARAUCANTANS.\\n141\\nAlcohol furnished by the whites has made them a nation\\nof drunkards, and their bad habits are fast killing them off.\\nThey are now less in number than when they first fought\\nthe Spaniards, and they grow fewer and fewer each year.\\nThe Araucanians have different tribes, commanded by\\nchiefs, although many of them live on farms of their own.\\nWe leave our train and visit one of their homes. The\\nWe visit one of their homes.\\nhouse is more like a shed than anything else. It contains\\nbut one room about twenty feet square, and it has no\\nwall at all at the front, the open side being faced away\\nfrom the wind. Skins are drawn over this side when the\\nweather is cold.\\nTake a look at the roof. It is made of skins and straw\\nthatch. The walls are of logs, and the floor is of dirt.\\nLet us go in. How black everything is You can\\nhardly see about you for the dense smoke which comes\\nfrom that fire in the middle of the hut. It is built in a", "height": "3404", "width": "2279", "jp2-path": "carpentersgeogra01carp_0147.jp2"}, "148": {"fulltext": "14,2 CHILE.\\nhole in the ground, and the smoke finds its way out as it\\ncan.\\nThe squaw who bends over the fire is cooking the din-\\nner. She has a pot on the coals, in which she is stewing\\nmutton and vegetables cut up in small pieces.\\nNow the meal is ready, and our host asks us to sit down\\nand eat with him. We squat on the floor, and each takes\\na spoon and dips the stew out of the pot. The women of\\nthe family do not dine with us. The men always eat\\nfirst, the Indian women standing behind them like servants\\nand taking what is left. How hot the stew is! It is full\\nof red pepper, and it brings the tears to our eyes.\\nBut who is that woman who has come in during the\\nmeal and started another fire farther back in the hut That\\nis our host s other wife. An Araucanian often has more\\nthan one wife, and in such cases each wife cooks for her-\\nself. There are two beds on the different sides of the room^\\ncurtained off with fur rugs or blankets. Each bed be-\\nlongs to a wife, in which she sleeps with her own children\\nabout her.\\nThe Araucanians have queer notions of courtship.\\nMarriage with them is largely a matter of bargain and sale.\\nA father expects a lot of presents of cattle, sheep, or\\nhorses for his daughter, and until these are promised he\\nwill not consent to the marriage.\\nAfter all is settled the young man comes some dark\\nnight to the house of his sweetheart and carries her off.\\nThe girl usually knows he is coming, and though she may\\nwant to be married, she pretends she does not. She has\\nher friends with her, and when her lover and his friends\\nbreak in, there is a fight between the men and the women.\\nThe men try to carry off the girl, and the girl and her\\nfriends use all their powers of resistance. At last the", "height": "3404", "width": "2279", "jp2-path": "carpentersgeogra01carp_0148.jp2"}, "149": {"fulltext": "THE ARAUCANIANS.\\n143\\ngroom drags the bride out. He swings her upon his horse,\\nand jumping behind her, goes off on the gallop, making for\\nthe nearest woods. The girl s friends follow shrieking\\nbehind, but the groom of course soon distances them.\\nHaving reached the forest, he takes his lady love into its\\nrecesses, and there they spend a few days. After this\\nshort honeymoon they return to the house of the groom,\\nand are then looked upon as married. The husband now\\ntakes his presents to the father of\\nhis wife, and the young couple set-\\ntle down.\\nThe women we meet seem to be\\nhappy. They are kind to their\\nchildren and are fond of them.\\nThe children laugh and play just\\nas our children do, and we laugh\\nourselves when we see the little\\npapooses smiling at us out of the\\nbundles in which they are tied.\\nAlmost as soon as one of these\\nIndian babies is born it is wrapped\\nin a skin or cloth and tied to a\\nframework about a yard high and\\nso wide that it will easily rest on\\nthe back of its mother. The mo-\\nther carries it on her back by a\\nstrap which runs around her head, and when she is tired\\nshe takes off the strap and stands the papoose against a\\ntree or the wall of her hut. She keeps it thus tied up\\nuntil it is able to walk, carrying it with her wherever she\\nThe mother carries it\\non her back.\\nSome of the Indian women are skilled in weaving.\\nThey spin their own wool and weave their own clothes.", "height": "3404", "width": "2279", "jp2-path": "carpentersgeogra01carp_0149.jp2"}, "150": {"fulltext": "144 CHILE.\\nThey make beautiful blankets, weaving them in stripes of\\nred, black, and blue.\\nWe spend a day moving about over their farms, and\\nnotice that the men at work in the fields are often of the\\nmixed race. The Indians employ them to work for them\\nrather than labor themselves.\\n3\\nXIX. IN THE COAL MINES OF CHILE.\\nWE have left the land of the Araucanians and are now\\nin the city of Concepcion. It is the chief port of\\nsouthern Chile. It lies a few miles back from Arauco Bay,\\nwhere we expect to get a ship for the Strait of Magellan.\\nConcepcion is the greatest commercial city of southern\\nChile, and its people say it will soon be the chief seaport\\nof the southern Pacific. It has two excellent harbors,\\nArauco Bay and Talcahuano (tal-ka-wah^no), which are\\nnear by, and it is so connected by railroads with all parts\\nof the country that it has a great trade. The city has\\nabout fifty thousand people. It is a flat Spanish town\\nwith a plaza in the center, and streets which cross one\\nanother at right angles.\\nThis part of Chile is especially important because it\\ncontains some of the chief coal fields of the Pacific coast of\\nSouth America. There is but little coal on the coast, and\\ncoal is brought here by the shipload from Australia and\\nEngland. The coal fields of Chile lie along the ocean\\nshore for a distance of almost one hundred miles. The coal\\nis not so good as that which is brought from abroad, and\\nit must be sold at a lower price. The mines are so close\\nto the sea, however, that they can be worked at a profit.", "height": "3404", "width": "2279", "jp2-path": "carpentersgeogra01carp_0150.jp2"}, "151": {"fulltext": "COAL MINES.\\n145\\nStreet Scene, Concepcion.\\nIt is for coal that the steamer for the Strait of Magellan\\nhas stopped in Arauco Bay. She now lies at anchor near\\nLota, with great barges of coal by her side. We see\\nsooty-faced rotos standing in the barges and shoveling the\\ncoal on board.\\nThe ship is bound for Hamburg. She must force her\\nway through the ocean, a distance of about five thousand\\nmiles, before she can get coal again. It takes a vast deal\\nof fuel to make steam for such a big ship. This vessel\\nuses more in one day than many families can consume in\\na year, and it will keep the rotos shoveling until night to\\nload up.\\nAs we go on board the captain tells us we have time to\\nvisit one of the mines. We are tired, and at first think it", "height": "3404", "width": "2279", "jp2-path": "carpentersgeogra01carp_0151.jp2"}, "152": {"fulltext": "146\\nCHILE.\\nhardly worth while, until the captain says that the coal\\nbeds of this region slope from the land down under the\\nocean, and that the coal which they are now shoveling on\\nboard comes from under the sea.\\nThis seems very strange. So we call a small boat which\\nis near the ship, waiting for passengers, to take us on shore.\\nWe are soon landed at the entrance to one of the great-\\nest of the coal mines. The works above ground consist of\\nEntrance to a Coal Mine.\\nlarge buildings situated upon little islands connected with\\nthe coast by a railroad built upon piers. We tell the\\nmanager that we wish to visit his mine, and he kindly\\nsends a guide with us.\\nWe are taken to a great shaft or well in which, by a\\nsteam engine and pulleys, two elevators are raising cars\\nfilled with coal and lowering empty cars to the bottom.\\nWe step upon the elevator that is just going down, and\\ndrop into darkness. Down, down, down we go, until at\\nlast rays of light shoot up from below us. Our speed\\ngrows slower, and we stop before a long tunnel with a line", "height": "3404", "width": "2279", "jp2-path": "carpentersgeogra01carp_0152.jp2"}, "153": {"fulltext": "COAL MINES. 147\\nof electric lights extending on and on in front of us, grow-\\ning less and less in size until they fade into stars in the\\ndistance.\\nAs we step out of the shaft a train of loaded cars comes\\nthundering toward us, and we see that they are moved\\nby. an overhead trolley like the electric street cars of some\\nof our cities.\\nBut there is another train going back. Can we get on\\nYes a special car with seats upon it has been attached to.\\nthe train for us. We climb upon the platform, and speed\\naway over the track at the rate of twenty miles an hour.\\nWithin a few moments we leave the shore, and are soon\\nfar out under the bed of the Pacific Ocean.\\nWe are moving along through a tunnel which has been\\ncut out of the great sheet of coal which hes down here\\nbetween the layers of rock. As we go on we pass open-\\nings to the right and to the left. They are the entrances\\nto tunnels, which have been made to cut out the coal.\\nThink where we are We are hundreds of feet down\\nunder the ocean, and big steamers are floating above us.\\nAnd still it is dry. There is not a drop on our clothes or\\nour hats, for the great beds of rock just over the cars are\\nsuch that the water cannot get through.\\nAs we ride on, now and then a train passes. In the\\ntunnels at the sides we see half-naked miners covered with\\ndirt, digging out the coal and loading it upon cars.\\nWhat is that boom, boom, boom which sounds as though\\nthe sea were breaking in through the rocks away at the\\nright That is from the blasting done to get out the coal.\\nThere is no danger where we are now, but we must look\\nout, for if such an explosion occurred near us it might\\nblow us to pieces.\\nWhat a great mine this is There are hundreds of men", "height": "3404", "width": "2279", "jp2-path": "carpentersgeogra01carp_0153.jp2"}, "154": {"fulltext": "148\\nCHILE.\\nat work in it, and vast quantities of coal are taken out\\nevery day.\\nWe return to the shaft on a train with twenty-seven\\ncars of coal in front of us, and another train arrives while\\nwe are waiting to ride to the top.\\nAgain we are back on the steamer. It is almost ready\\nto sail. It has loaded nine hundred tons of coal in the\\nlast twenty-four hours. Its freight has been packed away\\nIn the tunnels we see half-naked miners.\\nduring its calls at the various ports farther north, and\\nwithin a few moments it will start on its long voyage to\\nEurope around through the Strait of Magellan.\\nIt is a big ship, and it carries a vast deal of freight.\\nBelow deck are three thousand tons of nitrate of soda, two\\nthousand barrels of liquid honey, and great rolls of sole\\nleather, all going to Kurope. We have wheat, wine, and", "height": "3404", "width": "2279", "jp2-path": "carpentersgeogra01carp_0154.jp2"}, "155": {"fulltext": "COAL MINES. 149\\nflour for Punta Arenas, on the Strait of Magellan, and\\nsimilar freight for Buenos Aires and Montevideo.\\nEverything is carefully packed, for we are now going\\ninto some of the stormiest seas of the world. The ex-\\ntreme southern end of the continent may be called the\\nvery home of the winds. About Cape Horn fierce\\nwinds blow all the year through. There are many storms\\nfarther north, and seamen are glad when they reach the\\nStrait of Magellan, in which the waters are usually quiet.\\nIt is by the Strait of Magellan that we shall go, and our\\nsteamer will avoid some of the storms by traveling through\\nthe narrow channels which run in and out among the moun-\\ntainous islands along the west coast. This is the Smythes\\nChannel route, the scenery of which is wonderfully grand.\\nWe are anxious to be off, and are glad when, as evening\\nfalls, there is a rattling of chains and the anchor is raised.\\nWe hear the thump, thump, thump of the engines, and as\\nwe go to bed we are moving out of the smooth waters of\\nArauco Bay into the ocean.\\nWe awake to find the ship rolling. We have to hold\\nto our berths while we dress, and a lurch of the vessel\\noften sends us against the walls of our rooms.\\nWe climb upstairs to the deck, and bracing ourselves\\nagainst the rail look out over the sea. There are white-\\ncaps everywhere. The waves rise and fall in huge masses.\\nThey whip the ship, striking its sides with a noise like a\\ncannon. Now a great wave dashes over the lower deck,\\nand now a still higher one splashes over the top, flooding\\neverything and making us run to our cabins.\\nWhen we sit down at dinner there is a network of slats\\nupon the table to hold the plates, cups, and other dishes,\\nthat a lurch of the ship may not send them into our laps.\\nWe lift our soup plates halfway to our mouths and balance", "height": "3404", "width": "2279", "jp2-path": "carpentersgeogra01carp_0155.jp2"}, "156": {"fulltext": "150 CHILE.\\nthem with the roll of the vessel, trying at the same time\\nto get our spoons between our lips without spilling the\\nsoup.\\nHow few of the girls have come down to dinner! They\\nare more subject to seasickness than the boys, and prefer\\nto stay in bed in their cabins. Some of the boys are sea-\\nsick too, and even the bravest of us does not care quite so\\nmuch for his food as he did upon land.\\nA day or so later we have grown used to the motion\\nand are all upon deck. We enjoy the changes which\\nthe rough sea and the storms bring every hour. Now\\nwe are shrouded in mist, and every few minutejs the fog-\\nhorn blows to warn other ships to keep out of our way.\\nNow the fog lifts, and we see high waves roUing about\\non all sides. There is a break in the clouds, and away off\\nto the east is a faint line of blue. That is the long, nar-\\nrow island of Chiloe (che-ld-a the mainland is much\\nfarther off. We are fortunate in securing a view, for in\\nthe winter in Chiloe the natives say it rains six days every\\nweek, and on the seventh the sky is much overcast. In\\nthe summer there are a few pleasant days, but even then\\nthe island is half shrouded in mist.\\nThere is more fog and snow as we sail on southward.\\nThe sea is still rough, and we cannot safely walk about\\nthe deck until we enter the Gulf of Penas, from which\\nwe are to sail inward on our way through Srnythes\\nChannel.\\nIt is only four o clock when we enter the gulf, but it is\\nalready quite dark. We are now so far south that in\\nwinter night begins very early, and the electric lights are\\nalready turned on. The ship moves very gently, and\\nwhen we go to sleep we feel no more motion than when\\nin our own beds at home.", "height": "3404", "width": "2279", "jp2-path": "carpentersgeogra01carp_0156.jp2"}, "157": {"fulltext": "STRAIT OF MAGELLAN. 15I\\nXX. IN AND ABOUT THE STRAIT OF\\nMAGELLAN.\\nWE have been moving slowly all night, and awake to\\nfind the waves gone. We have left the open Pacific\\nand are passing through the series of channels, about four\\nhundred miles long, which winds in and out among the\\nislands of western Patagonia and will bring us at last to\\nthe Strait of Magellan.\\nThe scenes about us are among the grandest of the\\nworld. There are mountains on all sides. We are sail-\\ning amongst their tops and are in a land of clouds. The\\nchannel is more like a narrow river than a branch of the\\nocean. It carries us in and out among rocky, grass-clad\\nislands. On our left, ragged mountains of curious shapes\\nrise almost straight up from the water. Their sides near\\nthe shore are green, and we see they are matted with moss\\nand evergreen trees. Higher up, the green is dusted\\nwith snow, and at the top there is ice. Some of the peaks\\nare half hidden in vapor. Others, nearer our vessel, stand\\nout bold and clear great masses of dark-green velvet\\nunder a lavender sky.\\nAs we sail on the scenery changes. The mountains as-\\nsume curious shapes, and we imagine pictures in them such\\nas you sometimes see in the clouds. There is one that\\nlooks like the Great Pyramid of Egypt, and there is an-\\nother which has a striking resemblance to the Sphinx.\\nNow the green hills in front of us appear to be climbing\\nover one another like a troop of giants playing leapfrog,\\nand there farther on they rise upward in cathedrals and\\nforts of green a thousand feet high.\\nCARP. s. AM. 10", "height": "3404", "width": "2279", "jp2-path": "carpentersgeogra01carp_0157.jp2"}, "158": {"fulltext": "152 CHILE.\\nNow the sun comes out. It has penetrated that deep\\ngorge in the mountains and turned the black water to sil-\\nver. It catches the snow which is dusted over the green\\non the hills, and they are spangled with diamonds. It has\\ncaught the ice of that glacier and made it an immense\\nlump of sapphire ice set in silvery snow.\\nNow the clouds are settling down upon the channel and\\nhiding the sun. See, there is a wall of them in front of\\nit. We are sailing into a snowstorm. A half-hour later\\nwe shall sail out into the sun again.\\nHow the sky changes! Now it is blue overhead, with\\nfleecy white clouds scattered here and there through it.\\nSee those cloud masses nestling in the velvety laps of the\\nhills and wrapping themselves about the snowy peaks as\\nthough to warm them. Now the clouds seem to rise from\\nthe water, making a wall across the channel as high as\\nour ship. Now they come down from the top, and we sail\\nout of the dry air into a mist so thick that we can almost\\nwash our hands in it as we go through.\\nAgain we are out of the clouds. The air is clear. The\\nsun is bathing the hills with its rays. The ferns, moss,\\nand trees shine out in their green luxuriance, and the\\nmany cascades, some as big as your wrist and others no\\nlarger than your little finger, which fall down them, are\\nthreads and cords and ropes of silver.\\nThese waterfalls come from the glaciers and the moun-\\ntain snows.\\nIs it not strange that moss and green trees can grow\\nso luxuriantly amid such surroundings Yes but it is\\nonly on the highest peaks that it is all snow and ice.\\nThose trees are evergreens, and they are so close to-\\ngether that if we should land we might walk on their\\ntops with snowshoes. A bed of moss, waist deep, grows", "height": "3404", "width": "2279", "jp2-path": "carpentersgeogra01carp_0158.jp2"}, "159": {"fulltext": "STRAIT OF MAGELLAN. 1 53\\namong them, and great ferns with leaves as long as your\\narms extend out and cover every bare, rocky spot.\\nThe glaciers which are found on the higher mountains\\nextend down into the green, and now and then icebergs\\nbreak off and fill up the channels. During some years\\nthis voyage is not possible, and, as it is, we make our way\\na part of the journey through fields of glacial ice. It is\\nnot hke the ice of our rivers and lakes. It is as clear as\\ncrystal, and green rather than white.\\nThere is a little iceberg now in front of the ship. It\\nis not bigger than a city lot, and it does not extend out of\\nthe water so high as the deck. It is beautifully green,\\nand as the sun catches it it looks like a great emerald rock\\nwith a top of frosted silver.\\nBut the machinery is stopping! What is the matter?\\nThe captain tells us he is going to get some ice from that\\nberg for the ship. The sailors are already bending over\\nthe rails. One of them has a long rope in his hands, with\\na running noose at its end. Now he gives it a throw.\\nThe coil flies out, and the noose catches on a projection of\\none corner of the iceberg. We have heard of lassoing cat-\\ntle, but we have never heard of lassoing an iceberg before.\\nIs it not strange Yes, but not such a bad way after all.\\nThe other end of the rope is fastened to a wheel on deck\\nmoved by our steam engine, and as the wheel turns the\\nrope is rolled up and the iceberg dragged close to the ship.\\nNow the steward and some of the sailors have taken one\\nof the ship s boats and landed upon it. They are break-\\ning off great lumps of ice with crowbars. They wrap\\nchains about the ice blocks, and by means of a derrick the\\nmachinery of the steamer raises the blocks to the deck.\\nSome of the blocks weigh many tons, and altogether we\\nhave got enough ice to last us for the rest of the voyage.", "height": "3404", "width": "2279", "jp2-path": "carpentersgeogra01carp_0159.jp2"}, "160": {"fulltext": "154\\nCHILE.\\nBut what are those queer-looking boats which are mak-\\ning out from the shore? They look like canoes, and each\\nhas a fire in its center, about which huddle brown-skinned,\\nfrowzy-headed men, women, and children, almost naked.\\nThat man who is paddling the front boat wears little more\\nthan a vest, and that boat behind contains several children\\nwho have on no clothes at all.\\nEach has a fire in its center.\\nThese people are some of the savages who live in these\\nwaters along the coast of western Patagonia. They are\\ncalled Alacalufes (a-la-ka-loo fes). They are not like the\\nIndians we have in America. They usually live in their\\ncanoes, although they sometimes sleep upon land in little\\nwigwams about as high as your waist. They make the\\nwigwams by bending over the branches of small trees and", "height": "3404", "width": "2279", "jp2-path": "carpentersgeogra01carp_0160.jp2"}, "161": {"fulltext": "STRAIT OF MAGELLAN.\\n155\\ntying them together. They then build a fire in front, and\\ncrawl into their little houses for the night.\\nThey seldom sleep in the same place for more than a\\nweek at a time, for it is much easier to build a new house\\nthan to go back home if they have wandered very far off.\\nThe men have bows and arrows to defend themselves.\\nThe women, as a rule, do the fishing, using lines without\\nAlacalufes.\\nhooks. A Httle chunk of meat is tied to the end of the\\nline, and when the fish has swallowed it the woman jerks\\nit into her canoe.\\nTheir food consists of fish, mussels, and now and then\\na fox, a seal, or an otter. They are fond of whale meat,\\nand if they can find a dead whale they will feast upon it\\nfor weeks. They do not seem to care to have the meat", "height": "3404", "width": "2279", "jp2-path": "carpentersgeogra01carp_0161.jp2"}, "162": {"fulltext": "156 CHILE.\\nfresh, for they cut it in pieces and bury it, digging it up\\nfor food as long as it lasts. They are fond of tobacco and\\nbiscuits, and row about our ship, holding out their hands\\nand calling out in shrill voices, **Galleta! Galleta!\\nTabaco Tabaco the two Spanish words for cake and\\ntobacco.\\nAs we look we wonder that they do not take cold. The\\nhills on the shore are covered with snow, and we have on\\nour heaviest clothing. There is not enough cloth in the\\nwhole crowd below us to make a full suit for a four-year-\\nold child. We pity the poor naked savages, and one of us\\ngoes to his cabin and gets out a pair of old trousers. He\\nthrows them down into one of the boats. See, that\\nwoman has grabbed them. She evidently does not know\\nwhat they are for, as she is tying them around her neck,\\nfastening the legs over the chest. Until white people\\ncame here these savages used no clothes at all. A thick\\ncoat of whale oil or seal oil was enough to keep out the\\ncold. Now they sometimes wear such cast-off things as\\nthey can get from the steamers, but as a rule they go\\nnaked.\\nThe Alacalufes do not know the use of money. We try\\nto buy some skins of them, and they sneer and draw back\\nat the sight of our silver dollars and bank notes. They\\nact differently as we show them some bright cloths and\\nbeads, and when the steward holds up a butcher knife one\\nof the savages is glad to give him two skins in exchange.\\nWe ask them to come on board, but they are afraid and\\ndraw back. They are not friendly to strangers, and would\\nkill a white man if they could catch one alone.\\nWe see more savages on our way farther south. We\\ncast anchor night after night, for it is too dangerous to\\ntravel by dark. The scenery grows grander and grander,", "height": "3404", "width": "2279", "jp2-path": "carpentersgeogra01carp_0162.jp2"}, "163": {"fulltext": "STRAIT OF MAGELLAN. I57\\nuntil at last we steam through a narrow channel the\\nmouth of which seems to be blocked by a great island.\\nAs we come nearer we see that there is a wide waterway\\nbeyond, and the captain tells us the island is called Desola-\\ntion Island, and that we are at last in the Strait of Map-ellan.\\nStrait of Magellan.\\nStanding upon the deck as our ship turns to the east, we\\nlook back, and away off in the distance see massive rocks.\\nThey belong to Cape Pilar, at the entrance to the strait\\nfrom the Pacific. In front of us the strait extends for a\\ndistance of more than three hundred miles, winding its\\nway in and out between the mainland of Patagonia and\\nthe islands of the archipelago of Tierra del Fuego, until\\nit opens out into the Atlantic.\\nIts scenery, however, is not so grand as that of Smythes\\nChannel. In passing through the strait we are at times", "height": "3404", "width": "2279", "jp2-path": "carpentersgeogra01carp_0163.jp2"}, "164": {"fulltext": "158\\nCHILE.\\nwithin a stone s throw of the shore. We sail under great\\nmountains, and often in the distance see the high peaks\\nof Tierra del Fuego, and of others of the islands of the\\narchipelago. At the eastern end the channel is wider.\\nThe land is low, and the waters almost bound the horizon.\\nThe Strait of Magellan is one of the commercial high-\\nways of the world. It was discovered in 1520 by a Span-\\nish navigator, Ferdinand Magellan, and has been explored\\nby other navigators from time to time.\\nFor many years, however, the regions about it were\\nHttle known, and for a time some supposed that Tierra", "height": "3404", "width": "2279", "jp2-path": "carpentersgeogra01carp_0164.jp2"}, "165": {"fulltext": "AT THE END OF THE CONTINENT. 1 59\\ndel Fuego belonged to another continent which extended\\nfarther to the south.\\nThe strait is about three hundred and fifty miles long,\\nand it varies in width from two to twenty-four miles. It\\nhas deep waters all the way through, but it winds about\\nso that large saihng vessels, on account of the winds,\\nprefer to go about stormy Cape Horn, although this takes\\nthem many hundred miles out of their way.\\nIt is different with steamers. They can move as well in\\nthe calms as when the wind blows. All steamers cross-\\ning the Atlantic between Australia and Europe, and those\\ngoing to and from the east and west coasts of South\\nAmerica, pass through the strait. There are indeed so\\nmany ships that a city has grown up there on the tail end\\nof the continent to furnish them coal and other supplies.\\nThis city is about midway through the strait. It is called\\nPunta Arenas, or Sandy Point, and here we shall stay for\\na time.\\nXXI. AT THE END OF THE CONTINENT.\\nPUNTA ARENAS is the southernmost city of the\\nworld. It is so far along on the other side of the\\nglobe that people who live near our Canadian border would\\nhave to travel a distance as great as the diameter of the\\nearth to get to it. It is at the very end of the continent,\\na thousand miles nearer the south pole than Cape Town,\\nand several thousand miles farther south than any city of\\nEurope or Asia.\\nIt is a lonesome city. There is no town of any size\\nwithin a thousand miles of it, and its supplies are brought\\nto it by steamers. Great stores of coal and other goods", "height": "3404", "width": "2279", "jp2-path": "carpentersgeogra01carp_0165.jp2"}, "166": {"fulltext": "i6o\\nCHILE.\\nare kept in Punta Arenas, for the ships passing through the\\nstrait often stop here to lay in a new stock of coal and other\\nthings for the long voyages which they have yet to make.\\nPunta Arenas.\\nWe find English and German ships in the harbor, and\\nthere is a great steamer from New Zealand at anchor,\\nwith lighters beside her, and men loading and unloading\\nfreight.\\nWe step out of our boat upon a pier, and by a short\\nwalk are in the heart of the city. What a queer place it\\nis! It consists of scattered buildings built on the sides of\\nthe hills surrounding the harbor.\\nIt has been cut out of the forest, and it reminds us of the\\nfrontier towns of our wooded Northwest. See the stumps\\nin that vacant lot over there, and look at those trees\\non the hills at the back. Keep to the sidewalks. The", "height": "3404", "width": "2279", "jp2-path": "carpentersgeogra01carp_0166.jp2"}, "167": {"fulltext": "AT THE END OF THE CONTINENT.\\nI6l\\nstreets are a mass of black mud, with here and there a\\npuddle of water. See that team of oxen dragging its\\nheavy cart through the mud. The wheels have sunk in\\nto their hubs, and the eyes of the oxen almost pop out as\\nthey try to pull them on by the yokes tied to their horns.\\nWhat queer-looking houses Few of them are of more\\nthan one story, and all have iron roofs. Many of the\\nwalls are made of sheets of galvanized iron; others are of\\nlogs or boards. It is only in the business parts of the\\ncity that there is stone or brick. None of the smaller\\nbuildings have chimneys. Those stovepipes sticking out\\nof the windows, with elbows upturned, take their places.\\nPolice Station, Punta Arenas.\\nWhat is that long, low structure of galvanized iron\\nwhose walls are wrinkled up like a washboard? There\\nare soldiers in front, with swords at their sides. That is", "height": "3404", "width": "2279", "jp2-path": "carpentersgeogra01carp_0167.jp2"}, "168": {"fulltext": "1 62 CHILE.\\nthe police station. Those soldiers are under the governor\\nof the territory of the Magellans, who lives in a big house\\non the other side of the square. He is appointed by the\\npresident of Chile, and has charge of this city, of the\\ngreater part of Tierra del Fuego, and of the thousands of\\nislands of these far-away seas.\\nBut what kind of people live away down here at this\\ntail end of creation? We can learn from the men we\\nsee standing in knots on the corners of the streets or pass-\\ning us as we go through the city. The most of them have\\ntheir trousers tucked into their boots. They are roughly\\ndressed. Many have long beards, and there are some we\\nwould not like to meet after dark.\\nThey come from all parts of the world. They are talk-\\ning together in German, Spanish, Italian, and Russian, and\\nwe often hear them speaking English and French. Here\\ncome two who are chatting in English. We hear the\\nwords sheep and sheep farming. This is one of\\nthe chief sheep raising parts of South America, and the\\nmen in high boots are shepherds who have come to Punta\\nArenas to purchase supplies. Some live far north in Pata-\\ngonia, and others have come from the sheep farms in\\nTierra del Fuego, across the strait.\\nAs we go through the business part of the city we see\\nthat there are also many persons well dressed. The\\nstores are quite large, and we learn that Punta Arenas has\\na big trade. Some of its houses are comfortable. It has\\na theater, churches, and schools, and we are surprised at\\nthe modern improvements which exist in this almost un-\\nknown part of the globe.\\nBut we must not leave the Magellans without making\\na tour through the great archipelago south of the strait.\\nIt is composed of thousands of wooded islands which look", "height": "3404", "width": "2279", "jp2-path": "carpentersgeogra01carp_0168.jp2"}, "169": {"fulltext": "AT THE END OF THE CONTINENT. 163\\nvery small on the map. Many of them are small, but all\\ntogether they contain as much land as Kansas, and sev-\\neral are quite large, Tierra del Fuego proper being as large\\nas Ohio. It lies just across the strait from Punta Arenas.\\nThere is a tugboat which goes there three times a week,\\nand upon it we take passage for Port Venir (ve-neer a\\nlittle town where the Chilean authorities on the island live.\\nFrom here we make excursions by boat and land about\\nthis curious country.\\nThe island of Tierra del Fuego has a rim of mountains\\naround the greater part of it. The mountains rise in many\\nplaces almost precipitously from the water, and upon them\\ngreat glaciers hang down, now and then breaking off and\\nfalling into the sea with a terrible noise. The scenery is\\neven grander than that of the strait, but the waters are\\noften rough, and we have to move about very slowly.\\nAt some places we see men washing the sands on the\\nshore for gold. There are gold ledges in some parts of\\nTierra del Fuego which run far out into the sea. Here in\\ntime of storms the gold dust and nuggets are often thrown\\nup on the beach. The miners go out as far as they can at\\nlow tide and gather up the sand, looking carefully over it\\nfor gold. Some of the gold is found in lumps as big as\\nmarrowfat peas. The precious metal, however, is difficult\\nto get, and the men often work a long time in vain.\\nBut let us go inland and see something of the interior\\nof Tierra del Fuego. What a rich vegetation there is\\neverywhere We thought it was all snow and ice. We\\nimagined it must be the bleakest part of the globe. It is,\\nhowever, far different. It is only on the tops of the\\nmountains that the snow remains all the year round, and\\nthe glaciers which move down their slopes are often\\nbedded in green. The mountain slopes, for a thousand", "height": "3404", "width": "2279", "jp2-path": "carpentersgeogra01carp_0169.jp2"}, "170": {"fulltext": "1 64 CHILE.\\nfeet up from the water, are covered with trees, ferns, and\\nmoss so thick that we can hardly crawl through them.\\nHow big the trees are! Some of the beeches are as\\ntall as an eight-story building, and six feet in thickness.\\nThere are great magnolia trees and other trees somewhat\\nlike those of our central states. Nearly all of the trees\\nare of the evergreen variety, and both trees and grass are\\ngreen here the year round.\\nOver the mountains there are great plains of rich grass,\\nwhich in the summer are spotted with wild flowers. There\\nare wild gooseberries and wild raspberries. Wild straw-\\nberries of large size are found in their season, and there\\nare also wild grapes and wild celery. The sheep farmers\\nraise cabbages, potatoes, turnips, and peas in their gar-\\ndens, and the pastures are so good that the sheep quickly\\ngrow fat.\\nWe make our way inland to visit the sheep farms. The\\ncountry in places is swampy and boggy, and as we ride on\\nour horses over the plains we go very slowly because of\\nthe rats. The ground rats are one of the great pests of\\nthis region. They burrow through the earth, filling it with\\nholes like a prairie dog town. They eat so much grass\\nthat the shepherds are anxious to destroy them. They\\ndo this by driving herds of cattle over the plains, which\\ntrample the rats to death.\\nWe find that the sheep are kept in flocks of one and\\ntwo thousand. Each flock is allotted a piece of land\\nabout as large as one of our townships, and it is watched\\nby its own shepherd on horseback.\\nThe shepherd has dogs to help him. Most of the dogs\\nare Scotch collies, which are very inteUigent. They un-\\nderstand their masters almost as well as though they\\nunderstood language. When the shepherd makes a", "height": "3404", "width": "2279", "jp2-path": "carpentersgeogra01carp_0170.jp2"}, "171": {"fulltext": "AT THE END OF THE CONTINENT. 1 65\\nmotion to the front, they run ahead if he motions to\\nthe rear, they come back and when Ke raises his hand in\\nthe air, they stop short. Other motions will send them to\\nthe right and left, and, in fact, as we see them driving the\\nsheep this way and that in response to their master s\\norders, we think that human beings could not do better.\\nThe shepherds do not feed the sheep. It is their busi-\\nness to see that they do not get lost, to keep off the pan-\\nthers and Indians, and to look out for the vultures. The\\nsheep are so fat and heavy that when they fall down and\\nroll over on their backs they cannot get up. They lie there\\nkicking. The vultures of Tierra del Fuego are very cun-\\nning birds, and when they see a sheep in this helpless con-\\ndition, they swoop down upon him and pick out his eyes.\\nThe poor sheep is now blind. The vultures keep picking\\nat him, and he soon dies. They now quickly tear off the\\nskin and pick every bit of meat from the bones. It is the\\nshepherd s duty to be on hand when a sheep falls and to\\nhelp him to his feet again, and also to get him out of the\\nbogs if he should fall in.\\nAnother great danger is from the Indians. Tierra del\\nFuego contains some fierce savages called Onas, who wage\\nwar with the shepherds and kill them whenever they can.\\nThey steal in at night and drive off the sheep in flocks of\\nfive hundred or more, and when they get them far away\\nin the forests they have a big feast. The Indian bands\\nare not large, and of course they cannot eat so many sheep\\nat a time. They kill what are left over, however, and bury\\nthem in some deep stream or in the ground, leaving them\\nthere until the chase of the shepherds is over, when they\\ngo back and^ eat the decayed flesh.\\nAre not these curious Indians? Yes; and, strange to\\nsay, they are among the finest-looking of the Indians of our", "height": "3404", "width": "2279", "jp2-path": "carpentersgeogra01carp_0171.jp2"}, "172": {"fulltext": "66\\nCHILE.\\nhemisphere. The men are usually about six feet tall, and\\nthe wom.en are of about the same height as our women.\\nThe Onas have high cheekbones, flat noses, and dark eyes.\\nTheir hair is black and straight. The men singe their\\nheads close at the crown, and the women let their hair\\ngrow so that it hangs down over their shoulders.\\nOnas.\\nThe Ona Indians wear but little clothing, except loose\\nskins which they wrap about their bodies. They live\\nchiefly on the land, but do not like to stay more than a\\nnight or two in the same place, for they have an idea that\\nthe evil spirit is after them, and that they must move on\\nor he will catch them. So they have no fixed homes.\\nWhen they stop, they merely make a hole in the ground\\nabout three feet deep and weave branches over it. Here", "height": "3404", "width": "2279", "jp2-path": "carpentersgeogra01carp_0172.jp2"}, "173": {"fulltext": "PATAGONIA. 167\\nat night they crawl in and cuddle together, with their dogs\\nabout them for warmth.\\nThe chief weapons of the Onas are bows and arrows, and\\nthey get their food by hunting and trapping.\\nBefore we leave Tierra del Fuego we visit another tribe\\nof Indians, which has now become partially civilized.\\nThis tribe is the Yaghan (ya gan), which is largely con-\\nfined to the southern part of Tierra del Fuego. Its peo-\\nple are much like the Onas, except that they are smaller.\\nThey get their living from the sea rather than from the\\nland.\\nThe Yaghans eat mollusks, fish, birds, and fungi. They\\ncook birds by putting red-hot stones inside of them and\\nthen placing the birds on the coals. They have an odd\\nway of roasting eggs. They break a hole in one end of\\nthe Ggg and stand it upright in the ashes before the fire,\\nturning it round and round to make it cook evenly.\\nThey are very good hunters, and the women are excel-\\nlent fishers, being more fearless in the management of\\ntheir boats and in swimming than the men.\\n3XKC\\nXXII. IN ARGENTINA\u00e2\u0080\u0094 PATAGONIA.\\nHIS morning we are again in Punta Arenas, ready to\\nJL start up the eastern side of the continent. We shall\\nmake our way north through Patagonia, and for the next\\nfew weeks shall be traveling in Argentina.\\nArgentina is one of the richest and most healthful\\ncountries of South America. It has a vast territory. It\\nis greater than the combined areas of our States east of the\\nMississippi river. It is twelve times as large as Great\\nCARP. S. AM. 10\\nT", "height": "3404", "width": "2279", "jp2-path": "carpentersgeogra01carp_0173.jp2"}, "174": {"fulltext": "l68 ARGENTINA.\\nBritain. It extends a long distance from north to south,\\nhaving many different climates and products. In the north\\nsugar cane, cocoanuts, and oranges grow in the central\\nprovinces are wheatfields and rich pastures; while in the\\nfar south the country is almost altogether a sandy desert,\\nwith a climate somewhat like that of southern California.\\nThe most of the country is flat. It is composed of\\ngreat plains called pampas, upon which we may travel\\nhundreds of miles without seeing a hill. There are only\\na few low mountain ranges. The most of the land is\\ncovered with pasture. On the western side of the coun-\\ntry are the lofty Andes, which we saw in Chile.\\nOnly a small part of the country is settled. There are\\nnow many more people in the State of New York than in\\nArgentina. The population, however, is rapidly increasing.\\nImmigrants are coming in from Europe to work in the\\ncities or to raise wheat, cattle, and sheep in the country.\\nSo many people have come that every third man is a\\nforeigner. The most of the immigrants are from southern\\nEurope. They have come chiefly from Italy and Spain,\\nalthough there are a few English, Germans, and French.\\nWe shall find the people far different from those of the\\nwest coast. There are not so many Indians, and there are\\nmany Italians.\\nOur first tour is to be over the rough lands of the far\\nsouth. A coasting ship takes us from Punta Arenas out\\nthrough the east end of the Strait of Magellan. We\\nround Cape Virgin, on the northern side of the strait, and\\nmake our way along the coast, calling at the ports of Pata-\\ngonia, and now and then stopping for a short run into the\\ninterior.\\nHow bleak and bare everything is! The whole coun-\\ntry seems to be nothing but sand. The only green spot", "height": "3404", "width": "2279", "jp2-path": "carpentersgeogra01carp_0174.jp2"}, "175": {"fulltext": "PATAGONIA. 169\\nis where we stop at the mouth of the river Chubut to visit\\na colony of Welsh shepherds who have come there to live.\\nThey have irrigated the land along the river and have rich\\ncrops of wheat.\\nNow we are again on the sea, going north, and now we\\nsail up the deep but narrow harbor of Bahia Blanca (ba-\\nhe a blan ca), on the edge of a more fertile part of the\\ncountry.\\nBahia Blanca is the chief port of Argentina on the\\nAtlantic. Buenos Aires, it is true, is a much larger city,\\nbut it is on the Rio de la Plata, two hundred miles inland\\nfrom the ocean. Bahia Blanca is right on the sea. It has\\na good harbor, and the town which has grown up here is\\nnow accessible to all parts of the country by railroad.\\nA railroad has been built from it across the desert\\npampas to the foot of the Andes. It will soon go over the\\nAndes through a low pass, and then crossing Chile will end\\nat the port of Valdivia, on the Pacific. This will make a\\nmuch shorter route from ocean to ocean than the Trans-\\nandine Railroad farther north.\\nLet us take the new railroad and ride over the pampas\\nto the foot of the Andes, stopping now and then on the\\nway. What a curious region it is! We go for miles see-\\ning nothing but sand, with thorny, scrubby bushes grow-\\ning up here and there. There is little grass so little,\\nindeed, that it takes from three to five acres to furnish food\\nfor one sheep.\\nHow wild everything is! There is not a fence to be\\nseen. There are no barns, no roads, no farms, not any-\\nthing living. There is nothing but thorn bushes and sand.\\nBut stop. What are those yellow animals which are\\ngalloping away to the right? There must be fifty of\\nthem. They look like miniature camels. They are bigger", "height": "3404", "width": "2279", "jp2-path": "carpentersgeogra01carp_0175.jp2"}, "176": {"fulltext": "I70 ARGENTINA.\\nthan sheep and more beautiful than llamas. See how\\nqueerly they run. Their gait is more hke short jumps\\nthan a gallop. What are they? They are guanacos,\\nanimals of the same family as the llamas, only wild and\\nnot quite so large. They are often hunted, but are hard\\nto shoot. Our guide tells us that they have a keen\\nsense of smell and that they can scent a hunter a full mile\\naway. Their flesh, he says, is very good eating. It tastes\\nmuch like venison, and when roasted over the coals is\\ndelicious. The fur is of a tawny yellow color spotted\\nwith white, and three or four skins sewed together make a\\nbeautiful rug.\\nNow we have left the guanacos far in the rear. We\\nare again surrounded by nothing but thorn bushes and\\nsand, with spots of white far off to the right. The white\\nspots are moving. They are sheep, and that little brown\\nthing which runs here and there through them is their\\nshepherd on horseback. He is so far off that he looks like\\na pygmy, and his horse seems the size of a dog.\\nBut what are those gray birds swimming through the\\nair over the sand They are coming toward us. That\\nis a flock of ostriches with outstretched wings. They\\nhold their heads far in front, and they fairly skim over the\\nground, their long legs kicking up a dust as they go.\\nSome of them run very fast. There is one which has\\nstarted up out of the bushes and is racing the train. We\\nare going at a speed of forty miles an hour. The ostrich\\nkeeps up with us for a few minutes and then drops behind.\\nThere are wild ostriches through this whole region, and\\nhad we time we might capture one. The proper way\\nto catch ostriches is by means of the bolas. This is a\\nlong string of tough leather, with an iron ball as big as\\nyour fist at each end. The hunter rides after the ostriches", "height": "3404", "width": "2279", "jp2-path": "carpentersgeogra01carp_0176.jp2"}, "177": {"fulltext": "PATAGONIA. 171\\non horseback, and when he gets near them he throws the\\nbolas so that the string wraps itself around the legs of the\\nostrich, which falls to the ground.\\nOstriches are not easy to catch. When hunted they\\noften squat down and hide their heads in the sand.\\nMany people who have not seen these birds in their homes\\nthink this foolish, but indeed on the desert there could\\nbe nothing more cunning. The feathers of the ostrich\\nOstriches are not easy to catch.\\nare of about the same color as the bushes of the pam-\\npas, and when one of them squats down and hides his\\nhead in this way he looks for all the world Hke a bunch of\\ngray bush, and the hunter may ride by him without seeing\\nanything strange.\\nThe ostriches of the pampas are not those which furnish\\nthe feathers aur mothers use in their bonnets. They are\\nmuch smaller, and their feathers are coarser. These\\nfeathers are used to make feather dusters, and sometimes", "height": "3404", "width": "2279", "jp2-path": "carpentersgeogra01carp_0177.jp2"}, "178": {"fulltext": "172\\nARGENTINA.\\nfor feather rugs. The rugs are made of the breasts of\\nthe young birds, and it would be fine, would it not, if we\\ncould each take a rug of ostrich breasts home?\\nBut here we are at a station. What a lonesome place\\nfor a town, and what a town The half-dozen houses are\\ngray one-story structures built of sheet iron. The station\\nitself is of iron, and that water tank there stands upon a\\nframework of iroUo\\nThe men on the platform are fierce-looking fellows with\\nbright-colored ponchos over their shoulders. They all\\nBut here we are at a station.\\ncarry knives, and we are told that they are gauchos, or\\ncowboys, who herd the cattle and now and then work for\\nthe sheep farmers at shearing time. We shall see more\\nof them as we go farther north.\\nNow we are again out on the desert. We have left the\\ncars for a time and are alone on plains as dry as the coast", "height": "3404", "width": "2279", "jp2-path": "carpentersgeogra01carp_0178.jp2"}, "179": {"fulltext": "PATAGONIA. 173\\nof Peru. Our cheeks burn and our lips crack under the\\nhot sun in the clear, thirsty air.\\nWhat is that cloud coming up? That surely is the\\nsign of a storm. Hear the wind. It is blowing with the\\nforce of a blizzard and driving the cloud toward us. Yes,\\nthis is a storm, but not a rainstorm. That cloud is now\\nbetween us and the sun. The sun is a great round red\\nball instead of the fiery white furnace it was a moment\\nago. The cloud is not vapor. It is dust and sand. We\\nare in the midst of one of the sand storms of the pampas.\\nOur guide drags us down into a hole he finds in the desert,\\nand draws our blankets over the top.\\nSoon the storm is upon us. The sand comes down like\\nfine hail. It sifts through the blankets, and we close\\nour eyes. Now it is over, and we find we have a heavy\\nload to raise when we push back the blankets. How\\nqueer we all look We thought we were white, but the\\nsand which has drifted through the blankets has turned us\\nall brown. Our nostrils, ears, and mouths are filled with\\ndust, and our clothes are covered with sand.\\nSuch storms are common on the pampas of Patagonia.\\nThe dust comes in great clouds, and in the cities it\\ncovers the houses. It is as fine as flour, and closed doors\\nand windows will not protect- a house from it. It creeps\\nthrough every crack and crevice, and covers everything\\nwith dust. Such a storm is much like a thunderstorm at\\nhome. The dust goes with the w^ind, and it is often fol-\\nlowed by a drenching rain. This wets the dust in the air,\\nand for a time it really rains mud. If the rain does not\\nlast long the houses are covered with mud, and it is only\\nwhen the rain is heavy that they are scoured clean.\\nThese storms sometimes stop the railroad trains, so that\\nit takes dust plows and men to clear off the track.", "height": "3404", "width": "2279", "jp2-path": "carpentersgeogra01carp_0179.jp2"}, "180": {"fulltext": "174 ARGENTINA.\\nXXIII. IN ARGENTINA\u00e2\u0080\u0094 LIFE ON THE\\nPAMPAS.\\nALONG ride by train has brought us back to Bahia\\nBlanca. Here we again take the railroad, and are\\nsoon traveling through some of the great pasture lands of\\nthe world. Some parts of the country are fenced with\\nbarbed wire, but the most of it is just as nature made it\\nvast pampas which extend on and on until they lose\\nthemselves in the sky.\\nNow we see a flock of two thousand sheep browsing on\\nthe rich grass. Their white wool shines out among the\\ndark-green bushes. We hear the shrill baa, baa, baa, of\\nthe lambs and the coarser voices of the old sheep as we\\ngo by.\\nOver there on the horizon is a drove of horses, mere\\nbrown specks against the blue sky, and between us and\\nthem a long train of huge carts, each hauled by eight\\noxen, is dragging its weary way over the plain. Those\\ncarts are filled with wool and hides, and the men who are\\nwalking beside them are driving the loads to the station.\\nIn these pastures is found the chief wealth of Argen-\\ntina. We might travel thousands of miles back and\\nforth over the country and, with the exception of the\\nrude huts of the herdsmen and now and then the larger\\nbuildings of some rich farmer, we should see little else\\nthan great flocks of sheep and droves of cattle and horses.\\nArgentina has tens of millions of sheep. Sheep raising\\nis by far its most important industry. It has indeed so\\nmany sheep that if they were all divided equally each\\nman, woman, and child in the country would have at least", "height": "3404", "width": "2279", "jp2-path": "carpentersgeogra01carp_0180.jp2"}, "181": {"fulltext": "LIFE ON THE PAMPAS. 1 75\\nmm\\nvast pampas which extend on and on until they\\nlose themselves in the sky.\\ntwenty- five. The sheep are kept in large flocks and are\\nwatched by shepherds on horseback. They feed out of\\ndoors the year round, for there is good grass here in all\\nseasons.\\nWe see neither barns nor haystacks as we ride over the\\npampas. The inhabitants, as a rule, do not raise hay or\\ncom for their stock. It is only necessary to let the ani-\\nmals graze, to protect the sheep from the vultures, and to\\ngive them a bit of salt now and then.\\nThe sheep are shorn once every year. The wool is cut\\noff and tied up in bales much as we bale cotton. It usu-\\nally goes first to Buenos Aires, where it is transferred to\\nthe steamers and sent across the Atlantic to Europe.\\nVery few sheep are sold here for mutton. They are so\\nplentiful that there is no great demand for their meat, and\\nin the cities you can buy chops for four cents a pound.\\nWithin a few years, however, factories have been built to\\nfreeze mutton for shipment to Europe, where it will sell\\nfor from three to five times as much. In these factories", "height": "3404", "width": "2279", "jp2-path": "carpentersgeogra01carp_0181.jp2"}, "182": {"fulltext": "176 ARGENTINA.\\nthe sheep are killed and dressed just as they are for our\\nmarkets. They are then hung up in rooms which by cer-\\ntain chemical processes are made so cold that the meat\\nsoon freezes stiff. In this state it will keep fresh. It is\\nnow wrapped up in white cloths and carried to the refrig-\\nerators of the steamers which take it to Europe. As soon\\nas it lands there it is thawed out and placed on the\\nbutchers counters for sale. It then looks just like freshly\\nkilled mutton, and indeed it is said that when cooked it\\ntastes like fresh mutton.\\nBut let us leave the train and ride on horseback over\\nthe pampas. Here we are at the home of a shepherd.\\nWhat a rude hut it is! Its walls are poles covered with\\nmud, and its roof is straw thatch. We have to stoop as\\nwe enter the door, and we look about in vain for chairs for\\nour party. The hut is scantily furnished. Much of the\\ncooking is done on the ground outside. The oven is that\\nround mound of mud which looks like a beehive.\\nThe shepherd is an Italian. He lives with his little\\nfamily all alone here, away out on the plain. He spends\\nhis day riding about among the sheep, and at night drives\\nthem into that corral near the hut. He works for a rich\\nfarmer who owns thousands of acres of land and more than\\none hundred thousand sheep.\\nThe shepherd tells us that the estate, or estancia, is so\\nlarge that we might ride all day in one direction and not\\ncome to its end. We learn later on that much of the\\nland of Argentina is in large tracts. Land is not sold\\nby the acre, but by the square league, which contains\\nmore than six thousand acres.\\nBut suppose we go farther on over the pampas. We\\ngallop for miles, now riding where the turf is soft, fresh, and\\ngreen, and now where the grass is gray, dead, and coarse.", "height": "3404", "width": "2279", "jp2-path": "carpentersgeogra01carp_0182.jp2"}, "183": {"fulltext": "LIFE ON THE PAMPAS.\\n17:\\nThis is the natural grass of the pampas. The green\\nturf has been pastured year after year. When so used\\nthe coarse grass disappears after a time, and a more tender\\nand a richer grass springs up.\\nBut see that smoke away off to the right. The flames\\nare rolhng up from the earth, and the dense white smoke\\nis blowing toward us. Is that a prairie fire down here\\non the pampas? Don t be alarmed. There is no danger.\\nNow they have caught one with a lasso.\\nThe men who have lighted the fire have burned a strip\\naround their fields so that it will not go beyond them.\\nThey are burning off the coarse grass and thorn bushes.\\nAfter such a burning a more tender vegetation springs up.\\nThe owners say it makes the land better to burn off the\\ngrass once every few years.\\nBut we have now left the sheep farm and are passing", "height": "3404", "width": "2279", "jp2-path": "carpentersgeogra01carp_0183.jp2"}, "184": {"fulltext": "173\\nARGENTINA.\\nthrough a large estate devoted to stock raising. We\\nmight ride eighty miles in a straight line and not get\\nacross it. It has great droves of cattle, and we pass herds\\nof thousands of horses. There is one now where they are\\nbranding the animals. They have driven the horses into\\nan inclosure fenced round by stakes. Now they have\\ncaught one with a lasso. See, they are driving him about\\nin a circle. Now he is tired, and they pull him down to\\nthe ground. One man sits on his head, and another holds\\nhim tight by a rope fastened about his front leg, while a\\nthird seizes a red-hot iron from a fire near by and burns\\na mark on his side. That brand is the brand of the owner,\\nand by it he can claim the horse if it gets lost.\\nDrying Horse Hides.\\nIn that inclosure farther over, they are killing horses and\\nskinning them. There are hundreds of fresh horse hides\\ntied to stakes out there in the sun. They are stretched\\nout to dry. In Argentina horses are raised largely for", "height": "3404", "width": "2279", "jp2-path": "carpentersgeogra01carp_0184.jp2"}, "185": {"fulltext": "LIFE ON THE PAMPAS.\\n179\\nit is said that a beggar sometimes follows\\ntheir hides. The animals are so cheap that you can buy\\none for a very few dollars.\\nIt is not uncom.mon here for a man to give a horse to\\nhis friend. Even the poor natives own one or more\\nhorses. Indeed\\nhis trade going\\nfrom one farm\\nto another rid-\\ning upon his\\nown horse, so\\nthat there real-\\nly is a country\\nwhere beggars\\ngo on horse-\\nback.\\nBut look at\\nthose strange\\nmen who are\\nbranding the\\nhorses. They\\nare dark-faced,\\nand they seem to be very fierce. What a queer dress they\\nhave They do not wear trousers, but have blankets\\nwrapped around their waists, the ends being tucked\\nthrough between the legs and fastened to their belts.\\nSee, there is one standing at the side looking on. He\\nhas white drawers which extend down below his blanket\\nand are edged with lace. Many of the others wear slouch\\nhats. Each carries a whip, and all have knives in their belts.\\nThose are the gauchos, or, as we might call them, the\\ncowboys of the pampas. They are the descendants of\\nthe Spaniards and Indians. They act as the herdsmen\\nof the pampas. They do not like steady work, except\\ni\\njg^^^^ ^21\\nI|m\\n^^SSi^l\\nH^m\\n^Kmk\\nrm^H^^I\\n^^H\\nIgjl^^j^^\\njB\\n^wB\\n^^fi ^f^\\n11\\n^^^^Sr l\\n^H\\n^m^--\\n^5^ hT\\n1 m\\n^B\\n.=s=^s=i^\\n^JP\\niia\\n^^^H\\nA Gaucho.", "height": "3404", "width": "2279", "jp2-path": "carpentersgeogra01carp_0185.jp2"}, "186": {"fulltext": "i8o\\nARGENTINA.\\nsuch as can be done upon horseback, and they are always\\nready to ride over the plains to watch or drive cattle.\\nThey are very good men when they are sober, but when\\ndrunk are by no means backward in using their knives.\\nThey are men of no education, and are not very civilized.\\nGaucho Hut.\\nWe enter one of their houses as we pass by on our ride\\nover the pampas. We are in a mud hut fifteen feet\\nsquare and so low that we have to stoop down to come\\nthrough the door. The floor is of earth. Those dry\\nbullock skulls scattered about are the seats, and a rude\\ntable, a box, and a chair comprise the rest of the furniture.\\nThe cooking is done upon a fire outside the door. The\\nfood is usually beef, and it is roasted upon a spit over the\\ncoals. As the meat cooks, the gaucho s wife bastes it with\\nthe juice, which she catches in a pan as it falls.\\nAfter the meat is done it is cut off in large slices, being", "height": "3404", "width": "2279", "jp2-path": "carpentersgeogra01carp_0186.jp2"}, "187": {"fulltext": "LIFE ON THE PAMPAS.\\nI\u00c2\u00bbI\\nusually eaten without plates or forks. Each one at the\\nmeal takes a slice in his hand. He puts one end of it\\nbetween his teeth, and pulling out the shce as far as he\\ncan, he draws his knife across it within a sixteenth of an\\ninch of his nose. When his first bite is chewed up he\\ntakes another in the same way, so that he really has no\\nneed of a fork.\\nA favorite dish is carne concuero (carina con-kwa ro),\\nor meat cooked in the skin. The meat is cut from the\\nflesh of the animal, with the skin upon it. It is wrapped\\nup tightly, so that the skin keeps in the juices when it is\\nroasted over the coals. We try it ourselves and like it.\\nnif ,m i\u00c2\u00ab -itt m .isri vi\\nrv -^i.\u00c2\u00bbiniii!rm jrui\\nCowboys at Breakfast.", "height": "3404", "width": "2279", "jp2-path": "carpentersgeogra01carp_0187.jp2"}, "188": {"fulltext": "1 82 ARGENTINA.\\nXXIV. IN THE GREAT FRUIT AND BREAD\\nLANDS OF SOUTH AMERICA.\\nTT T E shall travel to-day through some of the chief food\\nVV lands of the world. Argentina has many different\\nindustries. It grows almost all kinds of crops, and we can\\ndescribe only a few of them. We pass cattle and horses\\non our way back to the railroad, and see more sheep as\\nwe go on to the capital, Buenos Aires.\\nHere we change cars for the north, and ride for two\\ndays through the rich lands along the Parana river. We\\ntravel a long time by train through wheatfields and pas-\\ntures. Every day the weather grows warmer, and at last\\nwe come into a land where there are oranges and lemons,\\nand other tropical fruits. We are now in the province of\\nTucuman, in the northern part of the republic.\\nHow different it is from the desert where we traveled\\nafter we left Punta Arenas! All nature is green, for the\\nsoil is rich and there is plenty of rain. We pass groves\\nof tall palm trees, their green fanlike leaves rustling in the\\nwind. We visit sugar plantations where gangs of men\\nand women are cutting the cane. They chop it off close\\nto the ground, and load it on ox carts to be hauled to the\\nfactory. We follow a cart and watch the cane stalks as\\nthey are thrown between steel rollers which squeeze out\\nthe juice, and farther on we see the juice boiled down into\\nsugar.\\nWe are now surrounded by mountains. There are\\nstreams everywhere. Some are almost dry now, for it is\\nwinter. In summer the rain comes down in great sheets\\nand turns the streams to torrents. We can see how they", "height": "3404", "width": "2279", "jp2-path": "carpentersgeogra01carp_0188.jp2"}, "189": {"fulltext": "GREAT FRUIT AND BREAD LANDS.\\n183\\nGangs of men and women are cutting the cane.\\nhave cut deep gorges here and there through the hills.\\nThey often flood large tracts of land.\\nWe see more hills as we leave Tucuman, going west\\nward and southward through Argentina. The country is\\nrolhng. We are in the foothills of the Andes. There are\\nforests of fine woods, and farther south we enter a land of\\ngreat vineyards.\\nSee how the vines cover the hills. They extend on\\nand on for miles. The western part of Argentina is a\\nrich wine raising country. Trainloads of grapes are\\nshipped from here to Buenos Aires and to other parts of\\nthe republic. When the grapes are ripe, men, women,\\nand children walk through the vineyards, gathering them\\nin baskets and carrying them to the wine presses.\\nCARP. S. AM. 12", "height": "3404", "width": "2279", "jp2-path": "carpentersgeogra01carp_0189.jp2"}, "190": {"fulltext": "1 84\\nARGENTINA.\\nLook up at the mountains to the west. Those are the\\nsnowcapped Andes. This town we are coming into now\\nis the Httle city of Mendoza, and that snowy peak just\\nbeyond is Aconcagua, which we saw in Chile. Mendoza\\nis a station on the Transandine Railroad, and that iron\\nWe enter a land of great vineyards.\\ntrack which climbs up the mountains is the eastern part of\\nthe line which is to stretch from ocean to ocean, and over\\nthe western part of which we had such a pleasant journey\\nin Chile some weeks ago.\\nThere is a good railroad from here to Buenos Aires, and\\nwe can, in fact, travel by railroad to almost any part of\\nthe republic. We decide to go back to the wheat lands\\nby the way of Cor dova, and stop there for a few hours\\non the way.", "height": "3404", "width": "2279", "jp2-path": "carpentersgeogra01carp_0190.jp2"}, "191": {"fulltext": "GREAT FRUIT AND BREAD LANDS. 1 85\\nHave you ever heard of Cordova? It is a town well\\nknown in the history of South America. It was for two\\nhundred years one of the chief centers of education and\\nculture on this continent, and it had a university seven\\nyears before our Pilgrim fathers landed on Plymouth\\nRock. Cordova has a large university now. It is also a\\nbusiness center, so that a stay in it will give us some idea\\nof a small city in Argentina.\\nWe take a carriage at the station and drive to the\\nplaza. Cordova is much like the cities of Chile in that\\nit is laid out in square blocks, with its streets crossing one\\nanother at right angles. The houses are almost all of one\\nstory. They are painted in the brightest of colors, and\\nnearly all have iron bars over their windows, making us\\nthink of a jail.\\nBack of these bars we see women and girls standing or\\nsitting. It seems to us as though the girls were caged in.\\nThis is so to a certain extent in all towns in Argentina.\\nYoung women and girls seldom go alone on the street.\\nThey are not allowed to associate with young men or\\nboys until they are married, and a young man who should\\nstop at a window and chat would be told he had better\\nmove on.\\nWe drive on through the wide Avenida General Paz,\\nadmiring the statues at its ends, and then out among the\\nshabby huts of the suburbs, where the poor people live.\\nHere all is dirty and squalid, but the sky is bright blue,\\nand the gorgeous sunlight has given Cordova an atmo-\\nsphere Hke that of the Orient. Its outskirts remind trav-\\nelers of Cairo, and the Moorish architecture of the churches\\nand the better class houses is like that of southern Spain.\\nNow we are again in the city. What queer names the\\nstreets have Some are taken from the noted days of the", "height": "3404", "width": "2279", "jp2-path": "carpentersgeogra01carp_0191.jp2"}, "192": {"fulltext": "1 86\\nARGENTINA.\\nhistory of Argentina. Here is one called Twenty-fifth of\\nMay Street. We turn the corner and go into the street\\nof the Eighteenth of July, and wonder if we shall not find\\nfarther on a street named Week after Next.\\nWe stop at the market. It is in a hollow square sur-\\nrounded by rose-colored one-story buildings containing the\\nmeat stalls. The red beef and mutton hang down from\\nWIR|fl|pilfil|P\\nWe stop at the market.\\nhooks under dirty white awnings. There are no scales.\\nThose women with the black shawls around their heads,\\nwho are buying, pay for the meat by the chunk.\\nThe market court is filled with carts which have come\\nin from the farms. On the ground sit dark-faced women\\nwith vegetables about them, which they sell by the pile.", "height": "3404", "width": "2279", "jp2-path": "carpentersgeogra01carp_0192.jp2"}, "193": {"fulltext": "GREAT FRUIT AND BREAD LANDS.\\n87\\nWhat is that squealing outside the market? It sounds\\nHke a pig in the hands of a butcher. They surely cannot\\nkill hogs here in the midst of the city. It is only the\\ncreaking of a farm cart which is bringing wheat to the\\nmarket. There it comes through the door. It has wheels\\neight feet in height, with hubs as big around as your waist,\\nand an axle as thick as a telegraph pole.\\nIt has wheels eight feet in height.\\nThe cart has an arched cover of reeds over its bed. The\\nskins which have been sewed to the top are put there to\\nkeep the rain off the wheat. Such farm carts take the\\nplace of farm wagons throughout Argentina. They look\\nvery rude, but each cart will hold several tons so much,\\nindeed, that teams of twelve oxen are often hitched to one\\ncart. The owner of the cart is that dark-faced man in the\\nponcho, and his wife is the woman in the calico dress who\\nis now climbing out.\\nBut let us leave Cordova and ride on the railroad into\\nthe wheat lands. We reach them within a few hours", "height": "3404", "width": "2279", "jp2-path": "carpentersgeogra01carp_0193.jp2"}, "194": {"fulltext": "88\\nARGENTINA.\\nafter leaving the city. The best wheat region of Argen-\\ntina Hes in the Parana basin, within a hundred miles of\\nboth banks of the river, for the soil which it has brought\\ndown from the uplands is exceedingly rich. The wheat\\nlands are all together so large that if they could be put into\\none block they would make a wheatfield five times the\\nsize of New York, or six times that of Ohio. This tract\\nin good seasons produces far more wheat than the people\\ncan use, and the wheat exports are sometimes so large\\nthat they compete with our wheat in the markets of\\nEurope, and as a result we receive much lower prices.\\nOur farmers, indeed, might have to stop exporting\\nwheat did not Argentina have many droughts, when the\\nwheat will not grow, and also in good seasons terrible in-\\nvasions of locusts which sometimes eat up the crops.\\nLocusts and Their Eggs.\\nThe locusts come down in swarms of millions from the\\nwarm lands of southern Brazil. There are so many of\\nthem at times that they shut out the sunhght Hke a storm,\\ncloud. They alight on everything green and eat up all as\\nthey go. They eat the leaves of the trees and also the\\nfruit. They are especially fond of green wheat. A\\nswarm of them will chew up a wheatfield in a night, and", "height": "3404", "width": "2279", "jp2-path": "carpentersgeogra01carp_0194.jp2"}, "195": {"fulltext": "GREAT FRUIT AND BREAD LANDS. 1 89\\nwhen, they come in vast numbers, as they sometimes do\\nyear after year, the crops of the farmers are ruined. They\\nlay their eggs in the holes in the ground, and these hatch\\nout thousands more. The people never know when they\\nare coming, and plant on and on, hoping they may be\\nable to harvest their crops.\\nWe pity the farmers as we watch them at work. It is\\nspring, and they are plowing the fields. We ride for hours\\nthrough vast tracts of brown soil upon which dark-faced\\nmen are guiding their oxen this way and that through the\\nfurrows. Here one is sowing the seed, scattering it by\\nhand over the land, and in the next field oxen are drag-\\nging harrows and brush over the clods to cover the grain.\\nNow we are passing farms where the wheat has been\\nsown for some time. As far as we can see there is nothing\\nbut the emerald green of the fresh sprouting grain. A\\nlittle later on, as harvest time comes, this vast sea of\\nemerald will change to a billowy ocean of gold. There\\nwill be wheat on all sides, and the yellow waves will roll on\\nand on until at last they lose themselves in the blue sky.\\nThen there will be reapers and mowers moving over the\\nfields, some drawn by horses, some by oxen, cutting the\\ngrain. There will be steam thrashers puffing away as they\\nshell the wheat out, and there will be great ox carts, like\\nthose we saw in the markets of Cordova, with teams of\\neight and twelve oxen hauling the great loads of bags to\\nthe train.\\nAt that time, were we here, we might find it very slow\\ntraveling. There is so much wheat that all the freight\\ncars of the country are needed to carry it to Rosario, the\\nchief port of the Parana, and to Buenos Aires for ship-\\nment to Europe. The tracks are so crowded with wheat\\ncars that the passenger trains are sometimes kept back to", "height": "3404", "width": "2279", "jp2-path": "carpentersgeogra01carp_0195.jp2"}, "196": {"fulltext": "I90\\nARGENTINA.\\nlet them go by. We should then find stacks of bags\\nawaiting shipment at the stations, many of the stacks being\\ncovered with canvas to protect the wheat from the rain.\\nWhy do not the farmers store the wheat in barns We\\ncan easily see as we ride on and on through the fields-\\nThere are no barns anywhere No feed is stored, and\\nV the stock is seldom kept under cover. Even the work-\\nrng horses and oxen are turned out to graze. There are\\nThere will be steam thrashers puffing away.\\nno farm buildings except the little mud huts thatched\\nwith straw in which the small farmers live. The huts are\\nso small that there is no place in them for storing wheat.\\nThe result is that the grain is sold as soon as it is\\nthrashed, and the farmer must take what he can get.\\nMost of the grain is shipped to Europe soon after har-\\nvest. This is along in January and February, in the mid-\\ndle of our winter. There is so much wheat, however, that", "height": "3404", "width": "2279", "jp2-path": "carpentersgeogra01carp_0196.jp2"}, "197": {"fulltext": "GREAT FRUIT AND BREAD LANDS.\\n191\\nsome is exported all the year round. We can see how it\\nis handled by watching the loading of steamers at Rosario.\\nRosario is one of the chief wheat ports of Argentina.\\nIt is situated on the south bank of the Parana river,\\nabout three hundred miles by water from Buenos Aires!\\nIt is of about the size of Indianapolis. It is built right\\non the banks of\\nthe river, which is\\nhere so deep that\\ngreat ocean steam-\\ners can sail through\\nthe Rio de la Plata\\nand the Parana up\\nto it.\\nRosario is built\\nupon a bluff so high\\nthat it is above the\\nmasts of the steam-\\ners on the water be-\\nlow. All along, a\\nlittle back of the\\nedge of the bluff,\\nwarehouses of gray\\ngalvanized iron have\\nbeen constructed.\\nIn these the wheat\\nis stored as it is\\nbrought from the\\nfields.\\nNow, in front of each warehouse, there is a long chute,\\nor trough, made of wood or iron, extending down to the\\nwater. These troughs are in sections, so that they can\\nbe shortened or lengthened at will, and so that when con-\\nLoading a Steamer, Rosario.", "height": "3404", "width": "2279", "jp2-path": "carpentersgeogra01carp_0197.jp2"}, "198": {"fulltext": "192 ARGENTINA.\\nnected they make a continuous chute running from the\\nbktff right into the hold of the steamer.\\nThe bags of wheat are carried by men from the ware-\\nhouses and thrown into the chute. Gravity makes them\\ndescend, and they bounce up and down as they fly into\\nthe steamer, making us think of an army of gigantic yellow\\nmice galloping down into the hold. At some places the\\nrailroad tracks run close to the bluff, so that the wheat\\nbags can be taken from the cars direct to the chutes.\\nXXV. IN BUENOS AIRES.\\nIT is a night s ride by train from Rosario to Buenos Aires.\\nWe go to bed in the sleeper as the cars move out of\\nthe station, and when we awake we are in the capital of\\nArgentina. We step out into a railroad station, as large\\nalmost as our best stations at home, and walk under a\\nlong glass-covered roof to the front door. What a lot\\nof carriages there are, and how their drivers yell at us in\\nSpanish as we come down the steps! We choose one,\\nand are soon dashing through one long street after\\nanother, turning corner after corner, until we reach our\\nhotel.\\nAs we go we see that Buenos Aires is a large city.\\nIts size grows upon us as we ride through it day after\\nday. It is indeed the largest city on the South Ameri-\\ncan continent. It has already nearly a million inhabi-\\ntants, and it increases in population, it is said, about one\\nhundred thousand a year. It grows fast because it is\\nthe chief city of Argentina. It is situated on the Rio de\\nla Plata, at just the point where steamers from Europe can", "height": "3404", "width": "2279", "jp2-path": "carpentersgeogra01carp_0198.jp2"}, "199": {"fulltext": "BUENOS AIRES.\\n193\\nmost easily land their goods, and from where the wool,\\nhides, meat, and other things raised here can be easily\\nloaded to go across the ocean.\\nBuenos Aires is the place where the most important\\nbusiness of Argentina is done. It is the capital and has\\nthe principal officials. It has nearly all the factories that\\n1-\\n?TLZ^ J!!-f\\n^^^mM^\\nK\\n^^^^hI\\nBuenos Aires.\\nsupply Argentina with goods. It ships most of the wool\\nand other exports. Indeed, it is one of the largest produce\\nmarkets in the world.\\nIn Buenos Aires the richest of the people of Argentina\\nlive, only now and then going out to their vast estates in\\nthe country. Here also are the homes and business\\nhouses of the great merchants. Here are the chief col-\\nleges, the great daily newspapers, the finest churches,", "height": "3404", "width": "2279", "jp2-path": "carpentersgeogra01carp_0199.jp2"}, "200": {"fulltext": "194\\nARGENTINA.\\nand, in fact, all things which are of supreme importance\\nin Argentina.\\nBut what kind of people live in this city? When we\\nhear them talk we think them all Spanish. There are\\nSpanish signs over the stores, and many of the people\\nspeak nothing else. Buenos Aires is by far the largest\\nSpanish-speaking city of the world, being more than twice\\nas large as Madrid, the largest city of Spain. Still, the\\nmost of its people are foreigners. Not more than one\\nfifth of them were born in the country. There are more\\nItalians in Buenos Aires than natives of Argentina, and\\nthere are at least one hundred thousand who have come\\nhere from Spain.\\nSee that group of dark-faced men with ruddy complex-\\nions on the opposite corner. They wear short jackets and\\nfull skirts, and their trousers are held up by sashes tied\\nBasques.", "height": "3404", "width": "2279", "jp2-path": "carpentersgeogra01carp_0200.jp2"}, "201": {"fulltext": "BUENOS AIRES.\\n195\\nabout their waists. They have little round caps on their\\nheads, and many of them carry long ropes. You might\\nthink they were hangmen, but even Buenos Aires could\\nnot give work for so many executioners. Those men are\\nBasques. They come from northern Spain, and are here\\nStreet Scene.\\n(because they can find plenty of work and good wages.\\nThey are porters, and their ropes are to tie on the boxes\\nor bags which they carry on their backs through the\\nstreets.\\nThe masons who are building that house over the way\\nare Itahans. The Italians are the mechanics of the city,\\nand we shall also find them peddhng onions, fish, and all\\nkinds of goods from house to house. They are the news-\\nboys of Buenos Aires, and also the bootblacks. They\\nown the grocery stores, and there are some rich Italian\\nbankers and traders. There are many large banks man-", "height": "3404", "width": "2279", "jp2-path": "carpentersgeogra01carp_0201.jp2"}, "202": {"fulltext": "196 ARGENTINA.\\naged by the English, and some of the biggest stores are\\nowned by the Germans.\\nBut let us go farther on into the business section.\\nHere we are in the Plaza de Mayo. What a beautiful\\npark, and how large are the houses about it! That great\\nbuilding on one side of the square is the cathedral. There\\nis a crowd of women in black gowns, with black shawls\\nover their heads, going to mass. The building covefs\\nmore than an acre, and it will hold, it is said, nine thousand\\npeople. It is the chief church of the city for Argentina\\nis a Catholic country, and Buenos Aires is said to be the\\nlargest Catholic city of the world. Catholicism is the re-\\nligion of the state, and it is at the cathedral that the presi-\\ndent attends mass.\\nThat building just above the cathedral contains the\\ncourts of the city, and on the opposite side is the govern-\\nment house, where the president of Argentina has his offices,\\nand where the most of the government business is done.\\nArgentina has a president and Congress just as we have,\\nand its people are supposed to choose their own officers,\\nalthough elections are often unfair.\\nButletus go out to Barraccas. Barraccas means ware-\\nhouses, and this is the name of that part of the city where\\nthe most of the wool, wheat, and meat are prepared for\\nshipment to Europe. We stand on the corner and wait\\nfor the car. We hear a horn blown in the distance. The\\nsound of it grows louder and louder, and we soon see that\\none end of the horn is in the mouth of the car driver, and\\nthat he gives a blast as a warning at every street corner.\\nAs the car stops we climb in. We are carried through\\nnarrow streets for more than two miles, when we reach an\\nenormous brick building on the banks of the Riachuelo\\nriver, which here flows into the Rio de la Plata. The", "height": "3404", "width": "2279", "jp2-path": "carpentersgeogra01carp_0202.jp2"}, "203": {"fulltext": "BUENOS AIRES.\\n197\\nSome are filled with wool.\\nbuilding is that of the Mercado Central des Frutos, the\\nlargest wholesale produce market, under one roof, in the\\nworld. It covers many acres, and in it millions of pounds\\nof wool are handled each year. It is so built that the cars\\ncan come into the market, and the wool and wheat can be\\nunloaded right upon the floors. Shiploads of wool sail up\\nto its doors, and carts and wagons loaded with wool and\\ngrain are driven in from all parts of the country. We\\nspend a long time going through one immense room after\\nanother. Some are filled with wool, and in others there\\nare so many bags of wheat and corn that we have not time\\nto count them.\\nOn our way back we call at one of the big city mar-\\nkets. Here we see that the food which these people eat\\nis quite as good as our own. They have all sorts of\\nmeats, fish, and vegetables. There are huge pears from\\nnear Buenos Aires, and oranges and pineapples which", "height": "3404", "width": "2279", "jp2-path": "carpentersgeogra01carp_0203.jp2"}, "204": {"fulltext": "198\\nARGENTINA.\\nhave come down on the steamer from Paraguay. There\\nare grapes from the foothills of the Andes, and peaches\\nby the bushel from the islands of the Parana river.\\nPeach trees grow so rapidly in this part of the world\\nthat they are often raised\\nfor fuel, and there are so\\nmany peaches in some\\nplaces that they are\\nthrown to the pigs.\\nWe stop at the stalls\\nwhere chickens are sold.\\nThe feathers have been\\npulled from the chickens,\\nexcept the tail feathers.\\nThese show what the\\ncolor of each chicken was\\nbefore it was plucked. Why\\nthese feathers are left I\\ndo not know. A similar\\ncustom prevails in South\\nChina, where dog meat is sold to be cooked. A bit of the\\ndog s hair is always left on the tail but this is because the\\nChinese think the flesh of black dogs the best and most\\nfitted to put a brave spirit into the eater.\\nWe meet many chicken peddlers on leaving the market.\\nThey are starting out with live chickens, which they will\\nsell from house to house through the city. The chickens\\nare in wicker crates hung over the back of a horse, and we\\nsee that all peddling is done by men on horseback or on\\nfoot.\\nNow and then we pass a peddler who is driving a flock\\nof turkeys before him. The fowls are for sale. If you\\npick out one the peddler will catch it for you.\\n\u00e2\u0096\u00a03\\nChicken Peddler", "height": "3404", "width": "2279", "jp2-path": "carpentersgeogra01carp_0204.jp2"}, "205": {"fulltext": "BUENOS AIRES.\\n199\\nArmadillo\\nHave you ever eaten young armadillo Its meat tastes\\nlike spring chicken, and the people of Argentina are so\\nfond of it that they eat a thousand armadillos a month.\\nThe armadillo is a four-legged animal, with a shell Hke a\\nturtle and a lit-\\ntle head like a\\npig. It bur-\\nrows in the\\nearth, and sel-\\ndom goes out\\nof its hole ex-\\ncept at night.\\nIt eats fruit and\\nroots, and some-\\ntimes small in-\\nsects. Its flesh is white and quite tender, and when we\\ntaste it at one of the restaurants we find it delicious.\\nBut it is now five o clock, and we must go for a walk on\\nthe Calle Florida. This is the fashionable shopping street\\nof the city. It is lined with the stores of jewelers, con-\\nfectioners, milliners, and tailors, and at this time of day\\nthe fashionable people come here to see and be seen.\\nThe street is just wide enough for a line of carriages\\nto move up one side of it while another line goes down\\nthe other. We find the Florida filled with carriages.\\nThere are hundreds of horses prancing along. There are\\nfine carriages containing well-dressed women and men.\\nThe carriages drive slowly up and back, while the people\\nwithin sit and stare at their neighbors.\\nUpon the sidewalks are knots of young men who have\\ncome here for their afternoon outing, to chat with one\\nanother and look at the crowd.\\nWe see more fine turnouts on Thursday afternoon, when\\nCARP. S. AM. 13", "height": "3404", "width": "2279", "jp2-path": "carpentersgeogra01carp_0205.jp2"}, "206": {"fulltext": "200\\nARGENTINA.\\nwe take a drive out by the magnificent residences along\\nthe Avenue Alvear to Palermo Park.\\nThis park is perhaps the finest in all South America.\\nIt covers many acres, and in it there are long avenues\\nof magnificent palms, forest trees of all kinds, running\\nPalermo Park.\\nstreams, and winding lakes. During the afternoons of\\nSunday and Thursday it is filled with people. There are\\nhundreds of carriages and thousands of foot passengers\\nriding and walking under the palms. There are gayly\\ndressed children playing upon the grass, and boys rowing\\nabout in boats upon the lakes.", "height": "3404", "width": "2279", "jp2-path": "carpentersgeogra01carp_0206.jp2"}, "207": {"fulltext": "MONTEVIDEO. 20I\\nXXVI. URUGUAY-IN MONTEVIDEO, THE\\nPARIS OF SOUTH AMERICA.\\nA/V i our journeys in a new country this morning.\\nV We have left Buenos Aires, and after travehng all\\nnight on a great river steamer are now casting anchor in\\nthe harbor of Montevideo. The day is just dawning, and\\nthe lights on the shore shine out through the mist, mark-\\ning the shape of the city and harbor.\\nThe bay is like a horseshoe six miles in length and is\\nso large that many hundreds of vessels could be anchored\\nin it at one time. Of late years, however, the mud brought\\ndown from the highlands through the Rio de la Plata has\\nso filled it up that the largest ships must now stay several\\nmiles from the shore.\\nWe have to wait some time on the ship for the health\\nofficers and inspectors of customs. While we wait, let me\\ngive you a bird s-eye view of Uruguay. It is the small-\\nest of the South American republics. There are single\\nstates in Argentina which surpass it in size, and it could\\neasily be lost in Brazil. It is only about as large as Mis-\\nsouri. It has, all told, not more people than Boston.\\nWe can see something of its shape on the map, but if we\\ncould fly over or perhaps ride above it on the winged horse\\nPegasus, we might know it much better. We should then\\nsee that, with the exception of a few low mountain ranges,\\nthe country is a waving sheet of billowy green, with so\\nmany streams of silvery water flowing through it that they\\nmake a network upon it like the veins of a leaf. We should\\nsee that it has rich soil, and that cattle and sheep are scat-\\ntered over it in quite as large flocks as those of Argentina.", "height": "3404", "width": "2279", "jp2-path": "carpentersgeogra01carp_0207.jp2"}, "208": {"fulltext": "202\\nURUGUAY,\\nIf we looked closely we might see that the houses of\\nthe farmers are like the mud huts we saw on the pampas,\\nand that the aspects\\nof nature are about\\nthe same.\\nThe climate of\\nUruguay is delight-\\nful. The country\\nis as near the equa-\\ntor as Florida is,\\nbut the weather is\\nnot so hot in the\\nsummer, nor so cold\\nin the winter. The\\nseasons are the op-\\nposite of ours, so\\nthat when we have\\nautumn Uruguay\\nhas spring, and\\nwhen we put on our\\nfurs the Uruguayan\\nladies are using\\ntheir fans.\\nIn such a flight\\nwe should notice\\nthe long coast line\\nof the country, and\\nmight see great\\nsteamboats sailing\\nup the Uruguay\\nriver, and smaller\\nboats on other streams in the interior. We should see\\nbut few large towns, and should notice that all railroad", "height": "3404", "width": "2279", "jp2-path": "carpentersgeogra01carp_0208.jp2"}, "209": {"fulltext": "MONTEVIDEO.\\n203\\ntrains, steamboats, and carts are moving to and from the\\ncapital, the city of Montevideo, which we are about to\\nexplore.\\nWe take a boat and ride to the wharves, noticing as we\\ngo the Cerro, or hill, at the left, from which the city was\\nnamed. Montevideo means I see the mountain. The\\nCerro is the mountain. It is not quite so high as the\\nWashington Monument, but the land is so flat all about it\\nMontevideo.\\nthat from the sea It can readily be distinguished far off.\\nThere is a white tower upon it, and at night you can see\\nthe revolving light in it twenty-five miles out from land.\\nBut here we are at the wharves. We step out and wend\\nour way through the city. What large buildings are these\\nall about us! They surpass those of any city we have\\nyet seen on our tour. Montevideo is well built, and its\\npeople are proud of its great business blocks.", "height": "3404", "width": "2279", "jp2-path": "carpentersgeogra01carp_0209.jp2"}, "210": {"fulltext": "204\\nURUGUAY.\\nHow clean the streets are This comes from the long\\ntongue of rock upon which Montevideo is built. The\\nrock extends from the Cerro out into the bay. It slopes\\nso on all sides that the streets are all up hill and down,\\nand every rain washes them clean. Montevideo is a very\\nhealthful city, and fewer people die in it, in proportion to\\nits size, than in any other city of the world.\\nWe take a boat and ride to the wharves.\\nGet out of the way of those carts! They are each\\ndrawn by two or three mules harnessed abreast. How\\nhuge and clumsy they look! Each cart has a bed made\\nof poles it has sides of poles curved upward and tied to-\\ngether with thongs. Look at the wheels. They are enor-\\nmous. Hear the din they make as they rattle over the\\ncobblestone streets. There are other carts coming up this\\nside street. It is queer they do not use wagons. No not\\nwhen you learn that all vehicles in Montevideo are taxed", "height": "3404", "width": "2279", "jp2-path": "carpentersgeogra01carp_0210.jp2"}, "211": {"fulltext": "MONTEVIDEO.\\n205\\nby the number of wheels, and that a four-wheeled wagon\\nwould have to pay twice as much as a cart.\\nMontevideo has very good street cars. The streets of\\nthe city run so up hill and down that few cabs are used.\\nWe can go anywhere on the street cars. We ride upon\\nthem by two-story and three-story houses, now passing\\nWe visit the Soils Theater,\\ngreat plazas, or squares, filled with trees. We go out into\\nthe country, past beautiful houses with gardens about\\nthem, and come back to the city by a new line.\\nWe visit the Solis Theater. It is one of the largest in\\nSouth America, covering two acres and having seats for\\nthree thousand people. We go to the cathedral, and spend\\nsome time in visiting the national museum and the pub-", "height": "3404", "width": "2279", "jp2-path": "carpentersgeogra01carp_0211.jp2"}, "212": {"fulltext": "206\\nURUGUAY.\\nlie libraries. Montevideo has a university. It has good\\ncommon schools, and we learn that public schools are being\\nestablished in all parts of the country. At present, how-\\never, only about one child in ten goes to school, and the\\nmost of the common people cannot read or write.\\nIn the schools the children study out loud. We can\\ntell by the din that a school is going on long before we\\ncome to the block in which it is.\\nr\\ni-^l\\nwn^m^^a\\nS :^|l\\n^^^^^m^.\\nCathedral and Plaza.\\nMontevideo has many rich people who have vast estates\\nthroughout the country. They live upon these in the\\nsummer and spend their winters in their great houses in\\nMontevideo. We stay some weeks in Uruguay and have\\nopportunities to visit well-to-do famihes. Their houses\\nare grand, but exceedingly cold. The floors are marble,\\nand the ceilings are often upheld by marble columns im-\\nported from Italy. There are no fires, for the people", "height": "3404", "width": "2279", "jp2-path": "carpentersgeogra01carp_0212.jp2"}, "213": {"fulltext": "MONTEVIDEO. 207\\nbelieve artificial heat unhealthful, and so they do not have\\nstoves, furnaces, or steam-heating pipes. The result is\\nthat when it is cold the women receive their callers sitting\\nin their furs, with their feet on hot- water bottles, and the\\nmen often wear their overcoats when at the table for dinner.\\nSome of the queerest customs of these people are those\\nof courtship and marriage. Young women and men can-\\nnot walk together by themselves, as they do in our coun-\\ntry. Indeed, a Uruguay girl must never go out on the\\nstreet unless she has her mother, her aunt, or a servant\\ngirl with her, and should her boy friends call they would\\nmeet the whole family.\\nWhen a young man begins to court a young woman he\\ndoes not come into her house, but stands for days in front\\nof the building, and stares at her window. In a short time\\nshe sees him staring. She at once knows what he means.\\nThen perhaps she opens the window and stares in return.\\nThe two are not supposed to talk to each other, but they\\nstand thus staring for hours at ar time. This is what is\\ncalled in Montevideo playing the dragon, the young\\nman being the dragon. I will not say that never a wink\\nnor a whisper passes between the two young people, but\\nif so it must be while no one is looking. After a time the\\nyoung man goes to the father of the young woman, and\\ntells him he wishes to call at the house with a view to a\\nproposal of marriage. If he gets the father s consent, he\\ncomes and spends the evening with his sweetheart and her\\nfamily, getting her as far off from the rest as he can. He\\nis not allowed to see her alone until they are married.\\nThis custom seems\u00c2\u00bbodd to us, and we often slyly laugh\\nin our sleeves when we see a young man dressed in his\\nbest parading up and down in front of a window. We do\\nnot dare to laugh openly, for this might make the young", "height": "3404", "width": "2279", "jp2-path": "carpentersgeogra01carp_0213.jp2"}, "214": {"fulltext": "208 URUGUAY.\\nman angry, and If he became jealous we might have to\\nfight him straightway.\\nFrom Montevideo we take some trips through the\\ncountry. We visit the larger towns by railroad and\\ntravel some time on the Uruguay river. Here we see the\\ngreat meat-extract establishments. The largest of them\\nare at Fray Bentos, where hundreds of thousands of cattle\\nare yearly killed for meat-extract. The lean meat is\\nstewed in warm water, being skimmed again and again of\\nthe fat. After a long time the stew thickens into a Hquid\\nlike thin molasses. When it cools, it thickens. It is now\\nput up in tin boxes and sent to Hamburg, Germany, where\\nit is repacked in little porcelain jars and shipped all over\\nthe world. Many of us have tasted beef tea made from\\nthis Uruguay meat. It is found in our drug stores, and\\nis often prescribed by the doctors for sick people.\\nNot far from Fray Bentos we find factories in which\\ndried or jerked beef is made. Such meat is much liked\\nby the South American people, and is taken by the ship-\\nload from Uruguay to Brazil and the West India Islands.\\nThe animals are killed, and the meat is stripped from their\\nbodies in sheets and dried in the sun in such a way that it\\nwill not spoil, however long it is kept.\\n3 \u00c2\u00ab^C\\nXXVII. UP THE RIO DE LA PLATA SYSTEM\\nINTO THE HEART OF SOUTH AMERICA.\\nWE are again upon shipboard this morning. We have\\nleft Montevideo and are steaming through the Rio de\\nla Plata, upon whose tributaries we shall go into the heart\\nof the South American continent.", "height": "3404", "width": "2279", "jp2-path": "carpentersgeogra01carp_0214.jp2"}, "215": {"fulltext": "HEART OF SOUTH AMERICA.\\n209\\nWhat a big stream it is! At Montevideo we could\\nhardly see the opposite shore. It is wide all the way to\\nBuenos Aires, and it is many miles wide where it is formed\\nby the junction of the Uruguay and Parana rivers, still\\nfarther up. The Rio de la Plata, in fact, is more like a\\nmuddy fresh-water bay or arm of the sea than a river. It\\nis almost two hundred miles long, and where it unites with\\nthe ocean it is more than one hundred miles wide.\\nRio de la Plata.\\nHow muddy it is The water looks like pea soup. It\\nis so dirty that w^e hesitate to get into our bath, and when\\nwe let off the water a thick coat of mud remains in the tub.\\nIt is so thick that our feet leave marks in it as deep as\\nthose which so frightened Robinson Crusoe on the shore\\nof the desert island. The Rio de )a Plata brings down a\\nvast amount of earth washings from the mountains. It\\ncontains so much that if it could all be put upon wagons", "height": "3404", "width": "2279", "jp2-path": "carpentersgeogra01carp_0215.jp2"}, "216": {"fulltext": "2IO URUGUAY.\\ntwenty thousand horses all pulling at once could not haul\\naway the load of one hour. So much mud drops to the\\nbottom that the river is fast filHng up. It is already diffi-\\ncult for the big ocean steamers to reach Buenos Aires, and\\nthe people are now talking of a system of jetties like that\\nof the Mississippi to deepen the river.\\nThe Rio de la Plata system drains a basin about half as\\nlarge as the whole United States. If we could view it\\nfrom above we should see that it is of the shape of a great\\nhorseshoe, with the opening toward the Atlantic. The\\nhighlands of Brazil and the Andes form the upper rim and\\nback of the shoe, while the slightly sloping plains of Pata-\\ngonia are the rim on the south. Within this shoe lie the\\nbest lands of Argentina, the whole of Uruguay and Para-\\nguay, and large portions of Peru and Bolivia.\\nIn cHmate this basin is hke that of the Mississippi river\\nbasin reversed, the greatest tributaries of the system com-\\ning from the hot lands of Brazil and Bolivia, where palms\\nand rubber trees grow, and its mouth lying in the cooler\\ncountries of wheatfields and pastures in which we have\\nlately been traveling. Almost everywhere its climate is\\nhealthful. Its northern parts have weather much like that\\nof Louisiana or Florida, and the south has much the same\\nclimate as our middle States. Our ship stops at Buenos\\nAires for passengers and freight, and we then start on our\\nway to the great Parana.\\nWe soon pass the mouth of the Uruguay river, and just\\nbefore entering the Parana river we sail about the large\\nisland of Martin Gracia (gra-se^a). We can see with our\\nglasses the fort upon its shore. There are boys in soldier\\nuniforms marching about it. They belong to the Argen-\\ntina Naval School, which has been established there, and\\nthe men who are drilling are soldiers used to defend the", "height": "3404", "width": "2279", "jp2-path": "carpentersgeogra01carp_0216.jp2"}, "217": {"fulltext": "HEART OF SOUTH AMERICA. 211\\ngreat fortifications. Martin Gracia is called the Gibraltar\\nof Argentina, for it guards the chief entrance to the Parana\\nriver. It is one of the historic points of this region. It was\\nhere that the Spanish explorers who first visited Uruguay\\nstopped for a time. During their stay their pilot, Martin\\nGracia, died, and they gave the island his name as a monu-\\nment. As we sail by it we remember that we, too, are\\non an exploring expedition. We are entering waters\\nwhich were discovered by the white man who, with his\\nfather John, was the first to set foot upon the soil of the\\nNorth American continent. This was Sebastian Cabot,\\nwho, only thirty-four years after Columbus landed in\\nAmerica, came here and entered the Parana river. He\\ntraveled up that part of the Parana through which we\\nshall go, and from it went into the Paraguay river over\\nthe very same way we shall sail.\\nI venture, however, that Sebastian Cabot, if he could be\\nwith us to-day, would think our boat more wonderful than\\nanything he saw on his tour. His ship was not one tenth\\nas large. It was a small sailing vessel, and it took months\\nfor it to go up the river. He would wonder how we could\\nmove without sails. Steam as a motive power was not\\nthen discovered, and he would not at first understand how\\nwe could make the great paddle wheels at the side of the\\nship move it onward so fast that the voyage can be made\\nin six days.\\nCabot s ship was probably Hghted with oil or tallow.\\nHow he would wonder at our electric globes and the other\\ncurious things which have been invented since then\\nHe would probably stare when he sat down to dinner,\\nand might think that our meals are rather good for ex-\\nplorers. Here, for instance, is our bill of fare for one din-\\nner: ox-tail soup, Bologna sausage with potato salad,", "height": "3404", "width": "2279", "jp2-path": "carpentersgeogra01carp_0217.jp2"}, "218": {"fulltext": "212\\nURUGUAY.\\nboiled beef, fish caught in the Parana river, curried chicken\\nand rice, beefsteak and potatoes, cheese, guava jelly,\\nEnglish walnuts, almonds and raisins, oranges and coflfee.\\nPassing Martin Gracia, we sail for several hundred miles\\nthrough the delta of the Parana. The river for a day s\\nride north of its mouth is about twenty miles wide. It has\\nOn the Parana.\\nmany channels, and it is dotted with islands, some cov-\\nered with forests of peach trees and others cultivated by\\nthe Italians, who raise vegetables for the Buenos Aires\\nmarkets.\\nAll of the islands are low, and many have curious\\nhouses upon them. We are passing some now. They\\nlook like sheds. They are raised upon piles, the first floor\\nbeing reached by long ladders. This is that the people\\nmay keep out of the way of the floods, for the winds and\\nthe tides sometimes roll great waves in from the ocean.\\nAfter traveling for a day among such islands, we reach\\nRosario. We steam by the great ocean ships which we\\nsaw from the bluff after our tour of the wheatfields.\\nThey are still loading wheat, and thousands of yellow\\nbags are bobbing up and down as they gallop over the\\nchutes. There are big flour mills and grain elevators at", "height": "3404", "width": "2279", "jp2-path": "carpentersgeogra01carp_0218.jp2"}, "219": {"fulltext": "HEART OF SOUTH AMERICA. 213\\nSanta Fe and other towns farther up, and much of the\\nshipping of the Parana river is devoted to carrying grain.\\nAs we go on we are more and more dehghted. The\\nParana is picturesque, although the lowest parts of it have\\nno very grand scenery. It is wider than the Mississippi.\\nIt seems at times like a great inland sea, the shores being\\nso far apart that we cannot always see both banks at once.\\nThis is largely due to the islands, of which the Parana\\nhas so many that they have never been counted. It prob-\\nably has more islands than any other river of the world. In\\nour journey we are always sailing in and out among them,\\nnow coming close to the high bluffs of the mainland, and\\nnow passing through narrow channels so near to the\\nislands that we can almost catch hold of the willows and\\nfeathery grasses which hang over and mirror themselves\\nin the water.\\nBut some of the grassy islands are moving. That great\\nmass of green over there is going past our steamer on its\\nway down the river almost as fast as our engine is pushing\\nus up the stream. See, the waves from the ship are\\nmaking the island move up and down. It is a sheet of\\nbillowy green rising and falling with every wave. That is\\na floating island There are many such in the Parana\\nriver. They are masses of weeds, flowers, and turf which\\nthe floods have torn from their foundations in the high-\\nlands and are carrying down to the sea. Some are so firm\\nthat they will support a man, and during the floods\\njaguars, snakes, and peccaries are carried upon them to the\\nislands about Buenos Aires.\\nNow we have left the middle of the stream and are pass-\\ning close to the great bluffs on the mainland. We are try-\\ning to keep away from that sand bar which is being built\\nup by the river. In places the banks are being torn down,", "height": "3404", "width": "2279", "jp2-path": "carpentersgeogra01carp_0219.jp2"}, "220": {"fulltext": "214 URUGUAY.\\nand we have all about us examples of how the waters aid\\nin transforming the earth.\\nWe can see that the rivers are indeed the masons of the\\ngods, and as we look about us can realize what a master\\nworkman this mighty Parana is. The waters which are\\nsweeping past us, going faster than a man can walk, are\\nloaded with mud. They have been carrying down mud\\nfor ages, and those islands beyond us have been built up\\nfrom the soil they have dropped.\\nThe streams in the Andes are now gathering dirt for\\nthis river, and its waters are carrying it down to the low-\\nlands. That island of a hundred acres of green over there\\nis made of earth washings which have been brought from\\nthe highlands. Some of its particles were washed from the\\nroots of palm trees in Brazil, some came from coflfee\\nplantations a thousand miles farther north, and some were\\nperhaps loosened by the Indians we saw mining gold in\\nthe wilds of the Bolivian Andes. That bluff at our right\\nis one hundred feet high. See how its earth strata, or\\nlayers, are piled up one on top of the other Hke those of a\\njelly cake. Those layers have been deposited there dur-\\ning the ages, and as we steam on we can see some of the\\nlands of the future rising slowly under our eyes.\\nNotice that spot at the right of the vessel. I mean\\njust over there where the water is rippling. That is a\\nsand bar. Next month it will be a sandy island. Next\\nyear it will be covered with grass, and trees will sprout up,\\nsending- down, as they grow, their long, fibrous roots to hold\\nin the soil. During every flood old Mother Parana will\\nspread a new coat of soil over her, island child, and soon\\nwill appear one of the forest-grown patches which dot the\\nvast bed of the river.\\nIs not nature a wonderful thing? We realize it more", "height": "3404", "width": "2279", "jp2-path": "carpentersgeogra01carp_0220.jp2"}, "221": {"fulltext": "HEART OF SOUTH AMERICA.\\n215\\nat every turn of the wheel. The land and the sky seem\\nto change every hour, and the scenes above us are even\\nmore glorious than those below. The sunsets are gor-\\ngeous. They paint the clouds with all the hues of the rain-\\nbow, and make a golden canopy over the dark-blue\\nParana. We get up before day to see the sun rise. As\\nit comes up its rays strike the dewdrops upon the feathery\\ngrasses of the islands, and myriads of diamonds flash from\\nthe emerald fields. At night both the heavens and the\\nearth are clad in the glorious moonlight of the semi-\\ntropics. We linger late upon deck, picking out the South-\\nern Cross from among the stars, and wondering at the\\nremarkable brilliancy of the Milky Way.\\nCorrientes.\\nAs we travel on toward the equator we see many more\\ntrees the islands are covered with them. The grasses are\\nmore luxuriant, and here and there are bunches of ferny\\nbamboo. Now and then there is a palm tree shading\\na house on the mainland, and oranges and lemons are", "height": "3404", "width": "2279", "jp2-path": "carpentersgeogra01carp_0221.jp2"}, "222": {"fulltext": "2l6 URUGUAY.\\nbrought to the steamer at some of the ports. We stop at\\nmany small towns of one-story buildings with thatched\\nhuts about them. The houses are roofed with red tiles,\\nand there is always a church spire rising high above the\\nrest of the town.\\nAfter three days we reach the city of Corrien^tes. It is\\nquite a large town for this part of the world. It has\\nabout thirty thousand people, and looks very imposing in\\nits position on the high east bank of the Parana river. It\\nis close to the junction of the Parana and the Paraguay\\nrivers, and at its landing we see steamers starting up the\\nParana, upon which they can sail farther on to the north-\\neast for hundreds of miles.\\nOur own ship, however, is on its way to Asuncion\\n(a-soon-se-on ),in Paraguay, and as Paraguay is the country\\nwe are next to explore, we leave the Parana, and steam\\nup the Paraguay river.\\nThe water here is not so muddy as that through which\\nwe have been traveling. The stream is not so wide. It\\nis, however, a mighty river, as deep as the Mississippi, and\\nabout eighteen hundred miles long. It is navigable for\\nsteamers for more than a thousand miles above Corrientes,\\nand small boats can go upon it far into Brazil.\\nWe get our first sight of Paraguay soon after we leave\\nCorrientes. That land on the east bank belongs to it, and\\nthose villages with orange trees about them are filled with\\nParaguayan people.\\nAs we sail onward we find the country wilder. Now\\nand then we go for miles with virgin forests on both sides\\nof us. The steamer moves this way and that in follow-\\ning the channel, and we are often close to the banks. We\\nhear parrots screaming at us from the woods, and with\\nthe glass we now and then catch sight of a monkey grin-", "height": "3404", "width": "2279", "jp2-path": "carpentersgeogra01carp_0222.jp2"}, "223": {"fulltext": "HEART OF SOUTH AMERICA.\\n217\\nning out of the leaves of a tree. There are birds of beau-\\ntiful plumage, and a flock of wild ducks now and then\\nrises from the lagoons which we pass at every few miles.\\nLanding at Asuncion.\\nWe get out our guns and take a shot at the birds. We\\nshoot at the alligators on the shore, and now and then one\\nscuds through the water to swim out of the way of the\\nboat, diving down as we pass.\\nThe west bank of the river is especially wild. This is a\\npart of a vast wilderness known as the Chaco, the lower\\npart of which belongs to Argentina, and the upper to Para-\\nguay. In the Chaco there are miles and miles of virgin\\nforest. The most of it is inhabited by savages, and we\\nare told that we could not travel a mile from the banks of\\nthe river without meeting jaguars, monkeys, and wild hogs.\\nWe stop now and then at a Paraguayan town, and finally\\nland at the wharves of Asuncion, the capital of Paraguay.\\nCARP. S. AM. 14", "height": "3404", "width": "2279", "jp2-path": "carpentersgeogra01carp_0223.jp2"}, "224": {"fulltext": "2l8 PARAGUAY.\\nXXVIIL IN PARAGUAY.\\nPARAGUAY lies about as far inland from the Atlantic\\nOcean as the State of Illinois, but by our winding way\\nup the rivers we have journeyed as great a distance as\\nfrom New York to Omaha. We are now about midway\\non the west border of Paraguay proper, and just opposite\\nthe lower corner of a vast wilderness known as the Para-\\nguayan Chaco.\\nParaguay is composed of two divisions, Paraguay\\nproper and the Chaco. Paraguay proper corresponds to\\nour States. The Chaco is more like our Territories. It\\nis the wild west of Paraguay. It is inhabited only by\\nsavage Indians and wild beasts. It is a vast territory lying\\nwest of the Paraguay river and north of the Pilcomayo\\nriver, being bounded on the north by Bolivia. The Chaco\\nhas large forests, extensive swamps, and some good lands.\\nIt is almost all in a state of nature, having been little\\nexplored.\\nParaguay proper is the settled part of the country. It\\nhas all the cities and towns, and is the only part in which\\ncivilized people live. It lies east of the Paraguay river\\nand north of the Parana river, being located somewhat as\\nIllinois is in our own country, the Parana corresponding to\\nthe Ohio river, and the Paraguay to the Mississippi.\\nParaguay proper is about as large as Illinois, and it is\\nmuch like it in character. The country is beautifully roll-\\ning, with numerous streams upon which the crops can be\\nmoved to the ports of the Parana and Paraguay rivers. It\\nhas great pastures and large tracts of rich soil. There are\\none or two low mountain ranges running through the", "height": "3404", "width": "2279", "jp2-path": "carpentersgeogra01carp_0224.jp2"}, "225": {"fulltext": "PARAGUAY. 219\\ncountry. These mountains are covered with forests, and\\nthey add greatly to the beauty of the scenery.\\nThe cHmate and products are semitropical. There are\\nsmall plantations of tobacco, manioc, and sugar cane.\\nThere are orange trees everywhere, and clumps of palm\\ntrees upon the great plains.\\nThe people of Paraguay are few. They are composed of\\nthe whites, of the mixed race, and of pure Indians. Those\\nof the white and mixed races number only about six\\nhundred thousand, and there are about one hundred and\\nthirty thousand savage Indians. Among the civilized\\npeople there are more of the mixed race than of the pure\\nwhites. The Indians w^ho inhabited Paraguay when the\\nSpaniards came were more civilized than most of the other\\ntribes of the continent, and the Spaniards intermarried\\nwith them. Many of their sons and daughters also mar-\\nried Indians, and we find that nearly all the Paraguay\\npeople have Indian blood in their veins.\\nThe Indians whom they married were the Guaranis\\n(gwa-ra-nes and to-day the Guarani language is more\\nused by the common people than the Spanish. We shall\\ntake with us a guide who understands Guarani to act as\\ninterpreter during our tour, for we may be in places where\\nthe people cannot speak Spanish.\\nParaguay has no large cities. The largest by far is\\nAsuncion, which we are about to explore. It contains\\nonly thirty thousand people. Villa Rica(verya re^ca), about\\none hundred miles to the east, is next in size. It has per-\\nhaps eight thousand. Other large towns are Villa Con-\\ncepcion, two hundred and fifty miles north of Asuncion, on\\nthe Paraguay river, and Villa Encarnacion, in the south, on\\nthe north bank of the Parana river. Smaller towns and\\nnumerous villages are scattered about over the country.", "height": "3404", "width": "2279", "jp2-path": "carpentersgeogra01carp_0225.jp2"}, "226": {"fulltext": "220\\nPARAGUAY.\\nThe city of Asuncion is the business, social, and finan-\\ncial center, and has always been the principal town of\\nParaguay. As we go through it we shall find many\\nmodern improvements. It has banks, telegraphs, colleges,\\nand newspapers. It has good houses, several large\\nchurches, and many buildings mossy with age.\\nAsuncion is one of the oldest cities of our hemisphere.\\nBabies born in it had grown up and become gray-haired\\nmen and women before Captain John Smith started James-\\nStreet in Asuncion.\\ntown. It was long one of the chief centers of civilization\\nof South America, and for some years was more important\\nthan either Buenos Aires or Montevideo.\\nIn 1811 Paraguay declared itself independent. For\\nmany years afterwards it was governed by unscrupulous\\nrulers who oppressed the people cruelly.", "height": "3404", "width": "2279", "jp2-path": "carpentersgeogra01carp_0226.jp2"}, "227": {"fulltext": "PARAGUAY. 221\\nFinally, one of the rulers, named Lopez, finding it so\\neasy to oppress his own people, thought he could dictate\\nas he pleased to the nations about him. He offended\\nBrazil, Uruguay, and Argentina, and they combined and\\ndeclared war upon him. They marched with their armies\\nagainst the Paraguayans, and although the latter fought\\nbravely they could not withstand such a large force. The\\nwar lasted five years, and in the end nearly all the men\\nand many of the women of Paraguay perished. The tyrant\\nLopez was killed.\\nThen Paraguay sued for peace. She lost much of her\\nterritory and became very poor. Asuncion had been\\nalmost destroyed, large parts of the country had been laid\\ndesolate, and of the people there were httle more than\\nwomen and children left.\\nIndeed, so many of the men were killed that to-day\\nthere are more women than men in the country. We\\nnotice this as we walk from the wharves up into Asuncion.\\nIt is early morning, and the streets are filled with women\\ngoing to and from market. How Hke ghosts they look!\\nEach is clad in white, with a long cotton sheet wrapped\\nabout her head, so that only her dark face shows. The\\nmost of them are barefooted, and they make no noise as\\nthey walk spiritlike through the streets.\\nThere is one coming toward us who has a great jar upon\\nher head and a load of firewood in her arms. She is\\nwalking rapidly, and her dark legs show out below her\\nwhite skirts halfway to the knees. Behind her comes\\nanother white-sheeted figure, upon whose head is a great\\nbasket of oranges with a chunk of raw meat on top. The\\nbasket is perfectly balanced, and she walks along without\\ntouching her burden. There are other women carrying\\nall sorts of things in the same way bags of vegetables,", "height": "3404", "width": "2279", "jp2-path": "carpentersgeogra01carp_0227.jp2"}, "228": {"fulltext": "222\\nPARAGUAY.\\npans of meat, bundles of firewood; In fact, they carry\\neverything on their heads. It seems no trouble to keep\\nthe loads steady, for as we go\\nby they do not lift up their\\nhands, and take no pains to\\navoid being jostled.\\nWe pass more women on\\nour way to the market house,\\ngoing through the chief busi-\\nness streets. The city is not\\nlarge, and it takes but a short\\ntime to learn its most curious\\nfeatures. It is laid out in the\\nSpanish style, the streets cross-\\ning one another at right angles,\\nwith a park or a plaza here and\\nthere. But few of the streets\\nare paved. The others have a\\nroadbed of deep sand as red as\\nbrick dust. This is the color of\\nthe best soil of Paraguay.\\nThe streets are wide, but the town is so up hill and\\ndown that there are but few carriages. The carts rattle\\nas they go over the stones. Many of them are hauled by\\nthree mules abreast, which are driven at such a pace that\\nwe jump up on the sidewalk to get out of the way.\\nWhat curious houses They are almost all of one story,\\nbuilt close to the sidewalk, in blocks, so that they form\\nsolid walls running from street to street. All have iron-\\nbarred windows, and the houses are painted each a differ-\\nent color. Here is one of sky blue, the next is rose pink,\\nand over the way is one of pale yellow.\\nHere comes a policeman. He is dressed in a blue\\nThere is one coming\\ntoward us.", "height": "3404", "width": "2279", "jp2-path": "carpentersgeogra01carp_0228.jp2"}, "229": {"fulltext": "PARAGUAY,\\n223\\nuniform, with a long sword at his side. If he should arrest\\nus he would take us into a red jail, and on the way we\\nshould pass the li-\\nlac- colored build- 7~^^\\ning in which Con-\\ngress meets. We\\nmight see the\\ncream-tinted pal-\\nace from which\\nthepresident rules,\\nand should go by\\nhouses of every\\ncolor.\\nLet us take a\\nlook at the busi-\\nness part of the\\ntown. The stores\\nare not large, but\\nthey are stocked\\nwith goods from all parts of the world. That building on\\nthe corner is the chief hotel of the country. It was once\\na palace of Lopez, the tyrant.\\nThe market house is a block farther on. It looks more\\nlike a monastery than a market. It is a great one-story\\nbuilding, running about a hollow square, with a low roof\\nwhich extends out upon all sides, over the cloisters or\\nwide porches which run round it. It is painted Indian\\nred, and the color forms a bright background for the\\nstrange figures about it. People are buying and selling\\nat the meat stalls in the building. The court inside is\\nfilled with tables and benches, where all kinds of things\\nParaguayan are sold.\\nLet us stop in the porches and look about us. Every\\nThey carry everything on their heads.", "height": "3404", "width": "2279", "jp2-path": "carpentersgeogra01carp_0229.jp2"}, "230": {"fulltext": "224\\nPARAGUAY.\\npart of the market is swarming with women. There are\\nscores of women sitting on the bricks, with their wares\\nspread out before them. Others stand behind the butcher\\ncounters, and with knives and saws cut up great chunks of\\nmeat for their customers. Others have vegetables, laces,\\nand jewelry, which they beseech you to buy.\\nWhat a chatter they make as they bargain There are\\nno scales and no measures. See this vegetable woman\\nThe lilac-colored building in which Congress meets.\\nwho is squatting almost under our feet. She has a stock\\nof green peas which she has arranged in piles on the\\nbricks. There is about a pint in each pile, and the cus-\\ntomer buys by eye measure. Each purchaser brings a\\ncloth with her to wrap up what she buys, for the market\\nwomen furnish neither paper nor string.\\nIn going through the market we can learn much con-\\ncerning the chief products of Paraguay. We see tobacco", "height": "3404", "width": "2279", "jp2-path": "carpentersgeogra01carp_0230.jp2"}, "231": {"fulltext": "PARAGUAY.\\n225\\nsold everywhere, and we shall find that Paraguay raises\\nmuch tobacco for export. The greater part of the tobacco,\\nhowever, is consumed at home. Three fourths of the\\nwomen we meet have cigars in their mouths. Both buyers\\nand sellers are smoking like chimneys. Som^e of the mar-\\nMarket, Asuncion.\\nket women are chewing cigars, and others are rolling up leaf\\ntobacco to smoke. We see small girls smoking and chew-\\ning, and boys of six and eight years smoke without stint.\\nAmong other things sold in large quantities are ma-\\nnioc and oranges. Manioc is a root which in Paraguay\\ntakes the place of both potatoes and wheat as food. Its\\nroots grow in great bunches, each root about the size of\\na carrot. There are two varieties. One of these is\\nboiled or roasted much Hke a potato the other must first\\nbe ground and squeezed to take out a poisonous juice\\nwhich it has in it. After this it becomes a flour, and is\\neaten in soup, in stews, and in other ways.", "height": "3404", "width": "2279", "jp2-path": "carpentersgeogra01carp_0231.jp2"}, "232": {"fulltext": "226 PARAGUAY.\\nXXIX. PARAGUAY\u00e2\u0080\u0094 A TRIP INTO THE\\nINTERIOR.\\nTO-DAY we are traveling through the interior of\\nParaguay. We have taken our seats in one of the\\nfirst-class cars of the railroad, which runs one hundred\\nmiles east from Asuncion to Villa Rica, and thence goes\\nsouthward toward the Parana river. The engineer has\\nthrown a lot of wood into the furnace, but the cars go so\\nslowly that we are able to see much of the country as we\\npass through.\\nLeaving Asuncion, we go by the villas of rich Para-\\nguayans, pass the agricultural college, where the boys are\\nplaying under the palm trees, and then on into great pas-\\ntures bordered with bushy woods and spotted here and\\nthere with small clumps of trees.\\nThe lands are as rich as our prairies, and resemble them,\\nsave that thickets and groves everywhere give shade for\\nthe cattle. We are in a vast sea of grass, which seems to\\nbe flowing in and out among islands of woods. In the\\nsummer the woods are fragrant and the plains are covered\\nwith most beautiful flowers. Paraguay has miles of such\\npastures, and upon them two million cattle are feeding.\\nThere is a big herd now on our left. There are men on\\nhorseback moving to and fro among the beasts and driv-\\ning them this way and that. They are probably picking\\nout the fat beeves for shipment, or they may be about to\\nbrand the stock.\\nA little farther ofif to the right we see a village. We\\npass villages at every few miles, and there are many small\\ntowns at which the train stops. The most of the people of", "height": "3404", "width": "2279", "jp2-path": "carpentersgeogra01carp_0232.jp2"}, "233": {"fulltext": "TRIP INTO THE INTERIOR.\\n227\\nParaguay live in villages. Their houses are merely thatched\\nhuts with walls made of woven poles covered with mud.\\nWe can easily visit one while the train waits at a station.\\nWhat a rude hut it is! It is composed of two parts, a\\nroom about fifteen feet square and a shed. The shed has\\nno walls. It is merely an extension of the thatched roof\\nwhich covers the closed room, and is upheld by poles.\\nThe people live in the shed during the day. There are\\nhammocks hung to the poles, and men and women are\\nWhat a rude hut it is\\nsitting in them. Naked babies and half-naked children\\nplay about on the dirt floor. The climate is warm in the\\nsummer, and it is the breeze which sweeps through the\\nshed that makes life endurable.\\nThere is but little furniture. We see only a table and\\none or two chairs. The chief object of interest is a log\\nstood upon end. It is about as high as your waist there", "height": "3404", "width": "2279", "jp2-path": "carpentersgeogra01carp_0233.jp2"}, "234": {"fulltext": "228\\nPARAGUAY.\\nis a hole dug out of its top. Before the log a woman is\\nstanding. She has a heavy stick or club in her hand,\\nwhich she is lifting up and dropping on some corn which\\nshe has put in the hole. Such logs are the grist mills of\\nParaguay. In them the women pound their corn and\\nmanioc to flour.\\nWe find the people hospitable. They Hve simply, but\\ndo not seem to care\\nfor anything except\\nsomething to eat, a\\nlittle Hquor to drink,\\nand enough cigars to\\nsmoke all the day\\nthrough.\\nNow we are again\\non the train, mov-\\ning out through the\\nfields. What are those\\nodd little hills which\\nstand out like small\\nhaycocks among the\\nscreen orass? There\\nare hundredsof them,\\ndark-red mounds,\\nspotting the fields and\\nlooking as though\\nthey had been thrown up by man. Now we are passing\\nsome mounds as high as our waists, and now we have\\ncome to a field in which there are thousands which hardly\\nreach to our knees. What can they be? They look Hke\\nnothing but dirt. They are dirt. They are the mounds\\nof ant cities.\\nParaguay has hundreds of millions of ants, which throw\\nIndian Children,", "height": "3404", "width": "2279", "jp2-path": "carpentersgeogra01carp_0234.jp2"}, "235": {"fulltext": "TRIP INTO THE INTERIOR. 229\\nup such mounds all over the country. In some places\\nthere are so many that they destroy the pastures, and\\nwhen the people wish to cultivate the ground they first\\nmust fight the ants. Every hill must be dug up, for there\\nare as many ants below as above ground. After being\\ndug up the hills are set on fire. They burn easily, and\\nin this way the ants are destroyed.\\nThe ants sometimes burrow into the houses, and a\\nwoman m^ay awake in the morning to find a great mound\\nof dirt on her parlor floor, the ants having decided to build\\na village there. She sweeps out the dirt and deluges the\\nbrick floor with hot water, sometimes to find, a morning\\nor so later, that the ants are again besieging her dwelling.\\nWe pass many trees on our way through the country.\\nEven on the plains there are woods always in sight.\\nParaguay has large forests containing excellent lumber.\\nSome of its trees could be used for shipbuilding, for the\\nwood can remain under the water for years and still not\\ndecay. Other trees have a fine grain, so that they\\nwould make beautiful furniture, and others are good for\\ntan bark, dyewoods, and many sorts of things.\\nAs we think of this, it seems strange that these great\\nforests do not supply all South America with lumber. It\\nwould surely be cheaper to get wood for Argentina, Chile,\\nand Peru from here than from our forests in Oregon and\\nNew England. Yes, it seems so at first, but not after you\\nhave studied the matter.\\nThe Paraguay woods are so heavy that they will not\\nfloat. The trees must be loaded upon carts and dragged\\nthrough the forests, or they must be put upon railroad\\ncars and brought to Asuncion before they can be shipped\\ndown the Paraguay to Buenos Aires. In our country\\nwe have the snow to help us get the trees to the rivers,", "height": "3404", "width": "2279", "jp2-path": "carpentersgeogra01carp_0235.jp2"}, "236": {"fulltext": "230\\nPARAGUAY.\\nand our lumber floats. Here it costs a great deal to\\nget the logs out of the forests, and the freight rates on\\nthe river steamers are so high that it is much cheaper for\\nthe people along the coasts of South America to bring\\ntheir lumber from North America, more than five thou-\\nsand miles away, than to buy it here, nearer home.\\nBut we are nearing a\\nstation. Get out your\\nmoney for that crowd\\nof women peddlers who\\nare coming to canvass\\nthe cars. Here they\\nare now. One has a\\npile of straw hats fitted\\none into the other on\\nthe top of her head. She\\nwill sell one for fifteen\\ncents of our money.\\nThere is a bareheaded\\ngirl with a platter of\\ncakes each as large around as a one-gallon crock, and there\\nare others with fruits and baby clothes and fine laces.\\nNotice the lace handkerchiefs which that dark-faced little\\ngirl spreads out before you. They are as delicate as cob-\\nwebs, and are made of fibers grown in the country. Lace-\\nmaking is one of the great industries of Paraguayan\\nwomen, and you can buy beautiful things very cheap.\\nLet us get out on the platform and follow the crowd\\nrushing toward the women squatted down on the bricks.\\nThey are peddlers, but their wares are too heavy to be\\nbrought into the train. Some are seUing meat. Yes,\\nselHng beefsteaks at a station They have baskets of raw\\nbeef before them, and are peddling it out to the passengers.\\nAs delicate as cobwebs.", "height": "3404", "width": "2279", "jp2-path": "carpentersgeogra01carp_0236.jp2"}, "237": {"fulltext": "TRIP INTO THE INTERIOR.\\n231\\nWhat a lot of the women are smoking Nearly every\\none has a cigar in her mouth. If it were not for this we\\nmight think some of the girls very pretty. They have\\ncream-colored faces, dark eyes, soft black hair, and fairly\\ngood teeth. Nearly all are in their bare feet, and as we\\nwalk we have to be careful not to step on their toes\\nwith our heavy shoes.\\nBut here is a maiden with a lot of oranges piled up be-\\nfore her. Let us see how many we can get for a medio,\\nYou often see a hundred women trotting along thus in single file.\\nwhich is about three quarters of a cent of our money.\\nI point to the oranges and say in my poor Spanish\\nQuantos por un medio, senorita?\\nOcho, replies the girl, as she puffs a volume of smoke\\nout of her nostrils and hands me eight golden balls.\\nWe find the oranges as sweet as the best of our Florida\\nfruit. They have a fine flavor, and are so cheap that we\\nbuy more and more as we go from station to station.", "height": "3404", "width": "2279", "jp2-path": "carpentersgeogra01carp_0237.jp2"}, "238": {"fulltext": "232\\nPARAGUAY.\\nParaguay is beyond all others the country of oranges.\\nYou see orange trees in every thicket, and out of every\\nforest they peep at you with their thousand golden eyes.\\nThe mud huts of the farmers stand amid orange groves,\\nand in some places there are so many oranges that they\\nrot on the ground.\\nOranges are exported by millions down the Paraguay\\nriver to Uruguay and Argentina. They are brought to\\nthe banks of the river from the orchards in ox carts so\\nlarge that each will hold about five thousand oranges.\\nThe fruit is dumped out like so many potatoes, the drivers\\ntaking no more care in emptying their carts than our\\ndrivers do when they dump dirt in repairing the roads.\\nLoading a Steamer.\\nAt the towns along the Paraguay river during the season\\nthere are great piles of oranges, with scores of women\\nkneeling before them, picking up the fruit and putting it", "height": "3404", "width": "2279", "jp2-path": "carpentersgeogra01carp_0238.jp2"}, "239": {"fulltext": "THE CHACO. 233\\ninto baskets. As soon as a basket is full it is handed to a\\nwoman carrier, who raises it to her head, and thus balan-\\ncing it trots along with it over a broad walk above the water\\nto the steamer. You often see a hundred women trotting\\nalong thus in single file. Each has on the top of her head\\na round basket filled with oranges. She does not touch\\nher hand to the basket, and walks rapidly over the spring-\\ning boards.\\nAt the steamer the hold is first filled with oranges.\\nThen a wire netting is stretched about the deck, making\\na fence as high as a man s head, within which the golden\\nfruit is piled.\\nXXX. PARAGUAY\u00e2\u0080\u0094 A CURIOUS TEA\u00e2\u0080\u0094\\nTHE CHACO AND ITS INDIANS.\\nWE have returned from our trip in the interior and are\\nagain on our way to the north. There are boats\\ntwice a week from Asuncion to Villa Concepcion, and once\\na fortnight a BraziHan steamer calls at the Paraguay ports\\non its way into the wilds of southern Brazil. We resolve\\nto go first to Villa Concepcion, and from there to make\\nsome tours through the forests on both sides of the river.\\nShortly after leaving Asuncion the Paraguay narrows.\\nThe scenes along it are of great beauty. The banks are\\nwell wooded. We now and then see a clearing in which\\nthere is a village with orange trees hanging above the\\nthatched huts. There are more wild birds than there were\\nfarther south. Alligators are numerous, and when we\\nrise before day we now and then catch a glimpse of a\\npanther swimming across the river, as they sometimes do\\nCARP. s. AM. 15", "height": "3404", "width": "2279", "jp2-path": "carpentersgeogra01carp_0239.jp2"}, "240": {"fulltext": "234 PARAGUAY.\\nabout dawn. We pass the mouth of the river Confuso,\\nand come to land again at Villa Concepcion.\\nHere we see scores of men bringing bales of mate, or\\nParaguay tea, down to the wharves and putting them on\\nthe steamer. Mate is one of the chief exports of Para-\\nguay. It commands a high price in all South American\\ncountries below the equator, and, indeed, Paraguay pro-\\nduces so much of it every year that if the product were all\\ncooked up at once it would make a cup of tea for every\\nman, woman, and child in the world.\\nMate was used as tea before Columbus discovered\\nAmerica. The Indians induced the Spaniards to try it,\\nand it has now become the favorite beverage of many\\nSouth American nations. Argentina uses seven times as\\nmuch mate as coffee, and twenty-six times as much mate as\\nChinese or Japanese tea. Brazil, which raises more coffee\\nthan any other country in the world, uses a great deal of\\nmate, and the people of Uruguay and Chile prefer it to all\\nother drinks.\\nBut what is this tea that so tickles the South American\\npalate? It is easy to learn. There is a woman on the\\nsteamer who is drinking some now. Our cabin boy will\\nbring us a bowl if we ask him. It is served in a round\\ngourd as big as a baseball. The gourd has a handle\\nfitted into the side, and you drink your tea boiling hot.\\nA spoonful of the powdered leaves is put into the bowl,\\nthe hot water is poured in, and the tea is ready for use.\\nYou do not put the bowl to your mouth, but suck the mate\\nup through a tube. The tube is called a bombilla (bom-\\nbelVa). Sometimes it is of silver, sometimes of brass, and\\namong the poorer people often a hollow reed. The metal\\ntube ends in a bulb. This bulb is pierced with holes, so\\nthat the tea is strained as you suck it into your mouth.", "height": "3404", "width": "2279", "jp2-path": "carpentersgeogra01carp_0240.jp2"}, "241": {"fulltext": "^HE C^ACO.\\n235\\nHere comes the boy with our mate. Be careful how\\nyou put the bombilla, between your lips. The boiling tea\\nhas made it so hot that it may take off the skin. Wet\\nyour lips first and then try it. How bitter the tea is! It\\ndoes not taste at all good at first drinking, but you will\\ncome to like it, and will probably want it again and again\\nduring our tour.\\nThe tea is quite stimulating. It is said to be good for\\nthe brain, and it will refresh you when you are tired.\\nMany South Americans take nothing else for their early\\nbreakfast. If the gauchos of the Argentina pampas can\\nhave their mate in the morning the)/ will gallop on horse-\\nback all day, and be satisfied if they get their first meal\\nwhen we are eating our suppers.\\nGathering Mate.\\nWe leave the ship at Villa Concepcion and go many\\nmiles inland to see the tea forests. They are called yer-\\nbales. The plants which furnish the mate are low bushes", "height": "3404", "width": "2279", "jp2-path": "carpentersgeogra01carp_0241.jp2"}, "242": {"fulltext": "236 PAR^UAY*V\\nwhich grow among the other trees. They are much like\\nthe holly bush, and sometimes grow as high as a small\\norange tree. The leaves are green all the year round, and\\nit is the younger leaves which make the best tea.\\nThe people who gather the mate leaves are called\\nyerbateros (yer-ba-ta r\u00c2\u00bbs). They chop off the small\\nbranches and bring them in bundles to the camps which\\nhave been put up in the forest. Here there are drying\\nhouses, each consisting of a framework with an arched roof\\nof poles woven together and upheld by posts. Under the\\nroof there is a floor of clay, so well hammered down that\\nit is as hard as stone.\\nThe branches are taken from the men as soon as they\\nare brought in by other laborers, who weave them in and\\nout among the poles of the roof, so that the framework is\\nthatched with the leaves. Then a slow fire is built on the\\nclay floor, and the leaves are thus roasted until they are\\nperfectly dry. Sweet-smelling woods are used for fuel,\\nand the fires are kept up from daylight until dark, great\\ncare being taken that there be but little smoke.\\nWhen the leaves have become perfectly dry the fire is\\nremoved and the leaves are pushed through the frame-\\nwork, crumbling up as they fall to the floor. They are\\nnow pounded with flat wooden clubs until they become a\\ncoarse powder. This forms the mate of commerce.\\nThe mate powder is now ready for packing. This is\\ndone in bags of rawhide. The skin of a large ox is taken\\njust as it comes fresh from the animal, and sewed up,\\nforming a bag like a square pillowcase about three feet in\\nlength. Into this the mate is put, being so pounded down\\nthat when the bag is full it forms a solid bale. Now the\\ntop is sewed up with thongs of green hide, and the bale is\\nplaced in the sun. The 3kin dries as the sun s rays strike", "height": "3404", "width": "2279", "jp2-path": "carpentersgeogra01carp_0242.jp2"}, "243": {"fulltext": "THE CHACO.\\n237\\nit, shrinking in and pressing the mate tighter and tighter,\\nuntil the whole seems one solid rock.\\nAbout a million dollars worth of such bales of tea are\\nmade in Paraguay each year, and we shall see mule trains\\nloaded with them making their way\\ntoward Villa Concepcion and the other\\nports of the country.\\nWe meet many Indians as we go\\nthrough the forests. Some of the\\nmore civihzed are employed gathering\\nmate others are savage, and we must\\nbe careful how we go about by our-\\nselves. We find this especially so\\nin the Chaco, in which we make\\nsome journeys after coming back to\\nVilla Concepcion. The Paraguayan\\nChaco is inhabited almost entirely\\nby Indians, some of whom are of the\\nstrangest tribes of our hemisphere.\\nThere are some Indians who go\\nnaked all the year round. The Tobas, for instance, wear\\nbut Httle clothes, except when they come into the pres-\\nence of white people or cross the Paraguay river to trade.\\nThese Indians are very tall, some being six feet in height.\\nTheir skin is so thick that it is said they can walk on\\nthorny ground without sandals. The men are good hunt-\\ners and fishers, but the women do most of the work,\\nplanting the crops, cooking the meals, and weaving the\\nblankets. The Toba women tatoo themselves in blue\\nand red lines, and dye their hair yellow.\\nAnother tribe is the Lenguas. They are experts in\\ntaming wild animals and birds. Farther north there are\\nIndians who were noted as oarsmen when the Spanish\\nToba Indian,", "height": "3404", "width": "2279", "jp2-path": "carpentersgeogra01carp_0243.jp2"}, "244": {"fulltext": "238\\nPARAGUAY.\\nfirst came. They were terrible warriors, and when on\\nthe rivers they had oars tipped with spearheads, so that\\nin close combats they could use them as weapons.\\nMany of the South American Indians do not live in\\nwigwams. Some wander from place to place, having no\\nhouses whatever. Others have villages with huts so built\\ntogether that one roof of straw thatch covers several\\nIndian Family.\\nhouses. One part of the hut- is used for cooking and\\nanother for sleeping. The people sleep upon skins when\\nthey have them, otherwise on the bare ground. The\\nwomen are good cooks, and some are quite cleanly, wash-\\ning their pots and pans at the close of each meal. They\\nhave but few cooking utensils. They use shells for spoons.\\nEvery one carries his own knife, but forks are unknown.", "height": "3404", "width": "2279", "jp2-path": "carpentersgeogra01carp_0244.jp2"}, "245": {"fulltext": "THE CHACO.\\n239\\nTheir chief weapons are bows and arrows, some of the\\nIndians being so skillful that they can bring down the\\nmost savage beasts of the forest.\\nThe Chaco is a great hunting country. We can shoot\\nalligators along any of the small streams, and in traveling\\nThere are jaguars in the Chaco.\\nnear the water at night we have to step carefully, lest we\\nget our feet into their mouths. There are jaguars in the\\nChaco so strong that one of them can easily carry off an\\nox or a horse. They do not attack men unless they are\\nvery hungry, and if we meet them in the underbrush a\\nyell will usually drive them away.\\nAs we camp overnight in the forest, however, we are\\nnow and then aroused by the crack of a branch, and, look-\\ning up, see the fierce eyes of a brute flashing out of the", "height": "3404", "width": "2279", "jp2-path": "carpentersgeogra01carp_0245.jp2"}, "246": {"fulltext": "240\\nPARAGUAY.\\ndarkness. We find we have to send away our dogs. The\\njaguars hate dogs, and we are told that for this reason it\\nis dangerous to travel with them through the forest.\\nAmong the most dangerous animals of the Chaco are\\nthe wild dogs. There is one called the aguara guazu,\\nwhich is a beast of prey. It is not quite three feet long,\\nand is for all the world like a sharp-eared yellow dog with\\nblack legs. It has a sharp muzzle, and its ears are always\\nerect. It has a bushy tail like that of a fox. It has a\\nhoarse bark, which can be heard a long way off. This dog\\nlives in the\\nswamps and\\ngoes hunting\\nat night. It\\nattacks sheep\\nand cattle, and\\nwill fight for\\nits life with a\\njaguar.\\nBut what is\\nthat shrill,\\nwhistling cry\\nwhich we hear\\nnight after night as we go through the forests? That is a\\ntapir, an animal with a head much like a pig, although it is\\nas big as a pony. It is very dangerous if interfered with,\\nand its skin is so thick that it is almost impossible to kill\\nit unless you hit it just in the forehead or behind the\\nshoulder.\\nEven more dangerous, however, are the peccaries, which\\nare found in great numbers in parts of the Chaco. They\\nare little wild pigs with sharp teeth, which go in herds of\\neight or ten, and sometimes in droves of fifty or more.\\nPeccary.", "height": "3404", "width": "2279", "jp2-path": "carpentersgeogra01carp_0246.jp2"}, "247": {"fulltext": "THE CHACO.\\n241\\nThey are very ferocious, and often attack travelers who\\ncome near them on foot. If we should meet them our\\nbest way would be to climb a tree and shoot at them from\\nTapir.\\nthere. Peccaries live on roots and fallen fruits. They eat\\nthe wild oranges and the nuts of the woods, and often\\ncome at night close to the Paraguayan villages to get the\\noranges which grow in the gardens.\\nThere are many other curious beasts which live in these\\nforests. We might stay for weeks and have excellent\\nhunting, for in addition to the dangerous animals there\\nare many species of deer, antelope, and different kinds of\\nDiras. Ihe mail steamer, however, is almost due at Villa\\nConcepcion, and we must hurry back if we would go in it\\nto Brazil.", "height": "3404", "width": "2279", "jp2-path": "carpentersgeogra01carp_0247.jp2"}, "248": {"fulltext": "(242)\\nBrazil.", "height": "3404", "width": "2279", "jp2-path": "carpentersgeogra01carp_0248.jp2"}, "249": {"fulltext": "MATTO GROSSO. 243\\nXXXI. IN BRAZIL\u00e2\u0080\u0094 THE WILDS OF MATTO\\nGROSSO.\\nTO-DAY we are again on the Paraguay river. We\\nhave been travehng for some time upon it, and are\\nnow in the wilds of southern Brazil. Our ship is winding\\nin and out among mountains, at the bases of which are fern\\ntrees and tall palms. Now we go by forests which are so\\nfilled with vines and creepers that we can see only a few\\nfeet back from the banks, and we could not possibly make\\nour way into the interior without an ax or a knife.\\nWhat is that furry face with the twinkling black eyes\\nwhich grins at us out of the branches, chattering now and\\nthen, and gnashing its teeth That is a monkey. There\\nare thousands of them in these forests. That great red-\\nand-blue bird with a hooked bill as long as your finger,\\nwhich you see farther on, is a toucan. There are all sorts of\\nstrange birds in the trees.\\nThere are many wild animals. See that white deer\\nthere in the bushes. Those black things near the shore,\\nwhich look like small logs, are alligators. They have been\\ndisturbed by the waves of the steamer and are scrambling\\nupon the banks. Some are diving down into the water,\\nand others are swimming to get out of the way of our boat.\\nLook at the Indians on the other side of the river. They\\nare half naked, and they shake their spears at us as we steam\\non our way. This part of Brazil is full of wild Indians\\nthere are more Indians than whites. There are vast regions\\nfarther on to the west which have no people but savages.\\nAs we proceed, the wildness increases, save here and\\nthere where we pass farmhouses cut out of the woods.", "height": "3404", "width": "2279", "jp2-path": "carpentersgeogra01carp_0249.jp2"}, "250": {"fulltext": "!44\\nBRAZIL.\\nfrom the river and the small streams flowing into it\\nNow our boat stops at one for fresh meat. The cattle are\\nlifted on board by their horns. We are supplied with fish\\nThere\\nare so many fish\\nhere that you Jiave\\nonly to explode a\\ndynamite cartridge\\nunder the water,\\nand dozens of fish,\\nkilled by the shock,\\nwill float on their\\nbacks on all sides\\nof your boat.\\nAtthebound-\\nary of Brazil we\\npass a fortifi-\\ncation with sol-\\ndiers about it.\\nThis is Fort Co-\\nimbra a little\\nfarther on we\\npass the Brazil-\\nian arsenal of\\nGodario, and\\nsoon after this\\nreach the little city\\nof Corumba This\\nport has the only\\ncustoms house of\\nthis part of Brazil. Inspectors in blue uniforms board\\nour steamer as it stops at the wharves, and our baggage\\nmust be spread out before them.\\nWhile the steamer waits, we visit the city, which is on\\nThere are thousands of them in these forests.", "height": "3404", "width": "2279", "jp2-path": "carpentersgeogra01carp_0250.jp2"}, "251": {"fulltext": "MATTO GROSSO.\\n245\\na high bluff overlooking the river. It has about ten\\nthousand people, and it looks so much Hke Asuncion that\\nwe might think we were back among the Paraguayans,\\nwere it not that the language is strange. The people of\\nA Farmhouse.\\nCorumba all speak Portuguese. This is the language of\\nBrazil, and from now on for weeks we shall hear little else.\\nIt sounds much like Spanish, but is a little harsher and not\\nso melodious.\\nWe are now traveling in the state of Matto Grosso. The\\nwords mean Great Forest, and the state of Matto Grosso\\nis one of the wildest parts of Brazil. It has vast territories\\ncovered with woods which have never been trodden by\\nwhite men, and there are plains in it upon which thou-\\nsands of wild cattle are feeding. It is a large state, being\\ntwice as large as Texas and more than ten times as large\\nas New York. The part through which we are traveling", "height": "3404", "width": "2279", "jp2-path": "carpentersgeogra01carp_0251.jp2"}, "252": {"fulltext": "246\\nBRAZIL.\\ncontains the only white settlements, and Cuyaba (coo-\\nya-ba the city where we next stop, is its capital, the\\nmetropoHs of interior Brazil.\\nThe way we came up the Paraguay river is the only\\neasy route to Matto Grosso. There are no railroads in\\nthis part of Brazil, and although Cuyaba is not more than\\nt\\\\i iiie boundary of Brazil we pass a fortification with soldiers about it.\\nnine hundred miles from Rio de Janeiro, its officials and\\nmails have to go more than thirty-eight hundred miles to\\nreach it. They come on steamers down the Atlantic to\\nMontevideo, and then steam on through the Rio de la\\nPlata, Parana, and Paraguay to Corumba. Here smaller\\nships are taken, and they travel up other rivers until they\\nland at last at this point, which is farther by this way from\\nthe ocean than Salt Lake City is distant from Washington.\\nIt takes more than a month for a letter now to come from", "height": "3404", "width": "2279", "jp2-path": "carpentersgeogra01carp_0252.jp2"}, "253": {"fulltext": "MATTO GROSSO.\\n247\\nCuyaba.\\nRio de Janeiro to Cuyaba, but at some time a railroad will\\nbe built overland, upon which the trip can be made in less\\nthan two days.\\nAt present almost all traveling is done upon the water.\\nWe do not find horses and mules common here, and away\\nfrom the river we are offered bullocks for riding animals.\\nWe see women and men riding bullocks, the women sitting\\nastride like the men. Bullocks are used for plowing.\\nThey drag huge carts over the road, and they serve as\\npack animals. It seems very funny when we first climb\\non their backs, but we find some of them good saddle\\nbeasts, their gait being a sort of pace.\\nWe are surprised at the size of Cuyaba. It has about\\ntwenty thousand people, and, for such an out-of-the-\\nway place, many modern improvements. It has street", "height": "3404", "width": "2279", "jp2-path": "carpentersgeogra01carp_0253.jp2"}, "254": {"fulltext": "248\\nBRAZIL.\\ncars, waterworks, and a cathedral. It has colleges and\\nschools. There is music on Sunday afternoon in the\\nplaza, and we go there often at eventide to enjoy ourselves\\nunder the great palm trees,\\nwhose fanlike leaves move to\\nand fro in the breeze.\\nThe region about Cuyaba\\nis a rich farming country, and\\nwe are told that there is gold\\nin the hills near the city.\\nThere are mines close to the\\ntown, which are still being\\nworked, and after a big rain\\nthe Cuyaba boys go out and\\nsearch for grains of gold in\\nthe streets which have been\\nflooded by the streams from\\nthe hills. We are told that\\nthe boys are often well paid\\nfor their trouble, and we get down on our knees to see if\\nperhaps we can find a stray golden nugget, but, alas there\\nis nothing but sand.\\nWe spend some time in the woods near Cuyaba. They\\nare full of strange plants, one of which is exported to all\\nparts of the world. This is ipecac, a small shrub which\\ngrows in clumps or patches in the moist parts of the for-\\nests. It is often used to make children vomit when they\\nhave swallowed a penny or eaten some indigestible or\\npoisonous thing.\\nWe see Indians hunting for it as we go through the\\nforest. When they find one of the plants they pry it out\\nof the ground with a stick, raising it very carefully to save\\nall the roots, for the roots form the article of commerce.\\nAn Indian of Matto Grosso.", "height": "3404", "width": "2279", "jp2-path": "carpentersgeogra01carp_0254.jp2"}, "255": {"fulltext": "SOUTHERN BRAZIL.\\n249\\nWe are offered bullocks for riding animals.\\nAfter they are taken out they are dried for three days in\\nthe sun. They are then broken up, cleaned, and packed\\nin bags of cow s skin, and thus shipped to the factories of\\nEurope.\\nXXXII. SOUTHERN .BRAZIL.\\nWE have been travehng more than a month since we\\nleft Matto Grosso. From Cuyaba we sailed back\\ninto the Paraguay river, and on down through the Parana\\nto Montevideo. There we took a coasting steamer, and\\nwe are now making our way from port to port along the\\nshores of southern Brazil.\\nWhat an immense country Brazil is It is hard for us\\nto realize its extent. The states which look so small on the", "height": "3404", "width": "2279", "jp2-path": "carpentersgeogra01carp_0255.jp2"}, "256": {"fulltext": "250 BRAZIL.\\nmap widen out as we travel over them, and we are struck\\nwith the fact that we are in one of the large countries\\nof the world. There are only four other nations which\\nown so much land as the Brazilians. Their republic is\\nlarger than the whole United States, without Alaska and\\nour outlying islands. It is longer from north to south\\nthan the distance from Pittsburg to San Francisco, and its\\nwidth from east to west is greater than the distance from\\nNew York to Salt Lake City. It contains more than\\n3,228,000 square miles, almost half of all the land of\\nSouth America.\\nBrazil has more than half the people of South America.\\nIts population is estimated at eighteen millions. Its peo-\\nple are different in their origin as well as in their customs\\nfrom the other South Americans. Brazil was discovered\\nand settled by the Portuguese, and its people speak the\\nPortuguese tongue. We often hear South America called\\nthe Spanish-American continent. It would be quite as\\nproper to call it the Portuguese-American continent, on\\naccount of the size and population of Brazil.\\nSuch a vast territory must have many kinds of soil\\nand many climates. Brazil extends from north of the\\nequator far to the southward, and the weather of the\\ndifferent regions changes also according to their different\\nelevations above the sea. In the low Amazon valley it is\\nalmost always hot, but the winds from the ocean sweep\\nup the wide river and make some parts of it healthful.\\nSouth of the Amazon valley, a little back from the coast,\\nthe land is high, so that it has quite as salubrious a climate\\nas many parts of our country. Some of the plateaus, from\\nlack of rain, are deserts, others upon which heavy rains\\nfall are covered with woods, and upon others much farther\\nsouth can be grown all the crops of our Southern States.", "height": "3404", "width": "2279", "jp2-path": "carpentersgeogra01carp_0256.jp2"}, "257": {"fulltext": "SOUTHERN BRAZIL.\\n251\\nNear the borders of Uruguay there are pastures as good\\nas those of Argentina. There the thermometer never rises\\nabove 100\u00c2\u00b0 in the summer month of January, and there\\nin midwinter (July) there is often snow on the ground.\\nThere are vast pastures.\\nWe reach this region first as we sail along the coast.\\nWe stop at Porto Alegre (por to a-la gra), the capital of\\nthe state of Rio Grande do Sul. This state is devoted to\\nraising wheat and meat. Its pastures are much Hke those\\nof Argentina; it has beef factories such as we saw on the\\nUruguay river, in which hundreds of oxen are killed every\\nday for jerked or dried beef.\\nPorto Alegre has thirty-five thousand people. It has\\ndaily newspapers, colleges, public schools, and fine stores.\\nWe are surprised to see that the faces of more than half of\\nCARP. S, AM. 16", "height": "3404", "width": "2279", "jp2-path": "carpentersgeogra01carp_0257.jp2"}, "258": {"fulltext": "252\\nBRAZIL.\\nthe people are German. We speak German to the clerks\\nin the stores, and meet many little German children on the\\nstreets. Rio Grande do Sul is largely settled by Germans.\\nThey have come here from Europe, and find the climate\\nquite as good as that of their fatherland on the other side\\nof the Atlantic. Many of them own large farms, stores,\\nand factories.\\nLeaving Porto Alegre, we go north to Santos (san tos),\\nsail up a wide bay, and come into a harbor which is filled\\nwith ships from Europe and the United States, loading\\nand unloading freight. Santos is the chief port for a large\\npart of southern Brazil. It is where the most of the coffee\\nis shipped, and it is visited regularly by twenty lines of\\nocean steamers, which come here to bring goods and to\\ncarry away coffee to other parts of the world. We see\\nsome ships loading coffee others are taking off bags of\\nrice from India, boxes of codfish from Massachusetts and\\nNewfoundland, coal and cottons from England, and lum-\\nber from the pine lands of Maine.\\nIt is a busy scene, and we are anxious to get to the\\nshore. Now we have hired a dark-faced Portuguese boat-\\nman, and have made our way among the ships to the\\nwharves. What a strong smell of coffee surrounds us!\\nThe air is full of it. It comes from the warehouses back of\\nthe wharves, in which we see half-naked negroes shoveling\\ncoffee from piles into bags. It comes from the bags which\\nother negroes are carrying on to the steamers, and also\\nfrom those big wagons loaded with coffee on their way\\nthrough the city. Here the coffee bags are being lifted\\nby steam cranes from the wharves to the steamers there\\nmen are trotting along with bags on their backs, and over\\nthere they are carrying the bags on their heads and empty-\\ning them out on the floors of the factories, where the", "height": "3404", "width": "2279", "jp2-path": "carpentersgeogra01carp_0258.jp2"}, "259": {"fulltext": "SOUTHERN BRAZIL.\\n253\\ncoffee is to be cleaned and rebagged before it is ready for\\nshipment. We shall see more of this in Rio de Janeiro\\nlater on.\\nSantos has about twenty-five thousand people. It is a\\ntown of tw^o- and three-story houses built along narrow\\nstreets on the edge of the harbor. It is very unhealthful.\\nLoading Coffee.\\nIt frequently has yellow fever, and strangers are liable to\\nget the disease. We are warned not to stay long, and\\nhurry on to the station and take tickets for the more salu-\\nbrious city of Sao Paulo (souN pou lo), which lies on the\\nplateau over the mountains, about forty-seven miles back\\nfrom the sea.\\nThe ride is delightful. Leaving the city, we are carried\\nthrough fields of bananas, the tall plants bending down\\nwith great bunches of yellow fruit. We go through a\\njungle of tropical vegetation, and then ascend the moun-", "height": "3404", "width": "2279", "jp2-path": "carpentersgeogra01carp_0259.jp2"}, "260": {"fulltext": "254\\nBRAZIL.\\ntains, winding this way and that through a dense forest in\\nwhich there are milHons of orchids. The trees are loaded\\nwith these beautiful air plants. They are bound to-\\ngether with creepers and vines, and the whole forms a for-\\nest wall on each side of the track, so dense that we can see\\nonly a few feet through the trees.\\nA great feat of civil engineering.\\nThe railroad which takes us up the coast range is a\\ngreat feat of civil engineering. The ordinary locomo-\\ntives are uncoupled from the cars at the foot of the\\nmountains, and our train is divided into sections of two\\ncars each. Around each two cars a steel rope, or cable, is\\nwrapped, and this cable is fastened to a third car which\\nhas a brake, so that the engineers can keep it from sHding\\nback if an accident should happen on the way up. An-", "height": "3404", "width": "2279", "jp2-path": "carpentersgeogra01carp_0260.jp2"}, "261": {"fulltext": "SOUTHERN BRAZIL. 255\\nOther cable is joined to the grip car. This cable extends\\nseveral miles up the mountains to a stationary steam\\nengine. When the men on the car give a signal, the en-\\ngineer above moves a lever, and a great wheel begins to\\nrevolve, rolling up the cable, and so pulling our cars on\\ntheir way to the station. When we reach the first engine\\nhouse, another cable is attached, connecting us with an\\nengine house still higher up, and so the cars are dragged\\non until at the third station they have been taken about\\na half-mile higher up in the air than they were when they\\nstarted. At this point the cars are again fastened together,\\nand a railroad locomotive rapidly carries our train over\\na gently sloping plateau, and lands us in Sao Paulo.\\nHere we remain several days. Sao Paulo is the largest\\ncity of southern Brazil. It has about two hundred thou-\\nsand people, and it is one of the most enterprising cities of\\nthe republic.\\nIt is more like one of our own towns than any South\\nAmerican place we have yet seen. It is the capital of the\\nstate of Sao Paulo, which has some of the best of the\\ncoffee lands. The city has government buildings as good\\nas those of the State capitals of our country, and some of\\nits schoolhouses are as fine as any schoolhouse in the\\nUnited States.\\nWe stay overnight at the hotel, and upon rising take a\\nwalk through the town. It is early morning, and the\\nchildren are going to school. There are scores of bright-\\nfaced little girls without hats, in black dresses. There are\\nhttle boys wearing caps, coats, and knee breeches, but\\nwith their legs bare almost to their shoes, where their\\nshort stockings end. Each child has a bag of books in\\nhis hand; they are trudging along over the cobblestone\\nstreets.", "height": "3404", "width": "2279", "jp2-path": "carpentersgeogra01carp_0261.jp2"}, "262": {"fulltext": "256\\nBRAZIL.\\nIn Sao Paulo.\\nGet out of the way of the street cars They come in\\na train, one car following another until a dozen have\\npassed. When they are beyond the business part of the\\ncity they will branch out in various directions.\\nWhat odd cars they are Some of them are loaded\\nwith freight. These are second-class cars, intended for\\npeople going to and from market. They are used chiefly\\nby the servants, for a man with a basket or bundle is not\\nallowed to ride in a regular passenger car.\\nWhat is that queer vehicle coming this way? I mean\\nthat two-wheeled carriage drawn by the pony, with the\\nseat high up off the ground. That is a tilbury, a favorite\\nvehicle in all Brazilian cities, and well fitted for a hilly\\ntown like Sao Paulo.", "height": "3404", "width": "2279", "jp2-path": "carpentersgeogra01carp_0262.jp2"}, "263": {"fulltext": "THE LAND OF COFFEE. 257\\nWhat a lot of negroes we meet ever5^where! They\\nmake us feel as though we were at home in our southern\\nStates. Brazil has more negroes in proportion to the\\nwhites than any part of our country. It had slaves much\\nlonger than we had, but now all have been freed, and peo-\\nple of African blood have equal rights with all others.\\nHere come three Africans now. Listen to that laugh.\\nIt sounds Hke the jolly yah! yah! yah! of our dark-\\nskinned Americans. Let us wait here on the corner and\\nhear some of their jokes as they pass.\\nWhy don t we laugh? That man on the left said some-\\nthing funny, and his fellows and himself are convulsed.\\nThey are speaking quite loud, and though v/e hear what\\nthey say we cannot see the joke. They are speaking in\\nPortuguese, the language used by both colored and whites\\nin Brazil.\\nXXXIII. IN THE LAND OF COFFEE.\\nBRAZIL is the chief coffee country in the world. It\\nproduces more than two thirds of all the coffee used\\nby man. This very morning there are millions of people\\nin the United States who have had a cup of Brazihan\\ncoffee with their breakfasts. Most of the coffee we drink\\ncomes from Brazil.\\nCoffee grows best in a semitropical climate. The\\nplants must not have frost, but at the same time they must\\nnot be spoiled by the heat. The climate of many parts\\nof Brazil is just right for them. Indeed, it is said that\\ncoffee can be grown in every one of the Brazilian states.\\nThe best coffee regions, however, are to be found on the", "height": "3404", "width": "2279", "jp2-path": "carpentersgeogra01carp_0263.jp2"}, "264": {"fulltext": "258\\nBRAZIL.\\nhighlands west and south of Rio de Janeiro. Here the\\nland is from one thousand to three thousand feet above\\nthe sea. It is gently rolling, and it has thousands of hill-\\nsides which are covered with coffee plantations.\\nThe best of all coffee lands, indeed, lie in the state of\\nSao Paulo, where we now are. They are several hundred\\nmiles back from the coast, and by taking the train we can\\nvisit some of the richest coffee estates of the world.\\nThe largest plantations are so far from the city of Sao\\nPaulo that it would take us almost a day to reach them by\\nrailroad. We ride through roUing plains covered with\\ngrass now we pass clumps of palms whose tops extend\\nout like great fans, and then go on through forests of hard-\\nwood trees, the trunks of which are twisted about like\\ns\\n^^^^^Mr-,\\n^^^O^P^^^R\\nHI\\n|yKB-^\\n\u00e2\u0096\u00a0m ,_-7S\\n^i^^^SIKS^SUU^Bf^^^SBak\\nH^\\n^^^g\\n^^91\\n\u00e2\u0096\u00a0ERU^^H\\n1^\\n^9\\n^P\\n^m^^^H^H\\nH\\n^^1\\n^^H^^^^Si^^^\\nn\\n^^HfP\\nl^^H\\nBH\\nHBl.. ._._.\\n^^ss^mm\\nsSB\\nBanana Plantation.", "height": "3404", "width": "2279", "jp2-path": "carpentersgeogra01carp_0264.jp2"}, "265": {"fulltext": "THE LAND OF COFFEE.\\n259\\ncorkscrews. The trees are bound together in a mat made\\nb)^ the long vines and creepers which hang down from\\ntheir branches. Now we pass a banana plantation, and\\nnow we see lemon and orange trees in the gardens by the\\nside of the road.\\nIt is dry, for this part of Brazil has not had rain for\\nsome weeks. There is a cool wind blowing, but the air\\nwhich comes over the plowed fields is loaded with dust.\\nCoffee Plantation.\\nThe boys who peddle fruit at the stations are covered with\\ndust, and we find ourselves sneezing as the stuff gets into\\nour noses.\\nWhat queer dust it is! It is as red as brick dust, and\\neverything it touches turns red. We are soon as red as", "height": "3404", "width": "2279", "jp2-path": "carpentersgeogra01carp_0265.jp2"}, "266": {"fulltext": "26o BRAZIL.\\nSioux Indians; our collars have red streaks at the neck,\\nand our coats look as though they were dusted with Cay-\\nenne pepper. There is red on the fences and trees and on\\nthe green bushes. We see wide streaks of red cutting\\ntheir way through the reddish-green grass. Those streaks\\nare the roads, for the very ground itself under the sod is\\nthe color of pounded-up brick.\\nThis red land is the famous coffee soil of Brazil. Its\\ncolor comes from the large amount of iron mixed with the\\nother matter composing it, and the redder the soil the bet-\\nter it is thought to be for the raising of coffee.\\nAbout fifty miles from Sao Paulo the plantations begin,\\nand from there on we ride all day long among hills cov-\\nered with coffee bushes.\\nMost of the coffee is grown upon large plantations.\\nThe estate we visit has about five million trees. It is in-\\ndeed the largest coffee plantation of the world. It is so\\nlarge that we could not walk around the outside of it in\\none day, if we began when the sun rose and kept walking\\nsteadily until dark. It is so large that its managers have\\nrailroad tracks extending from the factories to all parts^of\\nit, and we are carried from one coffee field to another on\\na little steam engine which is kept for hauling the crops.\\nThe ride is a beautiful one. We spend hours going\\nthrough one coffee field after another. There is nothing\\nbut coffee bushes about us as far as our eyes can reach.\\nThe whole land is covered with a mantle of green, striped\\nhere and there with bands of bright red. The green\\nmantle is the coffee bushes, and the red stripes the\\nroads. The bushes are laid out in regular lines, and they\\nextend on and on until they lose themselves in the sky at\\nthe tops of the hills in the distance.\\nAs we proceed we can see the coffee plants in their", "height": "3404", "width": "2279", "jp2-path": "carpentersgeogra01carp_0266.jp2"}, "267": {"fulltext": "THE LAND OF COFFEE.\\n261\\ndifferent stages of growth. In some fields they are not so\\nhigh as our knees, and in others they are three times as high\\nas our heads. Here men are plowing the fields, driving\\ncarefully through the green trees, turning up the red soil.\\nThere boys are down on their knees pulling out the weeds,\\nand farther on a\\n\u00e2\u0096\u00a0gang of laborers is\\nlaying out new rows\\namong the stumps of\\nthe freshly cleared\\nland, and putting in\\ncoffee plants from\\nthe nurseries.\\nWe shall learn, as\\nwe go, what a great\\ndeal of work is re-\\nquired to produce\\neven one cup of cof-\\nfee. Upon this plan-\\ntation five thousand\\npeople are busy rais-\\ning the crop and pre-\\nparing it for the\\nmarket. In the first\\nplace, let me tell you just what the coffee beans are. As\\nyou see them in the stores they are far different from the\\ncoffee berries which are picked from the trees. The beans\\nare the seeds of the berries. You can see some of the\\nberries on that bush over there. They are just like dark-\\nred cherries. They hang in clusters close to the limbs,\\namong the green leaves. In each berry are one or two\\nseeds, which form the coffee of commerce. How they are\\ngot out we shall see at the factory later on.\\nCoffee Ti(", "height": "3404", "width": "2279", "jp2-path": "carpentersgeogra01carp_0267.jp2"}, "268": {"fulltext": "262\\nBRAZIL.\\nHere in the fields we must learn how the bushes are\\ngrown.\\nThe beans must first be sown in seed beds. They\\nsoon sprout, and Httle green plants shoot up through\\nthe soil. After a few months they have grown a foot\\nhigh. They are now ready for transplanting to the fields,\\nwhere they are to become big coffee bushes, or, as they\\nare sometimes called, cofTee trees.\\nPicking Coffee Berries.\\nThe plants are set quite deep in the ground. A little\\nbasin is dug out for each one, and at first sticks or leaves\\nare spread over it to protect it from the hot rays of the\\nsun. It is carefully hoed to keep down the weeds, and\\nwhen it is four years old it begins to bear fruit.\\nA good tree should produce three or four pounds\\nof coffee beans a year, and in the rich coffee lands of\\nSouth Brazil a tree often bears crops for thirty years, and\\nsometimes more.", "height": "3404", "width": "2279", "jp2-path": "carpentersgeogra01carp_0268.jp2"}, "269": {"fulltext": "THE LAND OF COFFEE.\\n263\\nThe coffee bushes begin to blossom in December, and\\nin April or May the berries are ripe and the picking\\nbegins. There are then hundreds of men, women, and\\nchildren moving among the bushes. They are picking the\\nripe red berries into baskets and carrying them to the cars\\nwhich are to take them to the factories on the plantation.\\nCarting Coffee.\\nDuring our journey we see here and there long rows of\\none-story houses, and near them large buildings which look\\nlike machine shops. The small houses are the homes of\\nthe laborers on the estate. The big ones are the places in\\nwhich the coffee seeds are taken out of the berries and\\nprepared for the markets. They contain machinery of\\ndifferent kinds for extracting the seeds, and near them are\\nthe drying floors, great fields paved with cement, upon\\nwhich the coffee beans are dried in the sun after they are\\ntaken out of the berries.", "height": "3404", "width": "2279", "jp2-path": "carpentersgeogra01carp_0269.jp2"}, "270": {"fulltext": "264\\nBRAZIL.\\nBut first let us see how the seeds are extracted. There\\nare some berries which have just come in from the fields.\\nTake one up and look at it. It is just like a cherry, and\\nalmost as soft. Bite into it if you will. It is not bad to\\ntaste, though it is not much Hke coffee. Just inside the\\nskin is a pulp, and within this are two half-round coffee\\nbeans with their flat sides touching each other. Take out\\nthe seeds. They do not look green like the coffee of\\ncommerce. Thev are white. Bite one of them again and\\nDrying Coffee.\\nyou find that it has two skins. The outer skin is white.\\nIt is like parchment. The inner skin is as thin as the\\nfinest tissue paper you can imagine. The outside skin is\\ncalled the parchment skin, and that within the silver skin,\\nfor it is much like silver spun out as fine as a cobweb.\\nBoth of these must be taken off before the coffee can be\\nsent to our markets.\\nThe first thing to be done is to get off the pulp. For\\nthis purpose the berries are thrown into a hopper and run", "height": "3404", "width": "2279", "jp2-path": "carpentersgeogra01carp_0270.jp2"}, "271": {"fulltext": "THE LAND OF COFFEE.\\n265\\nthrough machines which squash the pulp without hurting\\nthe seeds. By these machines the berries are reduced to\\na mush of pulp and seeds. The mush is now carried over\\na long copper cylinder about two feet in diameter. In the\\ncylinder there are hundreds of holes, each big enough for\\na coffee bean to pass through it. As the mush falls upon\\nMost of them are Italians.\\nthe cylinder, the beans go through the holes and are car-\\nried into a little canal, from which they float off into\\ngreat vats.\\nThey are next scoured clean in a tank in which a great\\nscrew moves round and round among the beans, leaving\\nthem at the end as white as snow.\\nThe next process is drying. The white beans are\\nspread out upon the drying platforms, and are left in the\\nsun for several weeks until every one of them has become\\nas dry as a bone. They are carefully watched at this", "height": "3404", "width": "2279", "jp2-path": "carpentersgeogra01carp_0271.jp2"}, "272": {"fulltext": "266 BRAZIL.\\ntime. Men stir them about with wooden rakes, so that\\nthey may be evenly dried, and cover them up at night and\\nwhen it rains, so that they may not get wet.\\nThis requires great care and much work, but when the\\nbeans are thoroughly dried they are by no means ready\\nfor sale. Each little bean has to be skinned. It has to be\\nundressed, as it were. Its parchment coat must be taken\\noff, and its silver-skin underclothes removed, so that it\\nmay be sent out in its olive-green nakedness to our mar-\\nkets.\\nTo do this it is thrown into machines which break the\\nskins. It is next carried into fanning mills, in which the\\nskins are blown out in one place in the shape of chaff, like\\nthe chaff of a thrashing machine, and the coffee seeds, now\\nolive green, flow out by themselves.\\nThe seeds are of different sizes, some large and some\\nsmall, some round and some almost flat. They must be\\nseparated and graded before they are ready for shipment.\\nThis is done by passing them over a series of sieves in\\nwhich there are holes of different sizes, so that the grains\\nof each kind are gathered together, and they flow out\\nthrough different pipes into bags, ready to be shipped to\\nthe markets of the world.\\nThe coffee bags are of one size. Each will hold one\\nhundred and thirty-two pounds. As soon as a bag is\\nfull it is sewed up at the top and dragged off to the side.\\nLater on it is taken on the cars to Rio de Janeiro or San-\\ntos, and there loaded upon ships which carry it to the\\nUnited States or to Europe.\\nWe spend some time in going about among the labor-\\ners on the estate. Most of them are Italians, who have\\ntaken the place of the negro slaves who were the coffee\\nworkers of Brazil a few years ago.", "height": "3404", "width": "2279", "jp2-path": "carpentersgeogra01carp_0272.jp2"}, "273": {"fulltext": "RIO DE JANEIRO. 267\\nWe see that the plantation is carefully managed. It\\nhas its overseers, its bookkeepers and accountants, who try\\nto see that not a cent goes to waste. There is a large\\nstore upon it, at which the laborers can buy food, and it\\nhas its own bakery, foundry, and sawmills. It is indeed\\na little world of its own, which has grown up here in the\\nheart of South America to produce the coffee which we\\ndrink at our meals.\\n3j@4\\nXXXIV. RIO DE JANEIRO.\\nWE are again on shipboard this morning. We have\\ngone back to Santos and taken the steamer for Rio,\\nand are now saiHng into its wonderful harbor. We might\\nhave traveled from Sao Paulo to Rio de Janeiro by rail,\\nbut we wish to pass through the harbor of Rio, for it is the\\nmost beautiful harbor of the whole world. It has been\\ncompared with the harbor of the Golden Horn of Con-\\nstantinople but the author has seen both places, and he\\nthinks the Bay of Rio de Janeiro far finer. This bay is\\nmuch the shape of a great pear, and is so large that all the\\nships of the world could be anchored in it at one time.\\nAbout the harbor, just a little back from its shores, rise\\nthe Organ Mountains, covered with the rich green of the\\ntropics. Some of the hills are of curious shapes. One\\nlooks like a hunchback, and the people have called it\\nthe Corcovado, a Portuguese word which means hunch-\\nback. Its top is more than a half-mile above the city, and\\nthere is a little railroad which goes up it. Another hill\\nsummit is much like the round head of a negro, the trees\\nupon it at a distance looking like the wool on the head of\\nCARP. S. AM. 17", "height": "3404", "width": "2279", "jp2-path": "carpentersgeogra01carp_0273.jp2"}, "274": {"fulltext": "26S\\nBRAZIL.\\nan African. Others remind us of battlements and forts,\\nand all together they form a great wall of green about the\\nharbor.\\nWe enter the bay at the smaller end, or the stem of the\\npear. We go in between two forts, passing through a\\nnarrow channel. On one side of us is a great mountain of\\nrock formed like a sugar loaf. It rises almost straight up\\nWe go in between two forts.\\nfrom the sea to a height greater than that of two Wash-\\nington monuments one on top of the other. On the op-\\nposite side are islands so close that at a distance we fear\\nwe may graze the shore as we steam in.\\nNow we have passed through the entrance. We are in\\na landlocked sea, upon which scores of little islands are\\nseemingly floating, and in front of us, under the mighty\\nhills, resting apparently upon the water, is the red-and-", "height": "3404", "width": "2279", "jp2-path": "carpentersgeogra01carp_0274.jp2"}, "275": {"fulltext": "RIO DE JANEIRO. 269\\nwhite city of Rio de Janeiro, looking at us through the\\nmasts of the steamers anchored in front of the town.\\nCloser still, we see that the houses are of all shapes, sizes,\\nand colors. They are roofed with red tiles, spotted with\\nmoss, and many of them are dirty with the moldy damp\\nof old age.\\nRio de Janeiro is one of the old cities of our hemisphere.\\nIt has grown up here because of its excellent harbor, and\\nbecause it is situated at such a place that goods can be\\neasily landed and carried by railroad to interior Brazil.\\nLet us stop a moment before going on shore, while I\\ntell you its history. It is called Rio de Janeiro. It is\\nalways important to know just what names mean, for from\\nthe name of a place we can often learn something of its\\norigin. It is so with Rio de Janeiro. This harbor was\\ndiscovered just ten years after Columbus landed in\\nAmerica. At that time navigators from the different\\nparts of Europe were sailing across the Atlantic to find\\nout all about the New World.\\nAmong them were two men named Joao Manoel and\\nAmerigo Vespucci. They sailed down the coast of Brazil\\nin 1 501, and when they came by the sugar loaf into the\\nbay where we now are they thought it was the mouth of\\na mighty river, so they called it Rio. The day that they\\ncame was the ist of January, and the latter part* of the\\nname was supplied by the month River of January,\\nRio de Janeiro. It was afterwards discovered that it was\\nnot a river at all, for although about twenty small rivers flow\\ndown the mountains into the harbor, its waters are more\\nan arm of the sea than the product of these little streams.\\nIt was more than fifty years after this before the first set-\\ntlement was made. About sixty-five years before the\\nPilgrim fathers crossed the Atlantic to Massachusetts, in", "height": "3404", "width": "2279", "jp2-path": "carpentersgeogra01carp_0275.jp2"}, "276": {"fulltext": "2 70 BRAZIL.\\norder that they might establish a colony where they could\\nworship God their own way, some French Huguenots emi-\\ngrated to South America, for the same reason, and chose\\nfor their settlement one of the rocky islands of this harbor.\\nHere they lived for some time but the Portuguese, who\\nclaimed all Brazil by right of discovery, made war upon\\nthem and finally drove them away. It was shortly after\\nthis that Rio de Janeiro was first started, but it was not\\nmade the capital of all Brazil until. 1 762.\\nThe city at first was slow in growing. There were\\nother cities, such as Bahia, farther north, which were much\\nmore important, and it was not until 1808 that the harbor\\nwas opened to the commerce of the world. When this\\nwas done ships from all parts of Europe began to land\\nhere, and the commerce which sprang up made Rio grow\\nvery fast.\\nRio de Janeiro was for a long time the residence of the\\nrulers sent by the King of Portugal to govern Brazil, and\\nwhen in 1822 the Brazilians broke away from Portugal and\\ndeclared their independence, much as we declared our\\nindependence of England in 1776, this place was kept as\\nthe capital.\\nBrazil did not at once become a republic. Its people\\nthought they would prefer a monarchy, and they chose\\nDom Pedro I., one of the sons of the King of Portugal, as\\ntheir ruler. He did not get along well with his subjects,\\nhowever, and seeing that he could not reign peaceably, he\\nsaid he would give up the throne if they would make his\\nlittle boy their ruler in his stead.\\nThe Brazilians agreed to do this, although little Dom\\nPedro II. was then only six years of age. The boy was\\ndeclared emperor, and some of the best men were chosen\\nto manage the government until he grew old enough to", "height": "3404", "width": "2279", "jp2-path": "carpentersgeogra01carp_0276.jp2"}, "277": {"fulltext": "RIO DE JANEIRO.\\n271\\nrule for himself. This time came when he reached sixteen,\\nand from then on for forty-seven years he was the ruler\\nof Brazil.\\nHe made a good ruler, too, for he was just and kind, and\\nanxious to do well for his people. But he had no son to\\nsucceed him, so in 1888 the Brazilians concluded they\\nwould change their government and become a repubhc.\\nDom Pedro was forced to resign, and a government much\\nlike ours was established.\\nIt was decided at this time to keep the capital at Rio de\\nJaneiro for the present, although the people are now con-\\nsidering whether it would not be better to choose another\\ncapital farther in the interior of the country.\\nDuring these different changes of government Rio de\\nJaneiro has been steadily growing. It has increased very\\nrapidly in population since\\nBrazil was declared a re-\\npublic, and it is now next\\nto Buenos Aires the larg-\\nest city in South America.\\nIt has seven hundred thou-\\nsand people, and is a great\\ncommercial center.\\nWe notice this as we\\nland at the wharves among\\nsteamers from all parts of\\nEurope. There are gangs\\nof laborers, both negroes\\nand whites, busy loading\\nand unloading boats.\\nSome of the ships taking\\non coffee are from Hamburg, Liverpool, and Lisbon, and\\nothers are loading for New York and Baltimore. There\\nThere is coffee everywhere.", "height": "3404", "width": "2279", "jp2-path": "carpentersgeogra01carp_0277.jp2"}, "278": {"fulltext": "2 ]2 BRAZIL.\\nare also many steamers discharging all sorts of goods for\\nRio de Janeiro and the interior of Brazil.\\nOver there they are taking off a cargo of jerked meat\\nwhich has come from the beef factories of Uruguay. The\\nmeat is in bags, and the men carry it out on their heads.\\nNear by is a sailing vessel from New York filled with pine\\nlumber, and next to it a ship which has thousands of boxes\\nof kerosene made from petroleum which a short time ago\\nwas under the ground in our Pennsylvania oil regions.\\nNow we are off the ship and are pushing our way\\nthrough the throng of workmen who are carrying the\\ngoods to the steamers. Most of them are negroes, and\\nsome are half naked. Nearly all of them carry burdens\\nupon their heads. See those men who are bringing in the\\ncoffee bags from the wagons.\\nEach bag weighs as much as a man, but they trot along\\nas though they were carrying feathers. They are in their\\nbare feet, and we hear the thud, thud, thud, of their foot-\\nsteps as they run to the steamer. Each man is paid a\\ncent and a half per bag, and he is therefore anxious to\\ncarry as many bags as he can.\\nNow we have left the wharves and have entered the\\ngreat coffee-exporting section of the city. There is coffee\\neverywhere. The streets are walled with warehouses in\\nwhich we see coffee piled up by the thousands of bags,\\nand we can hardly get along the sidewalk for the men\\nwho are unloading the wagons. There are scores of half-\\nnaked men carrying the bags from the carts to the ware-\\nhouses, and dozens of negro women down on their knees\\nsweeping the stray coffee beans out of the cobblestones\\nof the street that they may wash and sell them again.\\nThis building at our right is a coff ee factory, and that hum\\nis the noise of the machines which are cleaning the beans", "height": "3404", "width": "2279", "jp2-path": "carpentersgeogra01carp_0278.jp2"}, "279": {"fulltext": "RIO DE JANEIRO.\\n273\\nfor the market. Next door is the office of one of the\\nAmerican exporting houses, which does nothing but ship\\ncoffee to New York, and farther on are the commission\\nhouses which buy coffee to sell to shippers.\\nStop and listen to those knots of men on the street\\ncorners. They talk nothing but coffee. The very air\\nsmells of coffee, and we realize that we are in one of the\\ngreat coffee ports of the world.\\nThey talk nothing but coffee.\\nWe have already learned that the coffee crop is the\\nmost important crop of Brazil. The people make more\\nmoney here in coffee than in anything else, and almost\\nhalf of the coffee raised is sent to Rio de Janeiro to be\\nshipped. Here also are the stores through which the\\ncoffee planters are supplied with goods, so that through", "height": "3404", "width": "2279", "jp2-path": "carpentersgeogra01carp_0279.jp2"}, "280": {"fulltext": "274 BRAZIL.\\ncoffee Rio de Janeiro has to a large extent become what\\nit is.\\nAfter spending some time in the coffee section we take\\ncarriages for our hotel. Rio de Janeiro is too large a city\\nto see in a day. It covers all together about nine square\\nmiles, extending from the harbor back to the hills. The\\nstreets go up hill and down. They cross one another at\\nall sorts of angles, and we are unable to keep the points\\nof the compass as we are whirled this way and that in\\ngoing to the hotel.\\nXXXV. MORE ABOUT RIO.\\nWE shall take an interpreter with us this morning.\\nThe Spanish which we have learned in the South\\nAmerican capitals will be of little value in Rio de Janeiro,\\nfor the people here use Portuguese. Rio is the largest\\nPortuguese-speaking city of the world. It has more people\\nthan all the cities of Portugal combined, and the country\\ngoverned from it has a far greater population than the\\nPortuguese-speaking population of the rest of the world.\\nWe first drive rapidly over the city to get a general\\nidea of its various features. It is far different from the\\nother cities which we have visited. The streets are nar-\\nrower, and the houses are taller and of a different shape.\\nIn some streets they are of three and four stories, and in\\nthe business sections we find that thousands of people live\\nabove the stores, having no yards, and taking their airing\\non the balconies which extend along the houses from story\\nto story.\\nIn the residence parts of the city the windows facing the", "height": "3404", "width": "2279", "jp2-path": "carpentersgeogra01carp_0280.jp2"}, "281": {"fulltext": "RIO DE JANEIRO. 275\\nStreet are usually open, and out of nearly every window\\nwomen and girls lean and stare at us as we go along. It\\nseems to us that all the women of the city are at the win-\\ndows, and our guide tells us that this is the chief occu-\\npation of the feminine part of the population. The\\nbetter-class women seldom go out except to church.\\nTheir customs are much the same as those of the women\\nof the Spanish- American cities.\\nThe guide tells us that Brazilian girls do not associate\\nwith the young men, and that the girls of Rio are backward\\nand bashful. We ask, if this is so, how it comes that they\\nbeckon, by crooking their fingers, to friends in the street\\ncars which are passing, and that now and then they make\\nmotions to people over the way. He replies that these\\nmotions are mere salutations, they mean Good day\\nor Good-by, and that the girls are only saluting their\\ngirl friends on the opposite side of the street or those who\\nride by in the cars.\\nWe visit the business parts of the city. The stores are\\nfine, and there are well-dressed men everywhere. Rio has\\nmany rich people, and the streets are thronged with buyers\\nand sellers. Here we are in the Rua do Ouvidor (roo a\\ndo ooVe-dor). This is the chief business street of Rio de\\nJaneiro. It might be called the Broadway of the BraziHan\\nmetropolis.\\nWhat a queer street it is! It is not wider than one of\\nour alleys, but it is walled with bright-colored three- and\\nfour-story buildings, which seem to lean toward each\\nother as though to shut out the sun. From the first\\nstories flagpoles extend out over the street so that they\\nalmost meet in the center, and between the poles are\\narches of iron gaspipes connecting the buildings and\\nforming a canopy, as it were, over the Ouvidor.", "height": "3404", "width": "2279", "jp2-path": "carpentersgeogra01carp_0281.jp2"}, "282": {"fulltext": "276\\nBRAZIL.\\nMoving along under this canopy of poles and pipes is\\none of the strangest crowds of the world. There are\\npeople of all nations about us. We see the faces of Ital-\\nians, Portuguese, Spaniards, French, Brazilians, and Eng-\\nlish. There are natty politicians dressed in black with tall\\nhats, and there are merchants\\nin business suits. There are\\nItalian vegetable peddlers with\\nbaskets fastened to poles on their\\nshoulders, and half-naked negro\\nporters moving along with loads\\non their heads. There are bare-\\nheaded women and smartly\\ndressed boys moving to and fro,\\nforming all together such a hu-\\nman mixture as you will see no-\\nwhere else on earth.\\nSome of the people are shop-\\nping. Others have come to sell,\\nand many to gossip and chat with\\ntheir friends. The Ouvidor is\\nRio s great promenade, and many men meet their friends\\nhere instead of asking them to come to their houses.\\nNow we have left the Ouvidor and are passing through\\nthe side streets. What a lot of peddlers there are!\\nNearly all the hucksters of Rio carry their vegetables,\\nfruits, and fish from house to house on their shoulders or\\nupon their heads, instead of in carts or on donkeys. Here\\ncomes a man selling fish. He has his stock in two baskets\\nfastened to the ends of a pole which rests on his shoul-\\nders. Behind him trots a man loaded down with long\\nstrings of onions. He has stopped at that house over\\nthere and is selling a string to the cook. The stems of\\nRio Peddlers.", "height": "3404", "width": "2279", "jp2-path": "carpentersgeogra01carp_0282.jp2"}, "283": {"fulltext": "RIO DE JANEIRO.\\n277\\nthe onions are so braided together with straw that they can\\nbe sold by the foot or yard. You may see stalls in the\\nmarkets where only onions are sold.\\nBut what is that squawking and crowing we hear in the\\nnext block? It comes from the wicker crate which that\\nold negro woman is carrying on the top of her head. It\\ncontains three geese and four chickens. She is a chicken\\npeddler, and she thus carries live fowls through the streets.\\nBut here is another queer character. I mean that man\\non the opposite side of the street, who is clapping two sticks\\ntogether. See the door opens\\nand a woman asks him to enter.\\nThat man is a cloth peddler, his\\nsticks are a part of his yard\\nmeasure, and that clapping is\\nthe sign of his trade. Many of\\nthe women do not like to go to\\nthe stores, preferring to buy\\ntheir goods of peddlers like\\nhim.\\nAnd so we go on meeting\\none odd character after an-\\nother, now accosted by boys\\nselling papers, and now by\\npeddlers with candies and fruit.\\nThe strangest sights of all are\\nthe porters who carry huge loads on their heads. There\\ngoes one with a box on his crown which must weigh two\\nhundred pounds. Behind him is a group of eight negroes\\nwho are moving along w^ith a huge crate above them.\\nLook closely and you will see inside the crate. It con-\\ntains a piano, and they are carrying it on their heads from\\none part of the town to another.\\nOnion Stall in the Market.", "height": "3404", "width": "2279", "jp2-path": "carpentersgeogra01carp_0283.jp2"}, "284": {"fulltext": "278\\nBRAZIL.\\nBut let us leave the business streets and visit the parks.\\nWe shall find them everywhere in and about the city,\\nand shall know them by the royal palm trees which rise\\nhigh above the rest of the vegetation and with quivering\\nbranches seem to wave us an invitation to enter. We are\\nin the tropics, and the plants which we raise in our hot-\\nhouses are to be\\nfound here grow-\\ning wild.\\nWe take a street\\ncar and ride for\\nseven miles along\\nthe bay and by\\nthe residences of\\nrich Brazilians to\\nthe BotanicalGar-\\nden. This has\\nplants and trees\\nfrom all parts of\\nBrazil. It has\\nsome of the most\\nwonderful palm\\ntrees of the world.\\nAs we enter the\\ngate we come\\ninto an avenue\\nAn avenue of royal palms.\\nof royal palms, each of which is as tall as an eight-story\\nhouse, although it is not more than a yard in diameter at\\nthe ground. There are more than a hundred of these\\nmagnificent trees lining the sides of the avenue. They\\nrise in symmetrical shafts of silver gray, without a branch,\\nfor almost one hundred feet, and then shoot out into a\\ncanopy of fernhke green leaves. The avenue is not wider", "height": "3404", "width": "2279", "jp2-path": "carpentersgeogra01carp_0284.jp2"}, "285": {"fulltext": "RIO DE JANEIRO.\\n279\\nthan an alley, and we seem to be walking between two\\nfiles of giant soldiers, the plumes on their hats quivering\\nin the breeze above us and almost shutting out the blue\\nof the sky.\\nCrossing this avenue at right angles through the mid-\\ndle of the garden is another avenue of these same palm\\ntrees, and running from it here and there are gravel walks\\nshaded by curious trees. We wander through groves of\\nWe wander through groves of feathery bamboos.\\nfeathery bamboos, stalks of green cane fifty feet long,\\nwhose leaves interlock, forming a dense shade from the\\ntropical sun. The bamboo groves are the favorite parts\\nof the garden for picnics, and we see family parties sit-\\nting in them sipping their coffee.\\nWe find here strange trees from all parts of the world.\\nHere is a cinnamon tree, which grows perhaps best in the\\nisland of Ceylon. It has pale-yellow flowers, but its chief", "height": "3404", "width": "2279", "jp2-path": "carpentersgeogra01carp_0285.jp2"}, "286": {"fulltext": "28o\\nBRAZIL.\\nvalue Is from the bark, which we use to flavor our pickles,\\nand from which also comes cinnamon oil. That tree\\nfarther on is a clove tree. It is an evergreen, about\\ntwenty feet high, producing one of the spices of commerce.\\nThen there are camphor trees and cork trees, and so many\\nvarieties of palms that we cannot describe them. There\\nare all sorts of flowers, shrubs, and bushes. There are\\ni^P^MBiiiiil\\nE\\n-m\\nii^iir:^i^ ^MsmRm\\nIV\\n^^^^P^^^iiwHP^P :5 .^^:1f WS^ i\\n1\\n-i i^^^^^^B^^^ ^mStw^lS^Si\\nWm^^\\n\u00e2\u0096\u00a0^^-^M^KKS mUSM\\np\\nmm\\n||ilWB|BiBnWi^Mg^^ ^K\u00c2\u00a3*- jijH^v\\nWe go over ravines.\\norchids of every variety, and great trees covered with\\nblossoms. There are coffee plants of all sizes, and many\\ntea shrubs, such as you see on the hillsides of China and\\nJapan.\\nWe might spend a long time in the Botanical Garden,\\nbut the hour for closing soon comes, and we take the cars\\nagain for our hotel. Later on we make tours over the\\nlittle railroads which run from Rio de Janeiro up into the", "height": "3404", "width": "2279", "jp2-path": "carpentersgeogra01carp_0286.jp2"}, "287": {"fulltext": "RIO DE JANEIRO. 281\\nmountains. There are a number of such roads. Their\\ntracks are just like those which take you to the top of\\nMount Washington and up to Pikes Peak.\\nEach track consists of two rails, with a ladderlike rail in\\nthe center. Upon this central rail moves a cogwheel at-\\ntached to the engine, whose other wheels rest on the track.\\nThe engine is behind instead of in front of the train, and\\nit puffs and puffs, as it pushes us up the mountains through\\nwonders of tropical scenery. We go over ravines hundreds\\nof feet deep, and about mountain walls more than a thou-\\nsand feet high. Now we seem to cling to the sides of the\\nrock, and again great w^alls of rock hang over us, and we\\ntremble as we think they might fall.\\nThe air here is moist, and at times we are riding through\\nclouds. As we go higher we have magnificent views of\\nthe city and harbor, and on the top of the Corcovado we\\nstand upon a rocky peak, amid some of the grandest views\\nof the world.\\nI The great city of Rio and its beautiful harbor is just\\nbelow us, but so far down that the houses look no bigger\\nthan dog kennels as they lie there skirting the water.\\nThe sea beyond has become a bed of sapphire under the\\nrays of the sun, and upon it are rocky islands of curious\\nshapes, while all about it rise mountain on mountain and\\nhill upon hill.\\nSee those four huge ocean steamers which are sailing in\\nsingle file by the sugar loaf out to the sea. They look\\nlike canoes at this distance, but they are great ships loaded\\nwith coffee for Europe, New York, and New Zealand.\\nThe last one will pass down through the Strait of Magel-\\nlan, and will go almost half around the world before it\\nreaches its haven.\\nThere are other fine views on our way to Petropolis, a", "height": "3404", "width": "2279", "jp2-path": "carpentersgeogra01carp_0287.jp2"}, "288": {"fulltext": "282\\nBRAZIL.\\nbeautiful city of twenty-five thousand people, in the tops\\nof the mountains just back of Rio. The region about it\\nis so picturesque that it has been called the Switzerland of\\nBrazil, and we shall find here the summer homes of many\\nwell-to-do Brazilians.\\nIt is here that our minister to Brazil and the other for-\\neign diplomats live. The city of Rio is often unhealthful.\\nPetropolis.\\nIt has at times an epidemic of yellow fever, which is so\\nbad for foreigners that of those who take it almost all die.\\nThe air of the seacoast is hot and stuffy. We find it\\nmore bracing as the httle cog engine pushes us on up\\nthe hills, and when we land in PetropoHs we seem to be in\\na different world. We spend some days in wandering\\nabout through the mountains enjoying the scenery,\\nthen go back to Rio and take ship for the north.\\nand", "height": "3404", "width": "2279", "jp2-path": "carpentersgeogra01carp_0288.jp2"}, "289": {"fulltext": "BAHIA.\\n283\\nXXXVL BAHIA AND THE DIAMOND MINES.\\nWE are in Bahia to-day. We have sailed tliree days\\nnorth from Rio de Janeiro on our slow coasting\\nsteamer, and have come to anchor in the great Bay of San\\nSalvador, under the bluffs on which most of the city is\\nbuilt. These bluffs rise almost straight up from the water,\\nhaving only a narrow strip of land between them and the\\nsea.\\nUpon this strip are the great wholesale importing and\\nexporting houses, and upon the bluff are tall, bright-col-\\nored buildings, with feathery palms rising above them,\\nquivering in the breeze. The bluff is so abrupt that ele-\\nvators have been built to carry the people from one part\\nof the town to the other, for it is very difficult to climb the\\nBahia.\\nCARP, S. AM. 18", "height": "3404", "width": "2279", "jp2-path": "carpentersgeogra01carp_0289.jp2"}, "290": {"fulltext": "284\\nBRAZIL.\\nsteep roadway which goes up the side of the hills. In the\\npast sedan chairs were used, and those who could afford\\nit were thus carried up on the shoulders of men.\\nAs we look at Bahia from our ship it seems very large.\\nIt is the second city in size in Brazil, and one of great com-\\nmercial importance. It is the capital of the second largest\\nStreet Scene.\\nstate of the country, and exports quantities of tobacco,\\ncotton, and hides. It is a cultured city, and is noted for\\nits hospitals and schools.\\nThe Bay of San Salvador is about as large as that of\\nRio de Janeiro. There are more than a score of ocean\\nsteamers, numerous coasting ships, and a hundred small\\nboats at anchor within it. There are many lighters or\\nbarges which are used to carry the goods between the", "height": "3404", "width": "2279", "jp2-path": "carpentersgeogra01carp_0290.jp2"}, "291": {"fulltext": "BAHIA.\\n285\\nsteamers and the shore. AH the craft have swung with\\nthe tide, and their noses are turned toward the city, so that\\nwe can easily imagine them a great naval fleet on its way\\nto capture Bahia.\\nBahia has had its share of invasions. It is one of the\\nmost interesting towns of South America historically, and\\nis one of the oldest cities of Brazil. It had fifteen thousand\\npeople more than half a century before Boston was founded,\\nand for two hundred years thereafter it was the capital of\\nBrazil. It continued to be the chief city until coffee be-\\ngan to be raised in great quantities farther south, when\\nRio de Janeiro surpassed it.\\nThe country about Bahia is so rich and the harbor so\\ngood that for many years some of the other nations of\\nEurope coveted it. The Dutch\\ntook it several times and held\\nit for years, and at one time it\\nwas besieged by the English.\\nIt was for many years one of\\nthe chief centers for the slave\\ntrade of Brazil. It was one of\\nthe ports nearest Africa, and the\\nnegroes could be kidnaped and\\ncarried across the Atlantic into\\nthis bay. So many slaves w^ere\\nbrought that in the year 1800\\nmore than half the people of\\nBrazil were slaves. A great\\nmany of the slaves who were\\nbrought to North America\\ncame to Bahia first, and indeed\\nthe slave trade went on secretly long after the rest of the\\nworld thought it was stopped.\\nPoliceman.", "height": "3404", "width": "2279", "jp2-path": "carpentersgeogra01carp_0291.jp2"}, "292": {"fulltext": "286\\nBRAZIL.\\nThis was not a long time ago, and as we land upon the\\nwharves we notice that there are far more negroes than\\nwhites in the lower part of the city. Negro women sit\\nupon the streets, with piles of fruit about them negro\\nmen are loading and un-\\nloading the steamers,\\ncarrying huge bags and\\nbundles on their heads\\nand in the narrow side\\nstreets Httle black babies,\\nas naked as when they\\nwere born, are crawling\\nover the cobblestones.\\nThere is a boy of eight\\nwho is playing horse.\\nHe has a httle stick be-\\ntween his legs, and he is\\ngoing on the gallop, al-\\nthough he has not a\\nstitch on him.\\nHow fat the women\\nare The negresses of\\nBahia are noted for their\\nenormous size. Many\\nof them weigh more than two hundred pounds, and their\\nflesh fairly shakes as they carry themselves over the street.\\nEach woman wears a turban of white or some gay color,\\nand her dress is much like a long white nightgown with a\\ndeep lace edging at the shoulders, through the meshes of\\nwhich you can see her black skin. This lace is a matter\\nof pride with these women. Each makes her own lace,\\nand the gowns of many are beautifully worked.\\nSome have gold bracelets on their arms and gold chains\\nEach woman wears a turban.", "height": "3404", "width": "2279", "jp2-path": "carpentersgeogra01carp_0292.jp2"}, "293": {"fulltext": "BAHIA.\\n287\\nabout their necks, and we learn that many negroes have\\ngrown rich since they became free.\\nWe find, as we continue our travels in Brazil, that the\\nblack man has here as many rights as the white man.\\nMany of the white people have intermarried with the\\nnegroes, and there are milHons of mulattoes in Brazil.\\nThe races are so intermingled that it is hard to tell who\\nare pure whites or pure blacks.\\nPlacer Mining.\\nSome of the negroes are very intelligent. During a\\nvisit to Brazil I found that the editor of one of the\\nchief daily newspapers of Rio de Janeiro was a negro, and\\nI was introduced to the archbishop of the province of\\nAmazonas, whose face was as black as that of any African\\nnegro. There are colored men and women at almost\\nevery hotel table, and in the dining room of the steamers\\nthere are as many colored people at the table as whites.", "height": "3404", "width": "2279", "jp2-path": "carpentersgeogra01carp_0293.jp2"}, "294": {"fulltext": "288\\nBRAZIL.\\nWe spend some time in Bahia v^isiting its cotton and\\ntobacco factories. We see cartloads of hides and bales\\nof goatskins brought in from the country. They are to\\nbe shipped to America to be made into shoes. We are\\ntold that the state of Bahia is rich agriculturally, and also\\nthat it has some of the best minerals of Brazil.\\nWe are not accustomed to think of Brazil as a land of\\nminerals. It has, however, gold, silver, iron, or coal in\\nThe mining is done in a rude way.\\nnearly every one of its states. Vast quantities of gold\\nhave been taken from Minas-Geraes (me nas-zha-ra es), a\\nstate south of Bahia^ and the placer mines of Bahia yield\\nlarge golden nuggets. The mining is done in a rude way,\\nthe men digging the gravel up with hoes, and washing it\\nout in the streams in bowls much like those we use to\\nmake bread.\\nThe state of Bahia has the best diamond mines of", "height": "3404", "width": "2279", "jp2-path": "carpentersgeogra01carp_0294.jp2"}, "295": {"fulltext": "BAHIA.\\n289\\nBrazil. It had for many years the richest diamond fields\\nof the world, and it was noted for its precious stones until\\n1867, when the diamond fields of South Africa were dis-\\ncovered. Since then the best diamonds have come from\\nAfrica, although thousands of dollars worth are still annu-\\nally mined in Brazil.\\nThe best diamond mines are far back of the city of\\nBahia, in the mountains at the head waters of the river\\nParaguacu. We go to them on\\nboats and on mules we can\\nmake but few miles a day, and\\nit takes a long time.\\nThe diamonds are found in\\nthe gravel which lies upon a bed\\nof clay at the bottom of the river.\\nThe stream is quite deep, and\\nthe mining is usually done in\\nthe shallower places where there\\nare not more than twenty feet of\\nwater, and where, owing to a\\nbend in the river, the current is\\nnot strong.\\nA long pole is first driven\\ndown into the bed of the stream.\\nThen two miners in a dugout\\ncanoe row out to the pole. One man remains in the boat,\\nand the other, who is naked, dives down to the bottom.\\nThe diver has a big bag with him, the mouth of which is\\nheld open by an iron hoop. He rests the hoop on the\\nriverbed, and scrapes the gravel into the bag until he has\\nfilled it, when he climbs with it up the pole to the boat.\\nThe divers often remain under the water for more than a\\nminute at a time.\\nNegro Woman of Bahia.", "height": "3404", "width": "2279", "jp2-path": "carpentersgeogra01carp_0295.jp2"}, "296": {"fulltext": "290 BRAZIL.\\nThe bag of gravel is taken in the boat to the shore and\\nemptied out upon the bank some distance back from the\\nwater, and the men then row back to the pole for more.\\nThis work goes steadily on through the dry season, for as\\nsoon as the rains begin the river gets so high that it is too\\ndeep to mine.\\nThen the men stop and wash over the gravel, looking\\ncarefully for diamonds and other valuable stones called\\ncarbons. Often many bushels of gravel must be handled\\nbefore a diamond or a carbon is found.\\nThe work is often very disappointing, and it requires\\ngreat care and patience, but sometimes one little stone\\ngives the miners a great reward for a whole season s work.\\nWhen the mines were at their best only about one dia-\\nmond a week was discovered, but the stones were so valu-\\nable that the few which were found brought for many\\nyears almost a million dollars a year.\\nThe most of the diamonds now being discovered are\\nsmall. They are shipped from the mines to Bahia, and\\nfrom there sent to Europe to be cut into shape for jewelry,\\nor for use in cutting glass or polishing gems.\\nThe carbons are really impure or black diamonds.\\nThey are about as hard as a diamond, but are more porous.\\nThey are used for fine boring machines and for polishing\\nvery hard substances. They are found in all sizes, from\\nlittle ones as small as a grain of sand to some which weigh\\nhundreds of carats. A carat is a weight so small that it\\ntakes one hundred and fifty of them to make one ounce\\ntroy. It is the measure for diamonds and precious stones,\\nand is therefore used for carbons. Not long ago carbons\\nwere selling for twenty dollars a carat, or so much that\\none large carbon which was recently found brought twenty\\nthousand dollars.", "height": "3404", "width": "2279", "jp2-path": "carpentersgeogra01carp_0296.jp2"}, "297": {"fulltext": "ALONG THE COAST. 29I\\nXXXVII. ALONG THE COAST OF BRAZIL.\\nOUR travels of the next few weeks, comprised in this\\nchapter, are along the coast of Brazil. We have\\ntaken a little Brazilian steamer at Bahia for Para, at the\\nmouth of the Amazon. The distance looks quite short on\\nthe map, but it is more than two thousand miles, and as\\nwe move slowly along from city to city, stopping a day\\nat each principal port to load and unload, it takes several\\nweeks.\\nWe first visit Maceo, the capital of the state of Algoas.\\nThis state lies between the San Francisco river and the\\nstate of Pernambuco. It is about as large as West Vir-\\nginia, and is as thickly settled as Maine. The majority of\\nits people are colored, and many of them are engaged in\\nraising tobacco and cotton.\\nMaceo has about twenty-five thousand people. It is a\\ncity of one-story houses, built close to the streets and\\npainted in the brightest of colors. Its houses are roofed\\nwith red tiles, and some are moss-grown with age. At\\nthe windows we see girls and women leaning out, just\\nas we did in Rio de Janeiro, and, save that there are more\\nnegroes, the people look much the same.\\nOur next stop is at Pernambuco. This city is almost as\\nlarge as Bahia. It is the capital of the state of Pernam-\\nbuco, which produces vast quantities of sugar and cotton\\nand the finest of goatskins and hides.\\nThe proper name of the city is not Pernambuco, as it\\nis often called, but Recife. The word Recife means\\nreef, and this is the city of the reef. We see the reason\\nfor the name as we enter the harbor, which is formed by\\na great tongue of rock which here extends two or three", "height": "3404", "width": "2279", "jp2-path": "carpentersgeogra01carp_0297.jp2"}, "298": {"fulltext": "292\\nBRAZIL.\\nmiles out into the sea, making a tank or harbor not half\\na mile wide, but so deep that ocean steamers can come in\\nand anchor. The rock extends out like a wall, and as we\\nlook at it we can hardly imagine that it was not all built\\nThe rock extends out like a wall.\\nby man. It does not rise very high above the level of\\nthe ocean, but so high that a low wall upon it suffices to\\nprevent the waves from coming into the bay.\\nAs we go in there is a heavy wind from the east, and\\nthe waves seem to gnash their teeth as they throw them-\\nselves against this stone wall, sending up masses of snow-\\nwhite foam in their anger. Our ship has been rolling\\nabout on the ocean. Inside the harbor we lie perfectly\\nquiet, and there is hardly a ripple, notwithstanding the\\nbillows outside. It is the first port at which the European\\nsteamers stop after leaving Lisbon, and more than one\\nthousand ships call here every year,", "height": "3404", "width": "2279", "jp2-path": "carpentersgeogra01carp_0298.jp2"}, "299": {"fulltext": "ALONG THE COAST.\\n293\\nWe are now near a stone wharf, back of which are many\\ngreat buildings filled with goods ready for shipment. A\\nshort distance above us are steamers taking on bales of\\ncotton, and beside us is one unloading a cargo of dried\\nbeef from Montevideo.\\nWe land, and, taking the street cars, are carried over one\\nbridge after another. We go by horses loaded with cot-\\nton, carts pulled by oxen in shafts, and on into the city.\\nPernambuco has many canals, and its bridges remind us\\nof Venice. It has many fine buildings. It has some\\nThe villages are of thatched huts.\\nStores and houses whose walls are faced with porcelain\\ntiles imported from Europe. Its people pride themselves\\non their business ability, and it has indeed a great trade.\\nAt Parahyba, still farther north, w^e have a chance to\\ntake a railroad ride into the interior during the waiting of\\nthe steamer. The train takes us for miles through groves\\nof cocoanut palms. The vegetation is dense, and we see", "height": "3404", "width": "2279", "jp2-path": "carpentersgeogra01carp_0299.jp2"}, "300": {"fulltext": "294 BRAZIL.\\nStrange birds and strange animals in the trees. The par-\\nrots screech at us, and Httle monkeys, or marmosets, mon-\\nkeys so small that you could put them into your pockets,\\nscamper about through the branches.\\nThe villages are of thatched huts with walls of mud or\\npalm leaves. They have no glass windows, and the doors\\nare of woven palm leaves, so light that they can be lifted\\naway during the day. Naked children play about the\\nstreets, and half-naked black, brown, yellow, and white\\nmen and women stare at us as we go through.\\nCotton Cart.\\nMost of the country is wild, and such farming as we see\\nis done with the ax and the hoe. The ax is used to\\ncut down the trees or bushes, after which the field is\\nburned over, and the crops sown without plowing. In\\nraising corn the grains are dropped upon the ground and\\ncovered. The soil is so rich that they quickly sprout, and\\nafter this it is necessary only to hoe down the weeds to\\nproduce a crop. Cotton is cultivated in much the same way.\\nThere is plenty of rain here, and everything grows well.", "height": "3404", "width": "2279", "jp2-path": "carpentersgeogra01carp_0300.jp2"}, "301": {"fulltext": "ALONG THE COAST.\\n295\\nFarther back from the coast are the highlands of Brazil,\\nand a little farther north, in the state of Ceara (sa-a-ra\\nat the port of which we next stop, the country is almost\\nall high. It is a rolling country with mountain chains run-\\nning through it, a part of the Brazilian highlands which is\\noften subject to droughts.\\nWhen there is plenty of rain the crops are rich and\\neverything is green and fresh, but during a long dry spell\\nthe land becomes as bare as the Desert of Sahara. Such\\ntimes do not often occur, but when they do many of the\\npeople starve, and in the drought of 1877 and 1878 more\\nthan half of the whole population died of famine.\\nThe port of Ceara often bears the name of Ceara on the\\nmap. Its Brazilian name is Fortaleza. It has one of the\\nworst landing places on the east coast of South America.\\nThere is no pier, and we\\nare carried from our boat\\nto the shore in the arms\\nof half-naked men, who\\ncharge us each eight cents\\na trip. The waves are\\nrolling in on the beach as\\nwe walk through them\\nsuspended only a few\\ninches above the water,\\nand we tremble at what\\nmight happen if our bear-\\ners should slip on a stone.\\nThe town of Fortaleza\\nhas about fifty thousand\\npeople. It is a beautiful peddler.\\ncity, with bright-colored houses, clean streets, and well-\\ndressed people. We visit the market to learn what is raised", "height": "3404", "width": "2279", "jp2-path": "carpentersgeogra01carp_0301.jp2"}, "302": {"fulltext": "296\\nBRAZIL.\\nin the country. We then take donkeys and ride through\\nthe city, and have time for a jaunt in the suburbs.\\nThe street scenes are interesting, and every turn brings\\na new picture. We pass everywhere men and women\\ncarrying all sorts of things on their heads. There is a\\nStreet Scene.\\nbarefooted negress walking briskly along with a pumpkin\\nbalanced on the top of her head, and behind comes a boy\\ncarrying a two-bushel bag of flour in the same way. See,\\nhe has stopped there at that fence, and without lowering\\nor touching his burden has lifted up his leg to the first\\nboard, and is industriously searching for something that is\\nbiting him.\\nHere comes a water peddler. He is driving a donkey,\\nto the sides of which are slung four five-gallon, casks.\\nBehind him is a man with two horses, each of which carries\\na load of wood. The wood is fastened to the sides of the", "height": "3404", "width": "2279", "jp2-path": "carpentersgeogra01carp_0302.jp2"}, "303": {"fulltext": "ALONG THE COAST.\\n297\\nhorses by wooden hooks made of forked Hmbs tied on hke\\na pack saddle.\\nDo you see that cow over there with the milkman be-\\nside her, on his knees, squeezing the milk into a bucket?\\nThe calf stands behind it is tied to its mother s tail with a\\nrope. The calf has a muzzle upon it to keep it from feed-\\ning, and it thus goes along, tantalized by smelhng and see-\\nIn the Country.\\ning the food w^iich it cannot get at. That man is a milk\\npeddler. He drives the cow from house to house and\\nmilks her to order. You would think that this w^ould pre-\\nvent his watering the milk. It does as a rule, but some\\nmilkmen, it is said, have water bags concealed in their\\nshirts, with a pipe running down the sleeve to their hands,\\nso that they can squeeze water in along with the milk.\\nNow we have left the city and are out in the country.\\nWe ride by banana fields, orange trees, and palm groves.", "height": "3404", "width": "2279", "jp2-path": "carpentersgeogra01carp_0303.jp2"}, "304": {"fulltext": "298\\nBRAZIL.\\nThere is one palm tree which grows wild in this region\\nwhich produces more things, perhaps, than any other tree\\nin the world. This is the carnauba palm. Its trunk is\\nused for rafters and building material, and from its roots\\nis made a medicine like sarsaparilla. The small trees are\\nused as vegetables, and from them wine and vinegar are\\nmade, as well as a starch like sago,\\nand a kind of sugar. Its fruit is a\\ngood food for cattle, the pulp hav-\\ning an agreeable taste, and the nut\\nis sometimes used as a substitute\\nfor cofifee. The pith of this tree is\\nas light as cork, and of the wood\\nof the stem musical instruments\\nare sometimes made.\\nWhen tapped the tree gives forth\\na white liquid much like the milk\\nof a cocoanut, and of the strawlike\\nbark, which grows on its trunk,\\nhats, brooms, and baskets are made.\\nThe straw is also used for thatch-\\ning houses. From the leaves a\\nwax is obtained which is manufactured into candles, and\\nwhich is extensively used in the states of northern Brazil.\\nCeara produces as much as two million pounds of this wax\\nin a year.\\nAnother thing for which Ceara is noted is its parrots.\\nThey are said to be among the best talking birds of the\\nworld. They are of a beautiful green-and-blue color, with\\na bit of red on the wings and neck, but are smaller than\\nmost other parrots. We are met in the markets by men\\ncarrying parrots, and they follow us down to our boat and\\nbeseech us to buy. We find we can get good ones for\\nParrot Peddler.", "height": "3404", "width": "2279", "jp2-path": "carpentersgeogra01carp_0304.jp2"}, "305": {"fulltext": "VALLEY OF THE AMAZON. 299\\nabout two dollars apiece, but alas they speak Portuguese,\\nand before we can enjoy them they will have to be taught\\na new language. We take a number with us on the\\nsteamer, however, and amuse ourselves during the rest of\\nour journey in giving the parrots lessons in elocution.\\nThe weather grows warmer as we move farther north,\\nstopping at one port after another. We sail along for\\nalmost a day only a little south of the equator, and anchor\\nat last at the city of Para, in one of the mouths of the\\nAmazon.\\nXXXVIII. THE VALLEY OF THE AMAZON,\\nOR THE KING OF RIVERS.\\nBEFORE we begin our travels up the Amazon let us\\nconsider the wonderful region into which we are\\ngoing. The Amazon is the king of rivers, and it flows\\nthrough the greatest river valley of the world. It is\\nindeed more like an inclined plane than a valley. Its\\nwidth is about as great as the distance from New York to\\nSalt Lake City. The hills slope down to it gradually on\\nthe north and south.\\nAt its back are the great Andes, and from the foot of\\nthese it slopes downward toward the sea so gradually that\\nin this long distance of about two thousand miles, or\\ngreater than the distance from New York to Denver, the\\nfall is only two hundred feet. This is so little that, if the\\nAmazon valley were free from trees and you and I were\\nriding over it in a wagon, it would appear to be a level\\nplain. The fall is only a little more than an inch to a mile.\\nThe fall is so gentle that you would hardly think the\\nCARP. S. AM. 19", "height": "3404", "width": "2279", "jp2-path": "carpentersgeogra01carp_0305.jp2"}, "306": {"fulltext": "300\\nBRAZIL.\\nwater would flow at all but it does flow, and it goes in\\nsuch a mighty volume that it carries with it vast quanti-\\nties of the earth washings of the mountains. It would\\ntake miUions of horses, working day and night, to haul\\ndown the mud which it is carrying into the Atlantic.\\nThere is so much of this mud that for a day before we\\ngot to Para we were saihng through yellow water. In-\\n^^^^^^^^^^^^H^__\u00e2\u0080\u0094 7\\nA Home on the Amazon.\\ndeed, it is said that the waters of the ocean are stained by\\nthe mud five hundred miles from the mouth, and bits of\\ntree trunks and vegetation from the Andes have been seen\\nfloating four hundred miles out in the ocean, having trav-\\neled almost as far from their homes in the mountains as the\\ndistance across our continent.\\nIs not this a wonderful river? How does it happen that\\nit comes to be just where it is? What can be the cause", "height": "3404", "width": "2279", "jp2-path": "carpentersgeogra01carp_0306.jp2"}, "307": {"fulltext": "VALLEY OF THE AMAZON. 3OI\\nof such a great volume of water, which can thus keep on\\nflowing day and night, year in and year out, from one Hfe-\\ntime to another?\\nLet us see first how the Amazon valley was formed.\\nMany geologists believe that there was here a great sea\\nor strait joining the Atlantic and Pacific oceans. South\\nAmerica then consisted of two great divisions. On the\\nnorth were the highlands of Guiana, Venezuela, and Co-\\nlombia, and on the south were the highlands of Brazil and\\nthe remainder of South America, and between them the\\nwaters. Then there was a great upheaval of the earth at\\nthe westward. The Andes were thrown up out of the\\ndepths, and the basin of the strait was so raised that the\\nwaters flowed down into the Atlantic, and the Amazon\\nvalley was formed.\\nSo the salt waters were taken away. Now let us see\\nwhence this perpetual flow of fresh water comes. It\\nis brought here by the trade winds, which fill them-\\nselves full of water as they cross the Atlantic. They are\\nloaded when they reach the coast of Brazil, and they\\nsweep up the wide trough of the Amazon valley, drop-\\nping their rain as they rise and cool in their journey to\\nthe mountains. They drop more and more as they go to\\nthe westward, and the water falling over this vast surface\\nis carried by countless streams into the trough known as\\nthe Amazon river. So much water falls that the Amazon\\nvalley is perhaps the rainiest region of the world. There\\nis so much rain, indeed, that if the mouth of the river\\ncould be dammed up by a great dike a vast sea would\\nsoon be formed.\\nIt is estimated that so much rain falls that if it did not\\nflow off, and remained where it fell, the vast valley would\\nbe so covered with water in a single year that the tallest", "height": "3404", "width": "2279", "jp2-path": "carpentersgeogra01carp_0307.jp2"}, "308": {"fulltext": "302\\nBRAZIL.\\nman could drown anywhere in it. The average rainfall is\\nseventy-two inches per annum, and where we are now\\nenough rain falls every year to cover the ground with\\nwater to the depth of a fifteen -story house.\\nExploring the Amazon.\\nAs we stand on the deck of the steamer we notice that\\nthe air is full of moisture. Para has a heavy rain almost\\nevery afternoon, and its people make their appointments to\\ncall after the daily shower. We shall find the air moist\\nall the way up to the Andes, and we must take out our\\nknives, cameras, and guns every day or so and clean them.\\nThe air is so wet that anything steel will rust in your\\npockets, and a gun loaded overnight will be so damp that\\nit will not go off in the morning. We must not be sur-", "height": "3404", "width": "2279", "jp2-path": "carpentersgeogra01carp_0308.jp2"}, "309": {"fulltext": "VALLEY OF THE AMAZON. 303\\nprised to find little moldy spots on our black shoes when\\nwe get up, and such of us as are carrying photographic\\nmaterials had better seal them up in tins, for the dampness\\nwill spoil them.\\nWe are, fortunately, on the Amazon when the water is\\nlow. The great river for almost two thousand miles from\\nthe sea is now only from two to five miles in width. Dur-\\ning the rainy seasons of November and February it rises\\nand slowly climbs up to from thirty to fifty feet above its\\npresent level. At such times it floods much of this low\\nvalley, and thousands of square miles are for months cov-\\nered with water. The river then flows in and out among\\nthe tops of the trees, and the valley for a thousand miles\\nback from the Atlantic is a great inland sea from fifteen to\\none hundred miles wide. In the dry times you may see\\nvast stretches of meadows which are made by such floods,\\nwhere the water lies for months upon the land, so long that\\nthe trees will not grow upon it. The result is the pasture\\nfields of the Amazon, which at times of flood are vast lakes.\\nThe most of the valley, however, is a forest, in which\\nthere are no paths, and through which we can go only\\nupon the streams in canoes or boats. There are so many\\nstreams, however, that the most of the forest can be\\nreached by water. The Amazon in its long course receives\\nmore than one hundred rivers, into which flow a myriad\\nof brooks. Of its rivers eight are said each to have a\\nnavigable length of more than one thousand miles. Up\\nthese rivers you can go on the north until you are very\\nclose to the head waters of the Orinoco so close that you\\ncould carry your boat and go down in it to the Atlantic\\nOcean. On the south you could sail up the Tapajos so\\nfar that, with a very short trip, you could drag your canoe\\ninto the tributaries of the Paraguay and Parana.", "height": "3404", "width": "2279", "jp2-path": "carpentersgeogra01carp_0309.jp2"}, "310": {"fulltext": "304\\nBRAZIL.\\nThe Amazon system is unquestionably the greatest\\nupon the globe, and the river itself will surprise us more\\nas we travel upon it. We shall go in a big ocean steamer\\nto Manaos (ma-na 6s), on the Rio Negro, and we may\\n^S -iii^ kiyHHHHI\\n1\\n^nHBRj^^n H^Hnlp\\nAn Amazon Alligator.\\nthere take smaller steamers which will carry us on the\\nAmazon to Iquitos, Peru, more than twenty-three hundred\\nmiles from the Atlantic.\\nIf the Hudson river, which empties into the Atlantic at\\nNew York, were a great stream flowing through our con-\\ntinent from the west, so that we could enter it and sail\\nclear across the land to Salt Lake City on a steamer, we\\nshould have about the same condition of transportation as\\nprevails on the Amazon. We might indeed almost cross\\nthe continent by water, for the Pacific is not very many\\nmiles from Iquitos. We could hire mules there and thus\\nmake our way over the Andes to the coast.", "height": "3404", "width": "2279", "jp2-path": "carpentersgeogra01carp_0310.jp2"}, "311": {"fulltext": "PARA.\\n305\\nXXXIX. PARA, THE METROPOLIS OF THE\\nAMAZON.\\nBEFORE we start on our tour up the Amazon we\\nmust explore the city of Para. It Hes in front of us,\\nback of the masts of those saihng vessels and steamers\\nHning the shore. There is a row of tall palms between it\\nand the river. They rise high above that line of white\\nand bright-colored houses, and their quivering branches\\nare swaying in the wind from the sea.\\nThe city seems small, but the land is so low that we can\\nsee but little of it from the steamer. It runs far back from\\nthe water. It is as large as Indianapolis, and has a vast\\ntrade with all parts of the Amazon valley. The ships\\namong which we are moving have come from far up the\\nriver. There is a side-wheel steamer which has a load of\\nmanioc and cacao from the Madeira. It has brought it\\nmore than a thousand miles to Para. That ship beside it,\\nwith the canvas over its deck, under which are numerous\\nhammocks in which people are lying, is about to start up\\nthe Tocantins river, and that boat filled with rubber has\\nbeen floated down from the wilds of Bohvia.\\nSee that steamer over there with the English flag flying\\nfrom its mast. It is loaded for Liverpool. The great\\nvessel beside it, with the dense smoke pouring from its\\nfunnel, is a Portuguese ship starting out for Lisbon, and\\nfarther over you may see a big cargo steamer just in from\\nNew York. It has brought down kerosene, hardware,\\npine lumber, and codfish to be sold in Para, and it will carry\\nback great boxes of rubber to be used in our factories.\\nWhat a busy stream it is through which we move as we", "height": "3404", "width": "2279", "jp2-path": "carpentersgeogra01carp_0311.jp2"}, "312": {"fulltext": "3o6\\nBRAZIL.\\ngo to the wharf! We pass hundreds of sailboats filled\\nwith vegetables and fruit, and countless dugouts being\\npaddled swiftly along toward the shore. Now we are at\\nthe landing, and the cargadores begin to load and unload\\nthe steamer. They work in their bare feet, carrying the\\nWharves at Para.\\ngoods in and out of the ship on their heads. Their faces\\nare of all shades of white, brown, and black. Among\\nthem are negroes from Jamaica, and Spaniards, Portu-\\nguese, and mulattoes from all parts of Brazil.\\nWe push our way through them and walk on into the\\nbusiness sections of Para. The buildings are of three or\\nfour stories. They are built close to the sidewalks along\\nnarrow streets, and their walls are of all colors, some\\nbeing faced with blue, yellow, and green porcelain tiles.\\nHow big the shops are! They have large stocks of", "height": "3404", "width": "2279", "jp2-path": "carpentersgeogra01carp_0312.jp2"}, "313": {"fulltext": "PARA.\\n307\\ngoods, some piled upon the pavements outside the store-\\nrooms. That block over there is chiefly filled with dry-\\ngoods estabhshments. See the bright-colored caHcoes\\nand white cottons which hang on the walls outside the\\nshops, and among them the numerous hammocks. The\\nhammocks are of all grades and all prices. Some are a\\nHow big the shops are\\nlacework of fine threads, and others are mere strips of can-\\nvas. Hammocks are the beds of the Amazon valley, and\\nwe m^ust buy some before we go up the river.\\nWe shall need them to sit in by day, and in many\\nplaces they will serve us as our beds at night. There\\nare places on the boats in which hammocks can be swung,\\nand in our camps in the woods the branches of the trees", "height": "3404", "width": "2279", "jp2-path": "carpentersgeogra01carp_0313.jp2"}, "314": {"fulltext": "3o8\\nBRAZIL.\\nwill serve for support. We are now in the tropics, and\\nshall find hammocks much cooler than beds. They are\\nalso much safer, for the bugs, ants, and snakes cannot\\ncrawl into them so easily as they could into a bed.\\nWe take the street cars and ride through one business\\nblock after another, realizing as we do so the immense\\ntrade of Para. We go by beautiful parks, filled with\\npalms and other tropical trees, and on into streets well\\nshaded, past the homes of the rich Paranese. The houses\\nAlong the River, Para.\\nhere are fine. The windows are filled with women and\\ngirls looking out. Some sit and lean on the sills, and\\nothers, beautifully dressed in silk gowns, hold in their arms\\nnaked babies. Soon we reach the edge of the city and\\ncome to the dense forest out of which Para has been cut.", "height": "3404", "width": "2279", "jp2-path": "carpentersgeogra01carp_0314.jp2"}, "315": {"fulltext": "PARA.\\n309\\nWe walk a few blocks, and return to the wharf through\\na different section of the city. We stop at that part of the\\nriver where fruits, vegetables, and merchandise are brought\\nfrom the neighboring islands in small boats. The scene\\nhere is a bright one. There are scores of gayly dressed\\nnegro women peddling all sorts of things. There are\\nwomen and men trotting along with great burdens on\\ntheir heads, and people of all classes buying and selling\\nfish, fruit, and vegetables, and some queer merchandise.\\nBanana Market.\\nSee that great pile of baskets which has just been\\nbrought in from the boats. They look like round peach\\nbaskets and are lined and covered with green palm leaves.\\nA crowd has gathered about them, and the people are\\nbuying them and carrying them off on their heads. What\\ncan they be? Let us open a basket and see. We lift up", "height": "3404", "width": "2279", "jp2-path": "carpentersgeogra01carp_0315.jp2"}, "316": {"fulltext": "310\\nBRAZIL.\\nthe palm leaves and find that it is filled with coarse meal\\nit is white, and it looks much like ground popcorn. We\\ntaste it. It makes us think of sawdust. It is manioc\\nflour, an article which forms\\nthe food of the people of\\na great part of Brazil. It\\nis very nutritious. Indeed,\\nwe consume great quantities\\nof manioc ourselves, for it is\\nfrom it that the tapioca which we\\nuse in soups and puddings is made.\\nFrom the wharves we go to the\\nmarkets. The fruits remind us of\\nEcuador, and show us that we are\\nagain in the lands of the equator.\\nWe buy deHcious pineapples and\\ncocoanuts for a few cents apiece,\\nand the bananas and oranges\\nare so ripe that they almost\\nmelt in our mouths. There\\nare quantities of black tobacco\\nin long twists, some as big\\naround as a baseball bat; and\\npeddlers bring us parrots and monkeys and ask us to buy.\\nIn the market we see many vultures. They sit on the\\nroofs about the court, ready to swoop down and eat up the\\nscraps of meat thrown away by the butchers. Vultures\\nare the scavengers of the Amazon, and are never killed\\nby the people. They are quite tame, and if they were\\nnot so disgusting we might easily catch them and pet\\nthem.\\nBut what is that on the head of the man who is going\\nout of the door of the market house? It is as big around\\nWe see many vultures.", "height": "3404", "width": "2279", "jp2-path": "carpentersgeogra01carp_0316.jp2"}, "317": {"fulltext": "PARA. 311\\nas a washtub and about a foot thick. See, it is alive! It\\nis a turtle which is lying upon its back; it is poking its\\nhead in and out of its shell as the man carries it off. That\\nis one of the big turtles of the Amazon. They are found\\nnear Para, and exist in large quantities in most parts of the\\n-i^|r\\nis\\nSee it is alive!\\nAmazon basin. They have their breeding places, where\\nthey go in countless numbers at certain times of the year.\\nThey dig holes in the sand and lay their eggs there. The\\neggs are about as big as hens eggs, and have a leathery\\nskin instead of a shell. Each turtle lays about one hun-\\ndred and twenty eggs, and millions upon millions are\\ndeposited in these laying places.\\nThe people learn where they are. They go to them in\\ncrowds and dig up the eggs, and use them to make turtle\\noil or turtle butter. The yolks of the eggs contain much\\noil. The egg hunters fill their canoes with the eggs and\\nthen pound them to a jelly with sticks, or tread them into", "height": "3404", "width": "2279", "jp2-path": "carpentersgeogra01carp_0317.jp2"}, "318": {"fulltext": "312\\nBRAZIL.\\na mush with their\\nfeet. After this some\\nwater is poured into\\nthe mixture, and it is\\nallowed to stand in\\nthe sun. In a short\\ntime the oil rises to\\nthe surface. It is\\nskimmed off and fur-\\nther purified by being\\nboiled in copper ket-\\ntles. It is used large-\\nly for burning and\\nsometimes for cook-\\ning.\\nWhile hunting the\\neggs many little tur-\\ntles are caught. These\\nare esteemed great delicacies. They are sold by dozens\\nin strings. We see many in the markets, and find that\\nthey are delicious when roasted.\\nStreet in Para.\\nXL. IN THE LAND OF RUBBER.\\nOUR travels during the next few days shall be devoted\\nto the rubber industry of the Amazon valley. Para\\nis the chief rubber port of the world, and in its warehouses\\nwe can see how rubber is packed for the markets. There\\nare many rubber trees in the forests which grow on the\\nislands near the mouth of the Amazon. These islands we", "height": "3404", "width": "2279", "jp2-path": "carpentersgeogra01carp_0318.jp2"}, "319": {"fulltext": "RUBBER. 313\\ncan reach by a steam launch, and we have arranged to\\nvisit a rubber plantation.\\nBut first let me tell you a little about this wonderful\\nproduct. Rubber has now become one of the most im-\\nportant materials used by man. A century ago it was not\\nknown as being of value except for rubbing out pencil\\nmarks. Now it is used in many kinds of machinery. It\\nkeeps us dry in wet weather, and in the cities even the\\nhorses have rubber coats. We ride over the streets on\\nrubber tires. We wade through the wet in rubber boots,\\nand race horses are shod with rubber shoes. During one\\nyear the pubhc school children of New York used more\\nthan five tons of rubber ink erasers, and rubber bands are\\nconsumed by the million in our large business cities. There\\nare indeed so many uses for rubber that we cannot enu-\\nmerate them so many that rubber grows more and more\\ncostly every year, and the business of gathering it in-\\ncreases.\\nThe best rubber, and indeed the most of the good rub-\\nber, comes from the Amazon valley. It is made from the\\nsap of the Siphonia elastica, a forest tree which grows wild\\nin this region. It is found scattered over a district as\\nlarge as all the United States east of the Mississippi river,\\nextending from the mouth of the Amazon westward to\\nthe wilds of Peru, and on the south running far down into\\nBoHvia and Matto Grosso, Brazil.\\nThe rubber tree flourishes best in land which is flooded\\nduring part of the year. Ground which is always above\\nwater, or which has not good drainage, will not do for it.\\nThe very best conditions for the growth of such trees exist\\nsouth of the Amazon, and also upon the islands and low-\\nlands not far from its mouth.\\nThe trees from which the rubber now comes are not", "height": "3404", "width": "2279", "jp2-path": "carpentersgeogra01carp_0319.jp2"}, "320": {"fulltext": "314 BRAZIL.\\ncultivated. They might be and probably will be raised on\\nplantations when the wild trees are worn out and the de-\\nmand for rubber increases. Each rubber tree bears many\\nseeds. Its fruit is like a horse-chestnut, three seeds being-\\nfound in each shell. When it is ripe the shell bursts with\\na noise like a firecracker and throws the nuts to some dis-\\ntance. There are so many nuts on each tree that it is said\\na man could easily gather enough in a day to plant a hun-\\ndred acres of land. The seeds after planting grow rapidly.\\nThey must have plenty of moisture and heat, but must be\\nshaded from the direct rays of the sun. After a time they\\ncan be transplanted, and if set out in the right soil they\\nwill thrive without cultivation.\\nIt takes from fifteen to twenty years, however, before\\nthe trees will produce enough rubber sap to pay the pro-\\nprietor, and this is so long that at present the people pre-\\nfer to hunt for and tap the wild trees. There are thousands\\nof men doing this in the different parts of the Amazon\\nvalley. In some places Indians are employed to gather\\nthe rubber, and there are rubber camps thousands of miles\\ninland from where we now are. Indeed, some of the\\nrubber which is shipped from Para has to travel as far in\\ngetting to that port as it does in going from Para to New\\nYork.\\nOur steam launch leaves Para in the evening, and we\\nspend all night upon the Amazon. How bright the stars\\nare, and how the moon shines here in the soft air of the\\ntropics! Our hammocks are slung from the roof of the\\nboat, and the warm wind from the ocean fans us to sleep.\\nWe ride all night through one narrow channel after an-\\nother, and when we awake we are at the house of a rub-\\nber planter. A little wharf made of wood extends from\\nhis front door out into the river, and as we step out of the", "height": "3404", "width": "2279", "jp2-path": "carpentersgeogra01carp_0320.jp2"}, "321": {"fulltext": "RUBBER. 315\\nboat we are within a few yards of the house. It is a low,\\none-story building, roofed with red tiles, with a wide\\nveranda about it. At one end is a storeroom filled with\\nthe groceries and dry goods which the planter sells to\\nhis rubber gatherers, and on the veranda itself are piles\\nof what look like smoked hams, but which are really lumps\\nof rubber ready to be shipped to market. The planter\\ngives us a breakfast of coffee and rolls, and later we walk\\nwith him through the dense forest, winding our way this\\nway and that from one rubber tree to another.\\nHow interesting it is, and how different from what we\\nimagined! We have heard of rubber groves and rubber\\nforests. There is no such thing in nature. The trees are\\nwidely scattered. They are so far apart that each man\\nhas to walk several miles in gathering his sap for the day.\\nEach man has his own trees to attend to, ranging from\\nsixty to one hundred and fifty trees,* according to the dis-\\ntance between them, and this number is called a path or\\nroad. The size of a rubber plantation is estimated by the\\nnumber of paths or roads it contains. The roads are mere\\nfootpaths which lead through the forest from one rubber\\ntree to another.\\nWe are winding our way along such a path now. Let\\nus stop at one of the trees and look at it. It is different\\nfrom the other trees about it, but it is not at all like the\\nrubber trees or plants which we have in our hothouses.\\nThey are lean plants with enormous, thick leaves of smooth,\\npolished green.\\nThat rubber tree there has a trunk as big around as\\nyour waist. It is a great forest tree, and its leaves are some-\\nwhat like those of the Enghsh ash. Look up and see how\\nsmooth the bark is. It is of a whitish gray, and at a dis-\\ntance of twelve feet above the ground it shines almost like\\nCARP. S. AM.\u00e2\u0080\u0094 20", "height": "3404", "width": "2279", "jp2-path": "carpentersgeogra01carp_0321.jp2"}, "322": {"fulltext": "3i6\\nBRAZIL.\\nsilver. Farther down it is scarred, black, and warty, with\\nstreaks of yellow matter here and there in the bark, as\\nif melted beeswax\\nhad been poured\\nupon it. Take out\\nyour knife and dig\\nup a bit of the wax,\\nso you can catch\\nhold of it. Now\\npull at it. You can\\nstretch it from six\\ninches to a foot from\\nthe tree before it\\ncomes off. That is\\ncoarse rubber, the\\nremains of the sap\\nwhich has dried on\\nthe tree. It will all\\nbe pulled out and\\nsaved, although it\\nwill be sold at a\\nmuch lower price\\nthan the better vari-\\neties which we shall\\nsee made later on.\\nBut here comes, the rubber gatherer to tap the tree for\\nthe day. He has a little tomahawk, or hatchet, the blade\\nof which is just about an inch wide, and a lot of tin cups\\nof the size of an egg cup. With the hatchet he makes a\\ngash in the bark, just deep enough to go through without\\ncutting the wood. As he pulls back the hatchet a white\\nf^uid begins to ooze out. It is just like milk, and makes\\nus think of the juice of the milkweed. The fluid comes\\nTapping a Rubber Tree.", "height": "3404", "width": "2279", "jp2-path": "carpentersgeogra01carp_0322.jp2"}, "323": {"fulltext": "RUBBER\\n317\\nout in great drops, and the man takes one of the little tin\\ncups and fastens it into the tree just under the wound, so\\nthat the milk drops down into the cup. He now makes\\ntwo or three other gashes in the tree, fitting each gash\\nwith its cup, and then goes on to the next. He continues\\nhis work until every tree in his path has been tapped.\\n|^^bS|^liHH|\\nffv ^^^i\\nw^p^MBB\\n\u00e2\u0096\u00a0^p^ J ^^T ffr^\\nl^J^S^^^^gS^ i Jt- iB^\\n^^^^-^^ff^^t nm^^m\\n^^^HH\\n^^^M ^^^^F \u00e2\u0096\u00a0g\\n^c^^t ffil^l^^^l\\nPr^^^y\\ns^isW^\\nfea^-.JH^^^\\nK^^^M\\nCollecting Rubber Sap.\\nThe proprietor shows us how slowly the sap runs. He\\ntells us that only a few tablespoonfuls can be gathered\\nfrom each wound in a day. The sap flows best in the\\nmorning, and it is along about noon that the rubber man\\ncomes back to empty the milk out into a gourd or bucket.\\nThe amount collected varies according to the richness of\\nthe trees, but if a man can gather two quarts of milk in\\none day from his path he thinks he has done very well.", "height": "3404", "width": "2279", "jp2-path": "carpentersgeogra01carp_0323.jp2"}, "324": {"fulltext": "3i8\\nBRAZIL.\\nThe next process is turning the milky sap into the\\nrubber of commerce. This is very important. The sap\\ncoagulates, or becomes hard, upon exposure to the air,\\nand if it is not properly treated it turns to coarse rub-\\nber and must be sold for low prices. The fine rubber is\\ncured by smoking, and the best rubber comes from the\\nsap which is smoked a few hours after it is gathered.\\nOur planter makes very fine rubber, and his men are\\nrequired to cure their\\nrubber sap as soon\\nas they return from\\nthe forest.\\nThere goes a man\\nnow with a bucket\\ncontaining two quarts\\nof sap which he has\\njust brought from the\\ntrees. Let us follow\\nhim and see the pro-\\ncess of curing. We\\ngo with him to an\\nopen shed, and watch\\nhim pour the sap\\ninto a great bowl as\\nlarge as those we use\\nifi mixing bread. See\\nhow white the sap\\nis! It looks just like\\nmilk. It tastes sweet,\\ng^|^|M\u00c2\u00bbtJ^.\\nw^^\\n^^^^^^g\\n1\\n1\\nH\\n3@^^c^^^~*\\n^m\\n1\\n^1\\n1 _ Ijifr\\ni\\nE\\n1\\ns^^^-r.\\nH\\n1\\n1\\n1\\nSmoking the Sap.\\nand is so thin that you could easily drink it.\\nNow the man stoops down and builds a fire of palm\\nnuts in one corner of the hut under a clay chimney raised\\na little from the floor. The chimney is so small that its", "height": "3404", "width": "2279", "jp2-path": "carpentersgeogra01carp_0324.jp2"}, "325": {"fulltext": "RUBBER\\n319\\ntop does not reach so high\\nas our waists. See how the\\nand watch that dense smoke which pours out\\nnuts burn\\nthrough the chimney.\\nNotice the man. He has taken a long paddle and\\nthrust the end of it into the milk. It comes out as white\\nas snow. The milk has stuck to the paddle. The man\\nnow thrusts the end of the paddle into the smoke, twisting\\nit rapidly about as he does so, so that no drop of the\\nprecious sap may fall into the fire.\\nRubber Gatherers.\\nAs the smoke touches it the rubber thickens and har-\\ndens its white becomes streaked with brown by the smoke.\\nIt has soon coated the paddle like varnish. Now the man\\nthrusts the paddle again into the milk bowl. When he\\nbrings it out there is a fresh coat of rubber sap on it ready\\nfor smoking. This is hardened in the same way, and the\\nman so continues until he has built up about the end of", "height": "3404", "width": "2279", "jp2-path": "carpentersgeogra01carp_0325.jp2"}, "326": {"fulltext": "320 BRAZIL.\\nthe paddle a mass of rubber as large as a six-pound\\nham. Now he takes a knife and makes a cut in one side.\\nHe pulls off the rubber and carries it to the house, where\\nit is piled up with other lumps for shipment to Para, and\\nthence to factories all over the world.\\nAfter dinner the planter tells us that he will return to\\nPara with us if we will allow him to tie his boat to our\\nlaunch. We gladly consent, and our little steamboat\\ntakes not only the boat, but a big shipment of rubber.\\nThe rubber hams are carried by men down the wharf and\\npiled up in the boat. There are hundreds of them, and\\nthe boatload represents a vast deal of money.\\nGood rubber is worth so much that a lump as big as a\\nbaseball will sell for a dollar. The rubber has to be care-\\nfully handled. When one of the hams falls on the wharf\\nit bounces high up into the air and rolls about so that we\\nlaugh when we see the men trying to catch it again.\\nAt Para our load of rubber is put into carts and carried\\nto one of the great warehouses for shipment. The buyers\\nlook each piece carefully over. They cut it in two to see\\nthat the rubber is pure all the way through. They weigh\\nit and pack it up in great pine boxes, each of which holds\\nbetween three and four hundred pounds. In such boxes\\nit is shipped to the United States and to Europe.\\n3^@ C\\nXLI. A TRIP ON THE AMAZON.\\nOUR next trip is to be up the Amazon. We shall\\ntravel several weeks on the river, but we might spend\\nyears and not see all of its wonders. Lying in our ham-\\nmocks on the deck of the steamer, we float for miles out", "height": "3404", "width": "2279", "jp2-path": "carpentersgeogra01carp_0326.jp2"}, "327": {"fulltext": "TRIP ON THE AMAZON. 32 1\\nand in between walls of forest trees a hundred feet high.\\nNow we are close to one bank of the river, and now we\\nhave crossed and are traveling near the dense vegetation\\nof the opposite side. At times we go for miles in mid-\\nstream, where the river is so wide that the forests make two\\nfaint lines of blue on the right and left. Now we are\\nsteaming out and in between islands so close to the land\\nthat we can see into the huts of the rubber gatherers and\\nothers who have made their rude homes on the banks of\\nthe river.\\nWe are passing one on the right. It is not more than\\nfifteen feet square. It is a rude hut thatched with palm\\nleaves, with holes in the walls for windows. There is a shed\\nat one side, and in this there are two hammocks, in each of\\nwhich a woman is lying. We see other huts farther on.\\nEach hut has its boats tied to the shore. The owners rush\\nto the banks and pull up the boats at the approach of the\\nsteamer. Sometimes they jump into them and row out\\nfrom the land to prevent the waves made by the ship from\\noverturning their boats or filling them with water.\\nThe most of the boats are dugouts, although at the\\nlarger houses there are rowboats, some of which are\\npainted in bright colors. It is only by boats that the\\npeople can go from one place to another. There are no\\nroads through the dense forests of the Amazon. Each\\nhut has a little clearing about it, but there are few open\\nspaces which are more than an acre in size, except farther\\nup where the cacao trees have been planted, and in the\\npastures made by the floods of which we have already\\nlearned.\\nWe have often heard of the tropical forest. We find it\\ninteresting, but far different from what we supposed. It\\nis not a great mass of palm trees. Most of it is made", "height": "3404", "width": "2279", "jp2-path": "carpentersgeogra01carp_0327.jp2"}, "328": {"fulltext": "322 BRAZIL.\\nUp of giant forest trees, not unlike some we have in the\\ntemperate zone, and as we steam up the river a mile or so\\nfrom the shore, it looks just like our forests at home. As\\nwe get closer, however, we see here and there the broad\\nleaves of the palms shining against the lighter green of\\nother trees.\\nThere are hundreds of feathery creepers, air plants,\\nwhich hang like strands of green silk down from the\\nbranches of these great forest giants. There is a dead\\nlimb clothed with orchids. Farther over a great round\\nmass of blue flowers rises out of the green. That is a tree\\nin blossom, and if you look to the right you may see other\\nvast bunches of white, yellow, and purple, the flowers of\\nother forest trees which grow only along the Amazon.\\nThere are trees here, as tall as the tallest trees of our for-\\nests, each of whose tops forms a bouquet of violet blue\\nas big as a haystack. They rise, surrounded by green, a\\nhundred feet above us. There are stacks of buttercups\\naway up in the air, and we now and then see trees loaded\\nwith flowers much like tiger lilies, only they have a tinge\\nof red mixed with their yellow and black, which makes\\nthem more beautiful.\\nClose to the shore in many places the trees rise like a\\nwall up from the water. Many of them are a hundred\\nfeet high, and the creepers and vines which crawl up their\\ntrunks and wind this way and that in a tangled mass are\\nso thick that it is almost impossible to cut your way\\nthrough them. The bark of most of the trees is of a\\nwhitish gray. Some of the trunks are so twisted and\\nribbed that they look like mighty cables of white taffy\\nwhich have been braided together to support the vast\\nmass of foliage above them.\\nOne of the noblest trees of all rises high above the", "height": "3404", "width": "2279", "jp2-path": "carpentersgeogra01carp_0328.jp2"}, "329": {"fulltext": "TRIP ON THE AMAZON.\\n323\\nothers. This is the tree which produces the Brazil nut.\\nIt grows to a height of one hundred and fifty feet, with\\nmagnificent foHage of large dark-green leaves. Its fruit\\nis of the shape of our black walnut, save that it is larger\\naround than the largest baseball. It has an outer skin like\\na walnut, with a similar hard shell within, and inside the\\nhard shell are the long, three-cornered Brazil nuts which\\nare sold in the stores. There are often twenty nuts in one\\nOn the Rio Negro.\\nshell. The nuts are gathered and carried in boats to Para,\\nwhere the shells are broken and the Brazil nuts of com-\\nmerce taken out. The nuts are quite heavy, and we trem-\\nble when we get o^ now and then at a landing and walk\\nunder the trees, for fear some may drop on our heads. We\\nhear monkeys chattering in the branches, and fear that\\nthey may throw the nuts at us from the tops of the trees.", "height": "3404", "width": "2279", "jp2-path": "carpentersgeogra01carp_0329.jp2"}, "330": {"fulltext": "324 BRAZIL.\\nWe see also the trees that produce the sapucai a nut.\\nThis is almost as big as a football. It is of the shape of\\nan urn with a nicely fitting lid. When it is ripe the Hd\\nfalls off and the nuts within drop out.\\nThe channel of the Amazon is very wide for a long dis-\\ntance from its mouth. At the town of Obidos (o-be dos),\\nfive hundred miles from the Atlantic, it narrows, and its\\nimmense volume pours through a channel about a mile\\nwide. The current here is so strong that our steamer\\ndoes not rely on its anchor alone, but has also a cable by\\nwhich it is tied to a tree on the bank. We wait for some\\nhours, and during the stay are taken in canoes to the\\nshore. The town is a collection of rude houses built along\\nthree or four narrow streets.\\nObidos has a factory for making chocolate, and we learn\\nthat there are many cacao plantations near by. We see\\nmore cacao trees as we sail on our way up the river.\\nThe orchards line the south bank of the Amazon for miles.\\nThe cacao trees are about twenty feet high. They\\nbranch up in sprouts from the bottom. Some of them are\\nloaded with what look like small melons or squashes.\\nThis is the cacao fruit, inside of which are the seeds which\\nform the cacao bean of commerce. They are just hke the\\nbeans which we saw in Ecuador and Colombia, and the\\ntrees are just the same. The cacao of the Amazon is said\\nto make excellent chocolate. About half a million dollars\\nworth of it is shipped from Para every year, and the prod-\\nuct all told amounts to thousands of tons.\\nWe pass the mouth of the Madeira some distance above\\nObidos, and soon after this come to place where the\\nwaters of the Amazon and the Rio Negro meet. Those\\nof the Rio Negro are as black as ink, and those of the\\nAmazon as yellow as mud.", "height": "3404", "width": "2279", "jp2-path": "carpentersgeogra01carp_0330.jp2"}, "331": {"fulltext": "TRIP ON THE AMAZON.\\n325\\nThe Rio Negro keeps its color for a long distanGer^after\\nit reaches the Amazon before it is swallowed up by that\\ngreat yellow monster. We ride along in our steamer on\\nthe line where the two colors join, seeing black on one\\nIndians, Northern Brazil.\\nside of the ship and yellow on the other, but soon turn to\\nthe right and sail for an hour up the wide Rio Negro, when\\nwe reach the city of Manaos, the metropolis of northern\\nBrazil.\\nManaos lies on the river bank high above the water, its\\nwide streets lined with palm trees, and its bright houses\\nshining out under the tropical sun. It is a large city for\\nthis part of the world. It has about half as many people\\nas Para, and, as the center of the interior trade of the\\nAmazon valley, it must continue to grow.\\nWe are surprised to find good houses and modern im-\\nprovements here in the heart of the continent. Manaos", "height": "3404", "width": "2279", "jp2-path": "carpentersgeogra01carp_0331.jp2"}, "332": {"fulltext": "326\\nBRAZIL.\\nhas electric street cars, electric lights, and good schools.\\nIt has one of the finest theaters of Brazil, a great market,\\na museum, and some very large stores. To it come\\nsteamers from all parts of the Amazon valley, and the\\nriver is so deep to this point that the largest ocean steam-\\ners go from Manaos to New York and Europe.\\nThe rubber gatherers bring quantities of rubber to\\nManaos from the vast regions west and south of it, and\\nthey come by the hundreds here for their supplies, often\\nWharves, Manaos.\\ntrading rubber for goods. It is from here that expeditions\\nstart out to explore the unknown wilds of the Amazon\\nand its tributaries, and we can find here boats and men\\nwho will go with us to almost any part of this unknown\\nWe could take a steamer and sail more than thirteen", "height": "3404", "width": "2279", "jp2-path": "carpentersgeogra01carp_0332.jp2"}, "333": {"fulltext": "ON THE ORINOCO. 32?\\nhundred miles farther west into Peru, and there find a\\ntrail which would bring us over the*Andes to the west\\ncoast, or we might go by another steamer down the\\nMadeira, and by walking about its great falls reach the\\nBeni and travel to a point from where we could easily get\\nback to La Paz, Bolivia, or Lake Titicaca.\\nWe decide, however, to continue our journey up the\\nRio Negro. We ride for days through its black, muddy\\nwaters, winding in and out through the dense forests, until\\nwe come to the mouth of the Cassiquiari (ka-se-ke-a^re)\\nriver, a stream which unites the Orinoco with the Amazon\\nsystem. We move northward on the Cassiquiari, and are\\nsoon floating down the Orinoco on our way to the At-\\nlantic.\\nXLIL ON THE ORINOCO AND THE\\nLLANOS.\\nIS not this a wonderful river system by which we can\\ncome from the Amazon into the Orinoco without\\ntraveling upon land? We have seen how close the head\\nwaters of the Paraguay river are to the southern tribu-\\ntaries of the Amazon. Indeed, with a short canal, we\\nmight start from the Atlantic into the mouth of the Ori-\\nnoco, and go on the water clear through interior South\\nAmerica, coming out again into the Atlantic through the\\nRio de la Plata. We saw something of this as we came\\nup the Amazon, but if you will take your map you will see\\nhow easily it could be done.\\nFirst trace your way from the Orinoco into the Cassi-\\nquiari, then go over the route we have just come down to", "height": "3404", "width": "2279", "jp2-path": "carpentersgeogra01carp_0333.jp2"}, "334": {"fulltext": "328 VENEZUELA.\\nthe mouth of the Tapajos, and sail up this to its source.\\nYou are now so nd^r the beginnings of the Parana system\\nthat in a day you could walk to some of them, and you\\nwould have then but to float with the current down the\\nroute up which we came in visiting Matto Grosso, Brazil.\\nWe are now on the Orinoco. Its thick yellow waters\\nare loaded with sediment. They are rushing in a swift\\ncurrent down to the Atlantic. They have been gathered\\nfrom the mountains far to the westward. They have been\\npoured in through countless branches from the llanos, or\\nvast meadows, and other parts of the basin, a territory\\none seventh as large as the whole United States.\\nThe Orinoco is indeed a wonderful river. It is the\\nthird largest river on the South American continent,\\nbeing surpassed only by the Amazon and the La Plata.\\nIt is almost fifteen hundred miles long, and its main stream\\nis navigable for twelve hundred miles. It has four hun-\\ndred navigable branches, and it so drains this vast region\\nthat there are few places in its basin where you cannot\\nreach navigable water by a mule ride of a few days.\\nNow we have left our small boats and are again on a large\\nsteamer. We are traveling through a country far differ-\\nent from that of the Amazon. The dense forest has dis-\\nappeared, and a vast expanse of plain stretches away on\\nboth sides of the river. The plains are covered with\\ncoarse grass, the most of which is now luxuriantly green.\\nHere and there it is gray, and we sometimes pass a tract\\nwhich has been blackened by fire.\\nSee that smoke away oflf to the right, and the flames\\nrolling up from the ground. That is one of the prairie\\nfires of the llanos of central Venezuela. It has been\\nstarted by the farmers. They are burning off the dead\\ngrass that the green sprouts may more quickly come up.", "height": "3404", "width": "2279", "jp2-path": "carpentersgeogra01carp_0334.jp2"}, "335": {"fulltext": "ON THE ORINOCO.\\n329\\nWhat a lot of cattle there are on the plains! We see\\nherds of thousands, and we learn that cattle raising is one\\nof the great industries of this country. More and more\\ncattle are being raised every year, and Venezuela now\\nhas several million beeves feeding upon its great plains.\\nThe beasts are grown for their meat and their skins. The\\nIndian Village.\\nskins are salted and dried, and are shipped by the thou-\\nsands to the United States and Europe, where they are\\ntanned and made into shoes and other such things.\\nThe meat is stripped off in sheets from the bones it is\\nsalted and made into jerked beef, which is so much desired\\nby the people of Spanish and Portuguese America. It is\\ntaken on the steamers down the Orinoco, and has a ready\\nsale in the various islands of the West Indies.", "height": "3404", "width": "2279", "jp2-path": "carpentersgeogra01carp_0335.jp2"}, "336": {"fulltext": "330\\nVENEZUELA.\\nBut what Is that town we see away off on the right\\nbank of the river? There are blue-and- white buildings\\nwith red roofs rising in terraces upon the low hills. There\\nare steamers at anchor at the wharf, and the place seems\\nquite a city. It is the first evidence of civilization we\\nhave seen since we left Manaos some weeks ago. That\\nis the chief city of interior Venezuela, the metropolis of\\nGroup of Natives.\\nthe llanos. Its name is Ciudad Bolivar (se-u-dad bo-le\\nvar). It has perhaps ten thousand people, and it forms\\nthe center of trade for a vast region. From it go the\\nchief exports of cattle, and it is also the point from which\\nexpeditions start out for the gold mines farther south.\\nNow we are in front of the town. We have landed and\\nare walking up steep, narrow streets paved with rough", "height": "3404", "width": "2279", "jp2-path": "carpentersgeogra01carp_0336.jp2"}, "337": {"fulltext": "ON THE ORINOCO.\\n331\\ncobbles. The houses are almost all of one story. They\\nare built about courts, and they seem like those of the\\nSpanish towns we saw in our tour along the west coast.\\nThere is plenty of grass in the streets, and we look about\\nin vain for a carriage. There are no wheeled vehicles to\\nspeak of. We shall have to use horses in making our trips\\ninto the country. Every well-t^-do family on the llanos\\nkm^\\nThings are carried about upon donkeys.\\nhas plenty of horses. The stock is especially fine.\\nThe horses are of Moorish breed. They have a gait like\\na pace, which carries you along so gently that you feel\\nyou might be riding on the rocking-horse used by your\\nbaby brother.\\nThere are few carts anywhere in Venezuela. Things are\\ncarried about upon donkeys. There comes one now with\\nCARP. S. AM. 21", "height": "3404", "width": "2279", "jp2-path": "carpentersgeogra01carp_0337.jp2"}, "338": {"fulltext": "332\\nVENEZUELA.\\ntwo huge baskets filled with vegetables slung to his sides.\\nBehind him is another carrying boxes of bread, and we\\nsee others loaded with all sorts of things, including wood,\\nbricks, and stone, which they are patiently bearing to\\ndifferent parts of the city.\\nWe see many donkeys which have come in from the\\ncountry when we visit the market. They have neither\\nLa Guaira.\\nbridles nor halters, and they stand blinking their eyes, pa-\\ntiently waiting for their masters to drive them back home.\\nSome are hobbled by ropes tied about their front legs,\\nand not a few are moving along by lifting their two front\\nfeet at one time, to get the vegetables and scraps which\\nhave dropped from the loads of other beasts going by.\\nWe find in the market many interesting things. There", "height": "3404", "width": "2279", "jp2-path": "carpentersgeogra01carp_0338.jp2"}, "339": {"fulltext": "ON THE ORINOCO. 333\\nare all sorts of vegetables and tropical fruits. There are\\nquantities of plantains and bananas, which, we learn, form\\na large part of the food of the people. There is plenty of\\nbeef, and manioc flour such as we saw on the Amazon.\\nThere are red clay bowls sold for cooking, and many\\ngrass hammocks. Hammocks are used as beds by nine\\ntenths of the people, and they form for almost all the loaf-\\ning and sitting places during the day. We frequently\\nsleep in hammocks during our visits to the large farmers\\nnear Ciudad Bolivar.\\nEven the wealthiest people have country houses built\\nof poles and mud, which are rude in the extreme. They\\nhave large verandas about them, and in this warm region\\nthe veranda is the pleasantest part of the house. We\\nspend hours upon it during the heat of the day, and it\\nis there that we often come to sleep for the night, prefer-\\nring its cool air to the heat of our bedrooms.\\nThere are steamers every few days from Ciudad Boli-\\nvar down the Orinoco. They sail out through the delta,\\nand go on to Trinidad, one of the West India Islands,\\nfrom where you can get ships for La Guaira and other\\ncoast cities of Venezuela.\\nIt is upon one of these steamers that we sail down the\\nriver. Our boat is a great side-wheel steamer with two\\ndecks, much Hke the boats on the Hudson. It has an\\nAmerican captain, but the passengers, with the exception\\nof ourselves, are all Venezuelans. Some of them are white,\\nothers are of the mixed race formed by the union of the\\nSpaniards and Indians, and others seem to have negro\\nblood in their veins. We have a few native Indians among\\nthe deck passengers, and there are a number of priests,\\ndressed in the big hats and long gowns of their class. We\\nhave many women and children, who have with them such", "height": "3404", "width": "2279", "jp2-path": "carpentersgeogra01carp_0339.jp2"}, "340": {"fulltext": "334 VENEZUELA.\\na lot of cats, dogs, monkeys, parrots, and other birds, that\\nthe scene on the deck makes us think of a Httle zoological\\ngarden.\\nWe steam for two days before we come to the delta.\\nThe river is wide, and there are numerous islands. There\\nare few villages and not many people. The water of the\\nriver is so thick that we seem almost to see it drop mud\\nas it flows. From it has been built up the great delta\\nthrough which we pass out on our way to the sea.\\nThe delta of the Orinoco is about as large as the State\\nof New Jersey. It has flowing through it many deep\\nchannels, which are lined with a tropical jungle. There\\nare mango trees and palms, bananas and wild forest trees,\\nbound together with long creepers, or lianas, much like\\nthose we saw on the Amazon.\\nWe see Indian huts and clearings which have here and\\nthere been made in the jungle. The huts are made of\\npoles and palm leaves, and the people within them lie in\\ntheir hammocks or stand outside and gaze at us as the\\nsteamer goes by. The men and boys have only a rag\\nabout the waist, and the little children are naked. The\\nwomen wear short petticoats made of the fibrous bark of\\nthe palm tree. All seem lazy and worthless, and we learn\\nthat they hunt and fish only enough to keep them alive.\\n3 @4C\\nXLIII. VENEZUELA AND ITS CAPITAL.\\nSHORTLY after leaving the delta of the Orinoco we\\nreach the island of Trinidad, where we stay but a few\\nhours, and then take ship for the ports of Venezuela. We\\ntravel from one place to another, making excursions back", "height": "3404", "width": "2279", "jp2-path": "carpentersgeogra01carp_0340.jp2"}, "341": {"fulltext": "CARACAS. 335\\ninto the country, visiting all the large cities, and spending\\nsome weeks in Caracas the capital.\\nVenezuela is a very large country. We see that it has\\nvast tracts of rich land, and realize that it is one of the\\nbest of the South American republics. Its territory is so\\nlarge that if it could be transported to the United States\\nit would cover all Colorado, Texas, Idaho, and California.\\nIt is greater in extent than Germany and France combined,\\nand large parts of it have excellent soil. We have already\\nseen the rich pastures of the south.\\nThere are few countries of the world which are so well\\nwatered. We know something of the Orinoco system.\\nVenezuela has many other navigable rivers. It has, all\\ntold, more than one thousand streams. Upon its coast\\nthere are thirty-two harbors and numerous bays. The\\nlargest bay is Lake Maracaibo, the area of which is about\\nthe size of our Great Salt Lake.\\nIt was from Lake Maracaibo that Venezuela got its\\nname. When the Spaniards discovered the country, about\\neight years after Columbus first came to America, they\\nentered this bay. On some of its shores and islands they\\nfound a tribe of natives living in huts, made of palm leaves\\nand rushes, built upon piles which they had driven down\\ninto the sand. Their huts were surrounded on all sides\\nby water, and they went from one place to another in\\ncanoes. This reminded the Spaniards of Venice. So they\\ncalled the country Venezuela, a word which means Lit-\\ntle Venice, and by this name it has gone ever since.\\nThere is a similar town on Maracaibo to-day. The Indians\\ninhabiting it live by fishing. They are quite savage, and\\nalthough they speak Spanish, they have not united with\\nthe whites, as have many other tribes of the country.\\nVenezuela is also a land of mountains. Branches of the", "height": "3404", "width": "2279", "jp2-path": "carpentersgeogra01carp_0341.jp2"}, "342": {"fulltext": "336 VENEZUELA.\\nAndes extend out into it, and we find the capital situated\\na little back from the seacoast in a nest in the mountains.\\nMany of the mountains contain deposits of gold and other\\nvaluable minerals. There are rich gold mines south of the\\nOrinoco, and among them one which has produced more\\nthan a million dollars* worth of gold in a year. It is said\\nto be the second richest gold mine of the world.\\nThe chief wealth, however, of Venezuela is in its soil.\\nWe have already seen the great pastures, the llanos of the\\nOrinoco basin. There are in the north and northwest\\nvast tracts of rich land, which produces great quantities\\nof fine tobacco, cotton, and coffee.\\nThe coffee plantations are especially interesting. The\\nclimate here is warmer than in the coffee lands of southern\\nBrazil, and we find that the trees are raised differently.\\nThe most of the fields are irrigated. The coffee trees are\\nshaded to protect them from the sun. The young sprouts\\nare set out among banana plants. The bananas shoot up\\nquickly, and their wide green leaves ward off the rays of\\nthe sun from the tender coffee trees, and keep the soil\\nmoist. Later, bucuara trees are planted. These trees\\ngrow rapidly, and soon extend high above the coffee\\nplants, sending out branches like those of the sycamore,\\nand furnishing just the right shade. The coffee produced\\nin Venezuela is of a very good quahty. It is much like\\nmocha coffee, and much of it is sold as mocha in our\\nmarket.\\nAlong the coast of Venezuela we see many cacao\\norchards, and learn that they produce very fine chocolate.\\nThe trees are carefully cultivated, the orchards being laid\\nout much the same as our peach orchards, save that the\\ntrees are protected from the sun in the same way as the\\ncoffee trees are. The orchards are also irrigated. The", "height": "3404", "width": "2279", "jp2-path": "carpentersgeogra01carp_0342.jp2"}, "343": {"fulltext": "CARACAS.\\n337.\\nweeds are kept down, and the fruit is more carefully cared\\nfor than that of the orchards we saw on the Amazon.\\nThe result is that the trees produce large quantities of\\nfruit, six or seven hundred pounds of chocolate seeds be-\\ning grown in a year on one acre. Many orchards produce\\ntwo crops a year.\\nAfter the seeds are taken out of the pulp and dried\\nthey are carried to the seaports and thence shipped to the\\nBanana Plantatic\\nmarkets. The most of the product goes to Spain, France,\\nand Germany, but some is sent to the United States. The\\ncacao seeds are bought by the fanega, a measure holding\\nabout a bushel and a half. As much as twenty million\\npounds have been exported in one year, and for this the\\npeople have received about two million dollars.", "height": "3404", "width": "2279", "jp2-path": "carpentersgeogra01carp_0343.jp2"}, "344": {"fulltext": "338 VENEZUELA.\\nCaracas is one of the most interesting of the South\\nAmerican capitals. It is the chief city of Venezuela, and\\nalthough its population is less than one hundred thousand,\\nit is about three times as large as any other town in Vene-\\nzuela.\\nCaracas is situated in a little basin on the southern slope\\nof the mountains, only six miles in a straight line back\\nStatue of Washington.\\nfrom the coast. Still, it is more than half a mile high up\\nin the air, and in traveling to it on the railroad we have\\nto go more than twenty-two miles.\\nWe ride through banana fields and palm groves, then\\nclimb the mountains, now turning this way, now that.\\nNow we go over bridges with gorges below us which are\\nmany hundred feet deep, and now we shoot through tun-", "height": "3404", "width": "2279", "jp2-path": "carpentersgeogra01carp_0344.jp2"}, "345": {"fulltext": "CARACAS.\\n339\\nnels, to come out again on the side of the mountain, with\\nthe vast expanse of the Caribbean Sea spread out under\\nour eyes.\\nThe air grows cooler. The yellow-fever-laden, tropi-\\ncal atmosphere of the coast has disappeared, and when at\\nlast we land in Caracas we are in one of the most health-\\nful climates of the w^orld.\\nWe see pretty Spanish women looking out.\\nThe city lies in a beautiful valley, about two miles w4de\\nand fifteen miles long, surrounded by mountains, some of\\nwhich are two miles in height. The valley is covered with\\nsugar plantations, vegetable gardens, coffee groves, and\\norchards of oranges, lemons, and other fruit.\\nWe are surprised at the city. The streets are narrow,\\nbut the sidewalks are made of Portland cement, and the", "height": "3404", "width": "2279", "jp2-path": "carpentersgeogra01carp_0345.jp2"}, "346": {"fulltext": "340\\nVENEZUELA.\\nbright buildings facing them are of all colors of the rain-\\nbow. They are nearly all of one story and have ridge\\nroofs of red tile. Many of them have windows facing the\\nstreet, heavily barred, and through the bars we see pretty\\nSpanish women looking out.\\nThe streets cross one another at right angles, with a\\nnumber of plazas or parks. In one of the parks there is\\na bronze statue of\\nGeorge Washing-\\nton, and in another\\na statue of Simon\\nBolivar, the hero of\\nVenezuela, and in\\nfact of all South\\nAmerica. He was\\nthe Washington of\\nthis part of the\\nworld. He organ-\\nized a movement\\nwhich resulted in\\nthe independence of\\nVenezuela, New\\nGranada or Colom-\\nbia, and Peru, and\\nhe was the founder\\nof Bolivia.\\nLater on we visit\\nthe Caracas Univer-\\nsity. We spend some time in the Federal Palace, and also\\nin the Houses of Congress, where we learn that the coun-\\ntry is governed in much the same way as our own.\\nAt night ^e go about the streets under the rays of\\nelectric lights. We ride from one part of the city to an-\\nStatue of Bolivar.", "height": "3404", "width": "2279", "jp2-path": "carpentersgeogra01carp_0346.jp2"}, "347": {"fulltext": "CARACAS.\\n341\\nOther on street railways, and notice that Caracas has many\\nof the modern improvements. Many of the young Vene-\\nzuelans we meet speak English and French, and we see\\nthat the better classes of the people live as comfortably\\nas we do at home. Some of them have large one-story\\nhouses composed of many rooms encircling courts, or\\npatios, in which grow great rose trees, curious varieties of\\npalms, and all sorts of tropical plants.\\n\\\\i \u00e2\u0080\u00a2iLf^^h;.^\u00c2\u00bby-\\nIn a Garden.\\nThe Venezuelans are very hospitable. They pride\\nthemselves upon being one of the most enterprising peo-\\nples of the South American continent, and think their\\ncountry is destined to be the greatest among those of the\\nsouthern half of our hemisphere.\\nThey are more interested in the United States than the\\nother South Americans. A large part of their trade is", "height": "3404", "width": "2279", "jp2-path": "carpentersgeogra01carp_0347.jp2"}, "348": {"fulltext": "342 THE GUIANAS.\\nwith us, and there are fast steamships which start every\\nfew days from La Guaira to New York. The journey\\ntakes not much more than a week, and as we stand on the\\nwharf and look at the ships flying the American flag we\\nfeel inclined to jump on board and go home.\\nThere is, however, another country left to visit. We\\nhave the Guianaa yet to explore. So we take one of the\\nlittle steamers which is going east along the coast, and, by\\nchanging again at the island of Trinidad, get a ship bound\\nfor Georgetown, the capital of British Guiana.\\nXLIV. IN THE GUIANAS.\\nTHE Guianas are different from the other countries of\\nSouth America in that they are colonies belonging\\nto nations of Europe. British Guiana belongs to Great\\nBritain, Dutch Guiana is a dependency of Holland, and\\nFrench Guiana is the property of France. All of these\\ncountries have governors appointed by the rulers of the\\ncountries to which they belong. None of them have large\\npopulations, and as a whole they are of little importance\\nin the commerce and trade of the South American conti-\\nnent.\\nStill, when South America was discovered this region\\nwas thought to be one of the richest of all. It was a part\\nof a country described by the explorers as full of gold, silver,\\nand precious stones. One adventurer who skirted the Gui-\\nanas and entered the Orinoco told about a city called El\\nDorado, which had been built in the midst of a great white\\nlake, whose smallest house surpassed in grandeur the", "height": "3404", "width": "2279", "jp2-path": "carpentersgeogra01carp_0348.jp2"}, "349": {"fulltext": "BRITISH GUIANA.\\n343\\npalaces of the Incas and Aztecs. In this city, said the\\nexplorer, the vessels used in the kitchens are of gold and\\nsilver, studded with diamonds. The houses have statues\\nof solid gold as big as giants, and there are figures of\\nbeasts, birds, fish, and trees, all of gold. The pleasure\\ngardens of the islands are filled with figures of gold and\\nsilver, and the king of the country and his court wear\\nclothes of such a nature that they seem to be sprinkled\\nwith gold and silver from sandal to crown.\\nThe descriptions of this wonderful city excited all Eu-\\nrope, and expeditions were formed to explore this part\\nof the world. Great numbers of young men left Europe\\nfor this purpose, expecting to make fortunes, and in look-\\ning for the fabulous city they explored the greater part of\\nnorthern South America, penetrating to the sources of the\\nOrinoco, entering the Amazon and the rivers which flow\\nout into the Atlantic through the Guianas.\\nIt was from the expedition led or sent by Sir Walter\\nRaleigh that Great Britain became possessed of British\\nGuiana, and it is said that Sir Walter Raleigh presented to\\nQueen Elizabeth some gold nuggets and rude images of\\nsolid gold as an evidence of the value of his discovery.", "height": "3404", "width": "2279", "jp2-path": "carpentersgeogra01carp_0349.jp2"}, "350": {"fulltext": "344 THE GUIANAS.\\nGold really exists along the Orinoco, the Essequibo, and\\nin some of the streams of French and Dutch Guiana. It\\nhas not been discovered in the Guianas, however, in very\\nlarge quantities, and the wonderful city of El Dorado, with\\nits gold and diamond kitchen utensils, is yet to be found.\\nThe land of the Guianas is of a curious formation. It\\nis a body of highlands, sloping down at its outer edges\\ntoward the basin of the Orinoco and that of the Amazon\\nin such a way that if the country were dropped down a\\nfew hundred feet the water of the sea would rush in and\\nthe Guianas would be a large island.\\nThe exact extent of the territory is not known. French\\nGuiana claims a part of Brazil, and British Guiana has for\\na long time contended that much of Venezuela should\\nrightly belong to it. At the lowest estimate, however,\\neach of the three countries is as large as the State of New\\nYork, and they all contain some excellent land.\\nThe climate of most parts is very unhealthful. It is\\nexceedingly hot, and the highlands are covered with for-\\nests as dense as the wildest parts of the Amazon. Here\\nand there are great grassy plains, upon which cattle might\\nbe fed, and upon the lowlands near the coast are many\\nplaces which grow sugar, coffee, and cotton.\\nBut what kind of people are there in these countries?\\nWe shall see the civilized population of the coast cities.\\nThe majority of the inhabitants, however, live in the wilds.\\nThey are savage Indians and savage negroes, the descend-\\nants of runaway slaves. The Indians are of many tribes,\\nand they have very strange customs.\\nThe Arawaks, according to report, have a game called\\nthe whip dance, in which the dancers stand in two rows\\nopposite each other. Each one has a whip with a hard,\\nstrong lash made of fiber. With these they whip the", "height": "3404", "width": "2279", "jp2-path": "carpentersgeogra01carp_0350.jp2"}, "351": {"fulltext": "BRITISH GUIANA. 345\\nnaked calves of each other s legs, often thrashing each\\nother until their legs are covered with blood. The dance\\nis looked upon as a test of endurance and bravery, and the\\nman who can stand the most whipping is considered the\\nbest. The game goes on, it is said, with perfect good\\ntemper, and at its close the dancers go off in a band and\\ndrink one another s health.\\nThe people of another tribe of Indians wear nothing but\\na strip of cloth about their waists. They are, however,\\nfond of jewelry, and pierce their lower lips in such a way\\nthat two pins can be worn in them. They also have pins\\nin their nostrils, and deck their necks and arms with such\\nbeads and coins as they can pick up.\\nThe Indians are of many tribes. Some of them paint\\ntheir bodies, wear bits of bone in their lips, and cause their\\ncalves to swell by means of garters tightly clasped below\\nthe knee.\\nThere are other strange Indians who are said to have\\nlight complexions, with blue eyes and light beards, and\\nrumor gives it that there is a fairy race in these regions\\nwhich all other Indians dread. Most of these reports come\\nfrom hearsay, and some of them, like the story of the gold\\ncity of El Dorado, may not be true. We have not the\\ntime required to make such explorations ourselves, and so\\nshall leave the exact nature of the Indians in doubt, say-\\ning we suppose that they may be as reported, but we\\nreally do not know.\\nThere is no doubt, however, about there being many\\nblack people in the Guianas. We shall see civilized negroes\\neverywhere. Slaves were imported for generations to\\nwork on the sugar plantations, and to get the fine woods\\nout of the forests and put them on the ships for Europe.\\nAfter slavery was abolished many of the negroes settled", "height": "3404", "width": "2279", "jp2-path": "carpentersgeogra01carp_0351.jp2"}, "352": {"fulltext": "346\\nTHE GUIANAS.\\non the coast lands where they had been toiHng. We see\\ntheir thatched huts everywhere. They are now farmers.\\nOther negroes went off to the woods and formed tribes\\nof bush negroes, intermarrying with the Indians. The\\nbush negroes have a language which is a mixture of Dutch,\\nFrench, and English, combined with Indian and African\\nwords. Some of the wild negroes are very brave, many\\nbeing strong and fine-looking.\\nS^w\\nm\\n4\\nZm\\n-i\\nii\\ns\\ns ll^^^^l\\n-mmm^^\\nkS\\n^^^mn\\nJ^\\nIk^^HH\\n(^^^^^^IS?!^\\n|n^\\nm^\\n1\\n1 i^\\nHywj^\\n11\\n--11\\ni\\n=5\\ni\\nIJ\\n_ i!\\n^-^^^m\\n\u00e2\u0096\u00a0mmmmmmtm\\n\u00e2\u0096\u00a0SF^s^siJ^^^^\\nWe see their thatched huts everywhere.\\nBut here we are at the wharf of Georgetown. We have\\nsailed up a little river, the banks of which are lined with\\ntropical vegetation, with sugar estates cut out of the jun-\\ngle. We see many cocoanut palms, clumps of bamboos,\\nand great trees covered with flowers.\\nWhat a queer crowd is that on the wharf! We rub our", "height": "3404", "width": "2279", "jp2-path": "carpentersgeogra01carp_0352.jp2"}, "353": {"fulltext": "BRITISH GUIANA,\\n347\\neyes and wonder if we are not in Asia rather than in South\\nAmerica. There are scores of almond-eyed Chinese with\\ntheir hair hanging in long tails down their backs. There\\nare black Hindoos in turbans and strange garments, and\\nthere are Parsees wearing long black coats and hats like\\ninverted coal scuttles. There are numerous Portuguese,\\nand English merchants who have come to the steamer.\\nThe most of the Hindoos and Chinese were imported to\\nwork on the sugar plantations, and we find them scattered\\neverywhere throughout the coast countries.\\nThere are black Hindoos in turbans and strange garments.\\nHow queer Georgetown looks after our long stay in the\\nSpanish and Portuguese cities of other parts of the conti-\\nnent! It is more Hke a city of Holland than Spain. The\\nroofs are slanting, and the walls of most of the houses are\\nof wood or galvanized iron. Many of the houses are tall,", "height": "3404", "width": "2279", "jp2-path": "carpentersgeogra01carp_0353.jp2"}, "354": {"fulltext": "348 THE GUIANAS.\\nbuilt with gable ends facing the street. Near every house\\nis a great iron tank. This is to catch the rain water which\\nis used for drinking, for it is better than that which comes\\nfrom the springs near the city.\\nGeorgetown has about fifty thousand inhabitants and\\nit has some large buildings. The city lies on low land,\\nand the large buildings stand upon wooden piles which\\nhave been driven down into the mud to form the founda-\\ntionSi In many of the streets run canals, which serve\\nto drain the water out into the river in times of flood.\\nThe city has many modern improvements. We enjoy\\nvisiting the stores, for the merchants speak English,\\nand we take the tramway and ride out to the suburbs,\\nwhere the houses, stand by themselves in beautiful gardens\\nfilled with tropical plants.\\nThe sugar plantations are interesting. Many of them\\nare large, employing hundreds of laborers and making\\nthousands of tons of sugar each season. Each has its\\nmanager and overseers, and its books are kept as carefully\\nas those of our great business establishments.\\nThe land of the Guiana coast is so rich that the sugar\\ncane can be cut several times a year, and it is said that it\\nwill grow up for sixty years in succession without being\\nreplanted. The soil is composed of earth washings brought\\ndown by the rivers from the mountains, soil so rich that\\nit will grow everything produced in the tropics. Great\\nquantities of dirt are brought during the floods, which are\\nso great that dikes have to be erected to keep the land\\nfrom washing into the sea. The building of these dikes\\nis very expensive, and so the sugar plantations are nearly\\nall owned by men and companies having large capital.\\nWe find more sugar plantations near Paramaribo, the\\ncapital of Dutch Guiana, which we reach in a little Dutch", "height": "3404", "width": "2279", "jp2-path": "carpentersgeogra01carp_0354.jp2"}, "355": {"fulltext": "DUTCH GUIANA.\\n349\\nship from Georgetown. Paramaribo lies about twenty\\nmiles up the Surinam river. It has about thirty thousand\\ninhabitants, and in its\\narchitecture and the\\nwaterways and houses\\nit is not unlike the cities\\nof Holland\\nMany of the people\\nspeak Dutch, a lan-\\nguage which sounds\\nvery queer to us when\\nit comes from the ne-\\ngroes we see every-\\nwhere. There are also\\nmany whites and mu-\\nlattoes. There are also\\nblack-skinned Javanese\\nwho have come to work\\nin the sugar plantations.\\nThe better classes are\\ndressed in light clothes,\\nthe women wearing stiff\\nskirts, loose jackets,\\nand head-dresses not\\nunlike turbans. The poorer people go barefooted, and\\nmany of the children wear no clothing whatever.\\nFrom Paramaribo we steam to Cayenne, the capital of\\nFrench Guiana. The city is smaller than either George-\\ntown or Paramaribo. It contains about twelve thousand\\ninhabitants, but it looks quite large from the ship, with a\\ngrove of palm trees behind it and a high church steeple\\nrising above the rest of the houses.\\nIt is built upon an island about thirty miles in circum-\\nCARP. S. AM. 22\\nCayenne Creole.", "height": "3404", "width": "2279", "jp2-path": "carpentersgeogra01carp_0355.jp2"}, "356": {"fulltext": "350\\nTHE GUIANAS.\\nference, a narrow strait separating it from the mainland.\\nWe find the town interesting. The most of its houses\\nare of two stories, some of them being covered with plas-\\nter which is painted all colors of the rainbow.\\nThe land is not much different from that of the other\\nGuianas, and the people are much the same. We see,\\nIn Cayenne.\\nhowever, many hard faces among them. French Guiana\\nhas for years been a penal colony, to which thieves and\\nother criminals have been exported from France.\\nIts climate is not healthful, and it is indeed not a place\\nwhere any traveler would care to stay long. We are glad\\nwhen the steamer arrives on which we can go back to\\nTrinidad Island, and thence, having finished our long tour\\nof the South American continent, take ship for New York.", "height": "3404", "width": "2279", "jp2-path": "carpentersgeogra01carp_0356.jp2"}, "357": {"fulltext": "INDEX.\\nAconcagua, Mount, 73, 82, 122.\\nAlpacas, 76.\\nAmazon, 299-327.\\nAndes, mines of, 95-100.\\nAndes, in Colombia, 19, 32 Ecuador,\\n44-46, 50; Peru, 67-80; Chile,\\n119-122.\\nAnt cities, 228.\\nArgentina, 167-200.\\nArmadillo, 199.\\nAsuncion, 219-225-\\nBahia, 283-290.\\nBalboa, Vasco Nunez, discovery of\\nPacific Ocean, 17.\\nBananas, 24, 258.\\nBeef, dried, 208, 329.\\nBeef extract factories, Uruguay, 208.\\nBodegas, 42, 43.\\nBogota, 35-37-\\nBolivar, Simon, 340.\\nBolivia, 87-100.\\nBorax, loi.\\nBrazil, 243-327.\\nBrazil nut, 323.\\nBuenos Aires, 192-200.\\nCabot, Sebastian, 211.\\nCacao, or chocolate, 32-34, 324, 336.\\nCanal, Panama, 18, 20.\\nCape Pilar, 157.\\nCaracas, 338-341.\\nCarbons, 290.\\nCauca, river and valley, 32-34.\\nCayenne, 349.\\nCeara, Brazil, 295.\\nChile, 100-167.\\nChocolate. See Cacao.\\nChuno, how made, 81.\\nCinchona, 92.\\nCinnamon trees, 279.\\nCiudad Bolivar, 330-333.\\nCoal mines of Chile, 144-I48.\\nCoca, 93.\\nCocoanuts, how grown, 23, 26.\\nCoffee, 252, 257-267, 271-274,-3^36.\\nColombia, 16\u00e2\u0080\u009438.\\nColon, Isthmus of Panama, 20-22.\\nCommerce on Lake Titicaca, 84, 85.\\nConcepcion, 144.\\nCordova, 185.\\nCuyaba, Brazil, 247.\\nCuzco, 77.\\nDesaguadero, river of, 83.\\nDesert, Great South American, 50-54,\\n110.\\nDiamonds, 288-290.\\nEarth building in the Parana, 213.\\nEcuador, 38-\\nEl Dorado,\\nFarming, in Argentina, 182-190 Bra-\\nzil, 294 Chile, 130 Paraguay, 226\\nPeru, 53-55.\\nGauchos, the cowboys of the pampas,\\n179.\\nGeorgetown, 347.\\nGermans in southern Brazil, 251, 252.\\nGold mining, 95, 96, 163, 248.\\nGuanacos, 169.\\nGuano, 106.\\nGuayaquil, 38-42.\\nGuayas river, 38, 42.\\nGuianas, 342-350.\\nGulf Stream, 14.\\nHonda, Colombia, 35.\\nHorses in Argentina,\\n[79.\\n351", "height": "3404", "width": "2279", "jp2-path": "carpentersgeogra01carp_0357.jp2"}, "358": {"fulltext": "352\\nINDEX.\\nIguana lizard, 27.\\nIncas, the, 77, 78.\\nIndians, Alacalufes, 154-156; Arau-\\ncanians, 137-144; Ecuador, 49;\\nGuiana, 344; Peruvian, 69; Qui-\\nchua and Aymara, 78-80 Onas,\\n165 Paraguay, 237 Yaghans, 167\\nVenezuela, 334, 335.\\nIpecac, 248.\\nIquique, 102.\\nLlamas, 75, 76.\\nLlanos, 328, 329.\\nLa Paz, 87-92.\\nLima, 58-66.\\nLocusts, 188, 189.\\nMagdalena river, 35.\\nMagellan, Strait of, 149, 1 51-167.\\nManaos, 325-327.\\nManioc, how raised, 225.\\nMate, or Paraguay tea, 234.\\nMatto Grosso, Brazil, 242, 249.\\nMontevideo, 203-208.\\nMountain sickness, 71.\\nNegroes, in Brazil, 285-287; in the\\nGuianas, 345, 346.\\nNitrate of soda, 101-105.\\nObidos, 324.\\nOranges in Paraguay, 231.\\nOrinoco river, 327-334.\\nOroya Railroad, 67.\\nOstriches, 170.\\nPalms, ivory, 25; cocoanut, 26;\\nroyal, 278 carnauba, 298.\\nPampas, 1 09- 174.\\nPanama, 28.\\nPanama, Isthmus of, 16-29.\\nPanama Canal, 18, 20.\\nPanama Railroad, 24.\\nPara, 305-312.\\nParaguay, 217-249.\\nParaguay river, 216, 233-248.\\nParamaribo, 349.\\nParana river, 212-216.\\nParrots, 298.\\nPassport, II, 12.\\nPatagonia, 167.\\nPeccary, 240.\\nPernambuco, 291.\\nPeru, 50-86.\\nPetropolis, 282.\\nPizarro, 58.\\nPlateau of Peru, 72-80.\\nPoopo, Lake, 83.\\nPotatoes, 81.\\nPunta Arenas, 159-162.\\nQuinine, 92.\\nQuinua, 74.\\nQuito, 47.\\nRailroads, Brazil, 254, 267, 281 Peru,\\n67; Transandine, 11 5-1 22, 169.\\nRecife, 291.\\nRio de Janeiro, 267-280.\\nRio de la Plata, 208.\\nRio Negro, Brazil, 325.\\nRosario, 191.\\nRotos, or Chilean workmen, 135.\\nRubber, 312-320.\\nSan Salvador, 15.\\nSantiago, 123-130.\\nSantos, 252, 253.\\nSao Paulo, 255.\\nSheep freezing, 176.\\nSheep raising, 164, 174.\\nSilver, 97, 108.\\nSmythes Channel, 151.\\nSpaniards in South America, 57, 58,\\n77-\\nStock raising in Argentina, 177.\\nSugar cane, 54, 183, 348.\\nTapir, 241.\\nTierra del Fuego, 162-167.\\nTin, 99.\\nTiticaca, Lake, 81-86.\\nTurtles, 311, 312.\\nUruguay, 201-208.\\nValparaiso, 109, 112.\\nVenezuela, 327-342.\\nVicufia, 76.\\nVineyards, 184.\\nVultures, 310.\\nWheat in Argentina, 187-192.\\nWool, 197. 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