{"1": {"fulltext": "", "height": "4632", "width": "3016", "jp2-path": "ournativebirdsh00lang_0001.jp2"}, "2": {"fulltext": "LIBRARY OF CONGRESS.\\nr, Q ,L r G7g-\\n[)ty Copyright No.\\nUNfiTED STATES OF AMERICA.", "height": "4338", "width": "2722", "jp2-path": "ournativebirdsh00lang_0002.jp2"}, "3": {"fulltext": "", "height": "4338", "width": "2722", "jp2-path": "ournativebirdsh00lang_0003.jp2"}, "4": {"fulltext": "", "height": "4338", "width": "2722", "jp2-path": "ournativebirdsh00lang_0004.jp2"}, "5": {"fulltext": "OUR NATIVE BIRDS\\nHOW TO PROTECT THEM AND ATTRACT\\nTHEM TO OUR HOMES", "height": "4338", "width": "2722", "jp2-path": "ournativebirdsh00lang_0005.jp2"}, "6": {"fulltext": "", "height": "4338", "width": "2722", "jp2-path": "ournativebirdsh00lang_0006.jp2"}, "7": {"fulltext": "OUR NATIVE BIRDS\\nHOW TO PROTECT THEM AND ATTRACT\\nTHEM TO OUR HOMES\\nBY\\nD. LANGE\\nAUTHOR OF HANDBOOK OF NATURE STUDY\\nINSTRUCTOR IN NATURE STUDY IN THE PUBLIC SCHOOLS\\nOF ST. PAUL, MINNESOTA\\nWITH ILLUSTRATIONS\\nTHE MACMILLAN COMPANY\\nLONDON: MACMILLAN CO., Ltd.\\n1899\\nAll rights reserved", "height": "4338", "width": "2722", "jp2-path": "ournativebirdsh00lang_0007.jp2"}, "8": {"fulltext": "Offlo\u00c2\u00bb o f th#\\nte)2-1R0Q\\n48618\\nCopyright, 1899,\\nBy THE MACMILLAN COMPANY.\\nSECOND COPY f\\njEj JUL 3\\nNortoooti i^rrss\\nJ. S. Cushing Co. Berwick Smith\\nNorwood Mass. U.S.A.", "height": "4338", "width": "2722", "jp2-path": "ournativebirdsh00lang_0008.jp2"}, "9": {"fulltext": "PREFACE\\nIn the following pages an effort has been made to\\npoint out several means for bird protection which can-\\nnot be embodied in legal enactments. We are always\\nready to pass a law against an evil, but too often we\\nprovide insufficient means to carry out and enforce the\\nprovisions -of the law. This, I regret to state, is the\\ngreatest obstacle to the effective legal protection of\\nsong birds, game birds, and mammals. If the friends\\nof birds and nature do not tire in the good work of\\neducating the young of the nation on these subjects,\\nthe time will come when game wardens will have much\\nless to do than now. Education works slow, but it is\\neffective.\\nMy thanks are due to Mr. William T. Hornaday for\\npermission to quote from his most interesting and val-\\nuable report on The Destruction of our Birds and\\nMammals made to the New York Zoological Society,\\nand published by that society in its second annual\\nreport. Mrs. Elizabeth B. Davenport of Brattleboro,\\nVermont, has contributed from her long experience to\\nthe chapter on Feeding Birds in Winter, and Mr.\\nFrank Bond of Cheyenne, Wyoming, describes his very", "height": "4338", "width": "2722", "jp2-path": "ournativebirdsh00lang_0009.jp2"}, "10": {"fulltext": "vi PREFACE\\neffective method of dealing with the English sparrow.\\nMy thanks are also due to several friends who have\\nmade valuable suggestions to me. The pen-and-ink\\ndrawings were made by Mr. Herman Giehler of St.\\nPaul, Minnesota.\\nThe special Bird Day matter, it is hoped, will be\\nfound useful in schools.\\nI should be glad to hear from any one who may try\\nto protect and attract birds by the methods and devices\\nrecommended, or who may have new methods and de-\\nvices to communicate. I hope that in the near future\\nour State Agricultural Experiment Stations will pay\\nmore attention to the relation of birds to our homes\\nand to farming and gardening, and to the study of the\\nbest means for protecting them.\\nD. LANGE.\\nSt. Paul, Minnesota,\\nSeptember, 1899.", "height": "4338", "width": "2722", "jp2-path": "ournativebirdsh00lang_0010.jp2"}, "11": {"fulltext": "CONTENTS\\nSECTION I\\nPAGE\\nAre the Birds decreasing? 1\\nSECTION II\\nCauses of the decrease of Song Birds 6\\nSECTION III\\nThe Decrease of Game Birds 13\\nSECTION IV\\nProtecting Song Birds and attracting them to our\\nHomes .19\\nChapter I\\nBy furnishing them Trees, Vines, and Shrubs. Flowers\\nfor Hummingbirds. General Suggestions for Tree-\\nplanting for Birds. Rural Schools and Nature 19\\nChapter II\\nProvide Nesting-boxes. Do not cut down every Hollow\\nTree 33\\nChapter III\\nProvide Drinking and Bathing Fountains 42\\nvii", "height": "4338", "width": "2722", "jp2-path": "ournativebirdsh00lang_0011.jp2"}, "12": {"fulltext": "viii CONTEXTS\\nChapter IV\\nPAGE\\nFeeding Birds in Winter, and in Unfavorable Weather at\\nOther Seasons 46\\nChapter V\\nMiscellaneous. Dust Baths, Gravel, and Lime 62\\nChapter VI\\nProtecting the Birds from their Natural Enemies 64\\nChapter VII\\nThe English Sparrow Question 72\\nChapter VIII\\nBirds on Hats, Bo} T s, Collectors, So-called Bird Students,\\nBird Hunters, Ubiquitous Gunners 81\\nChapter IX\\nSong Birds as Food 90\\nSECTION V\\nEducation and the Birds 92\\nChapter X\\nEducating Adults 92\\nChapter XI\\nEducating the Growing Generation 96\\nSECTION VI\\nThe Birds before Uncle Sam 99", "height": "4338", "width": "2722", "jp2-path": "ournativebirdsh00lang_0012.jp2"}, "13": {"fulltext": "CONTENTS ix\\nSECTION VII\\nPAGE\\nGame Protection from the Nature Lover s Point of\\nView 126\\nSECTION VIII\\nMiscellaneous Information 144", "height": "4338", "width": "2722", "jp2-path": "ournativebirdsh00lang_0013.jp2"}, "14": {"fulltext": "I plead\\nFor flowers, smiling fairies of the ground;\\nFor birds, on wings and breezes skyward bound\\nFor trees, the lofty spires of hills we roam\\nFor beasts, still persecuted in their forest home.", "height": "4338", "width": "2722", "jp2-path": "ournativebirdsh00lang_0014.jp2"}, "15": {"fulltext": "OUR NATIVE BIRDS\\nHOW TO PROTECT THEM AXD ATTRACT\\nTHEM TO OUR HOMES", "height": "4338", "width": "2722", "jp2-path": "ournativebirdsh00lang_0015.jp2"}, "16": {"fulltext": "", "height": "4338", "width": "2722", "jp2-path": "ournativebirdsh00lang_0016.jp2"}, "17": {"fulltext": "OUR NATIVE BIRDS\\nSECTION I\\nARE THE BIRDS DECREASING\\nAbout a year ago Mr. William T. Hornaclay com-\\npiled what might be termed the first bird census of\\nthe United States. 1 He sent the following set of\\nquestions to a number of persons in every state and\\nterritory, excepting Alaska\\n1. Are birds decreasing in your locality\\n2. About how many are there now in comparison\\nwith the number fifteen years ago One-half as\\nmany one-third one-fourth\\n3. What agency, or class of men, has been most\\ndestructive to the birds of your locality\\n4. What important species of birds or quadrupeds\\nare becoming extinct in your state\\nThe answers received to those questions and the\\nconclusions drawn from them must, on the whole, be\\naccepted as trustworthy. The following states reported\\n1 The Destruction of our Birds and Mammals, by W. T. Horna-\\nday. In the Second Report of the New York Zoological Society,\\nNew York, 1898. Office of the Society, 69 Wall Street. The most\\nvaluable document ever published on the subject.\\nB 1", "height": "4338", "width": "2722", "jp2-path": "ournativebirdsh00lang_0017.jp2"}, "18": {"fulltext": "OUR NATIVE BIRDS\\na decrease of bird life varying from 10 per cent in\\nNebraska to 77 per cent in Florida, namely\\nArkansas,\\n50\\nper\\ncent\\nMississippi,\\n37 per cent\\nDistrict of Columbia\\n33\\na\\ntt\\nMissouri,\\n36\\nt a\\nColorado,\\n28\\na\\na\\nMontana,\\n75\\ni a\\nConnecticut,\\n75\\na\\na\\nNew Hampshire,\\n32\\nt u\\nFlorida,\\n77\\na\\nit\\nNew Jersey,\\n37\\ni u\\nGeorgia,\\n65\\nu\\na\\nNew York,\\n48\\ni it\\nIda 1 10,\\n40\\na\\na\\nNebraska,\\n10\\ni u\\nIllinois,\\n38\\na\\nit\\nNorth Dakota,\\n58\\ni a\\nIndiana,\\n60\\na\\na\\nOhio,\\n38\\ni a\\nIndian Territory,\\n75\\na\\nit\\nPennsylvania,\\n51\\ni a\\nIowa,\\n37\\na\\na\\nRhode Island,\\n60\\ni a\\nLouisiana,\\n55\\na\\nti\\nSouth Carolina,\\n32\\nt a\\nMaine,\\n52\\na\\na\\nTexas,\\n67\\ni a\\nMassachusetts,\\n27\\nLi\\na\\nVermont,\\n30\\ni a\\nMichigan,\\n23\\na\\na\\nWisconsin,\\n40\\ni a\\nThese states and territories comprise about three-\\nfifths of the whole United States, and this vast area\\nshows an average decrease of 46 per cent.\\nThe states of North Carolina, Oregon, and California\\nreported that there were as many birds as fifteen years\\nago.\\nFour states Kansas, Wyoming, Utah, and Wash-\\nington reported that bird life was increasing.\\nIt is to be regretted that Minnesota, South Dakota,\\nArizona, Tennessee, Kentucky, West Virginia, Ala-\\nbama, Nevada, Delaware, Maryland, and the Dominion\\nof Canada were not included in this report.\\nThe questions sent out refer to game birds as well as\\nto song birds. A large decrease in aquatic birds is to\\nbe expected and cannot be prevented when a new", "height": "4338", "width": "2722", "jp2-path": "ournativebirdsh00lang_0018.jp2"}, "19": {"fulltext": "ARE THE BIRDS DECREASING 3\\ncountry is settled, or when the population increases in\\nan old country. The gallinaceous game birds, like\\ngrouse, partridge, and quail, should not decrease in a\\nfarming district, unless they are hunted during the\\nclosed season, or hunted too much during the open sea-\\nson. 1 It is quite likely that want of water may also\\ncause a scarcity of these birds.\\nAdmitting that a general decrease in game birds was\\nto be expected under the game laws as they have been\\nenacted and enforced in these states, it is a deplorable\\nfact that the song birds have also greatly decreased.\\nFor Minnesota I make the following estimate based\\non my own observations and on that of others Cat-\\nbirds, brown thrushes, nieadow larks, kingbirds, rose-\\nbreasted grosbeaks, swallows, swifts, red-headed wood-\\npeckers, blue jays, and quails have increased. This\\nincrease is particularly noticeable in the case of the last\\nsix. In the spring of 1898, I often heard two rose-\\nbreasted grosbeaks sing near the corner of Seventh\\nStreet and Maria Avenue, St. Paul, where an electric car\\npasses at least every three minutes. Pinnated grouse,\\nor prairie-chickens, and partridges have decreased.\\nDucks in general have decreased on account of the\\ndrying up and draining of sloughs and swamps, and on\\naccount of excessive shooting, especially on account of\\nshooting in the spring. Wood ducks, red-heads, mer-\\ngansers, and canvas-back have decreased 50 per cent, all\\non account of much hunting. Green-winged teal, mal-\\n1 The closed season is the time during which hunting or fishing is\\nprohibited by law. In the open season fishing and hunting are legal.", "height": "4338", "width": "2722", "jp2-path": "ournativebirdsh00lang_0019.jp2"}, "20": {"fulltext": "4 OUR NATIVE BIRDS\\nlards, pin-tails, and widgeons have maintained the bal-\\nance, while the blue-winged teal and the ruddy duck\\nhave increased.\\nRobins have decreased on account of being shot by\\nfarmers for depredation on berries. Bluebirds have\\ndecreased 50 per cent. Mr. J. B. Bean, of Nicollet,\\nMinn., thinks that the great decrease in bluebirds is\\ndue to the late spring snow storm of a few years ago,\\nwhen he found many bluebirds lying starved on the\\nsnow. In the spring and summer of 1898, I travelled\\nfrom the southwest corner to the northeast corner of\\nMinnesota and found all kinds of birds everywhere very\\nnumerous. I also saw more bluebirds than I had seen for\\nyears. The only causes I can suggest for this decided\\nincrease over previous years was a late spring with no\\nlate night frosts. The late spring may have prevented\\nmany birds from going farther north, and the absence of\\nlate frosts would favor their nesting and the rearing of\\nthe young.\\nBirds will often decrease or disappear from one local-\\nity and appear and increase in another locality. The\\nred-headed woodpecker has, for instance, disappeared\\nfrom some localities in St. Paul and appeared and in-\\ncreased in others. In May, 1898, I saw the bird on\\nthe open prairie, near a railroad track, five miles from\\nthe nearest natural scrub timber. The farm groves in\\nthat district are too young for woodpecker nests, but\\nthe birds, no doubt, nested in telegraph poles. I have\\nfound the same birds very numerous in burnt-over\\nregions, where they nested in fire-killed trees. It", "height": "4338", "width": "2722", "jp2-path": "ournativebirdsh00lang_0020.jp2"}, "21": {"fulltext": "ARE THE BIRDS DECREASING 5\\nseems to me that for various reasons some of our birds\\nhave withdrawn into regions that are not often visited\\nby the great majority of observers, and that there has\\nbeen a general drifting from the eastern toward the\\nwestern states. A number of years ago I certainly\\nnever saw a red-headed woodpecker on Minnesota\\nprairies. I call attention to these facts to show how\\ndifficult it is to take a bird census and to find a trust-\\nworthy average for a large state with much variegated\\nlandscape features.", "height": "4338", "width": "2722", "jp2-path": "ournativebirdsh00lang_0021.jp2"}, "22": {"fulltext": "SECTION II\\nCAUSES FOR THE DECREASE OF SONG BIRDS\\ni. Lack of Nesting Places. It is known to every\\ncountry boy that woodpeckers and nuthatches are the\\ncarpenters of the bird world. They excavate old and\\ndecaying trees and limbs, and in the holes and hollows\\nmake houses for their young. Where old trees are\\nnumerous, these bird carpenters build more houses than\\nthey need for themselves, and the vacant or deserted\\nwoodpecker homes are eagerly sought by chickadees,\\ntitmice, brown creepers, wrens, and bluebirds each\\nbird selecting from the To Rent list a house which\\nin size and location suits its taste. In larger holes,\\nwhich probably were caused by the decay of broken\\nbranches and were enlarged by woodpeckers, small owls\\nand the beautiful wood duck build their nests.\\nBut where can these birds nest, when there are no\\nold, hollow trees left standing Most of them are com-\\npelled to leave the regions where their natural homes\\nare no longer found. A few make use of old telegraph\\npoles, old fence posts, and other substitutes. These\\nplaces are, however, very much exposed to cats, birds of\\nprey, thoughtless boys, and adult fool gunners. After\\none or two seasons the linemen put in a new telegraph\\n6", "height": "4338", "width": "2722", "jp2-path": "ournativebirdsh00lang_0022.jp2"}, "23": {"fulltext": "CAUSES FOR The decrease of song birds 7\\npole and the thrifty farmer replaces the old post. The\\nbirds are again homeless.\\nAnother large class of song birds like the robin, the\\ncatbird, the brown thrush, the rose-breasted grosbeak,\\nand nearly all the warblers, vireos, and many native\\nsparrows either nest in brush, in tangles, and on low\\ntrees or they love, at least, to be near such cover.\\nWhere the farmer cuts clown all large trees and then\\npastures his cattle on a few acres of woodland, no\\nunderbrush and no tangles are left. American city\\nlots and parks, for the most part, at least, also furnish\\nbut little shrubbery and very few of those thickets in\\nwhich the birds love to nest and to live. The result is\\nthat native birds are scarce.\\n2. Lack of Water. Nearly all birds love the vicinity\\nof water. They drink frequently and love to bathe on\\nthe shallow banks of sand and pebbles. In most\\ndensely settled farming regions, nearly all ponds and\\nmany small lakes have been drained off and many\\nstreams and springs have dried up, either on account of\\nthe general drainage or on account of the clearing away\\nof timber. The duck pond of the farmer is too near\\nthe house, is too far from cover, and is often dry. The\\npump trough is not available for the birds, because\\nthey cannot reach the water from its high rim. The\\nconditions in most towns and cities are still more\\nunfavorable. If the town has no water- works, it is\\npractically uninhabitable for most birds. If it has\\nwater-works, the birds can drink and bathe only where\\nthe hose is placed on the lawn and allowed to run", "height": "4338", "width": "2722", "jp2-path": "ournativebirdsh00lang_0023.jp2"}, "24": {"fulltext": "8 OUR NATIVE BIRDS\\nfor several hours. Need we be surprised that we miss\\nthe birds under these conditions?\\n3. Cats. All domestic cats catch a bird, whenever\\nthey can, and many are confirmed bird and nest hunters.\\nOn the ground, in holes and boxes, in shrubs, and on\\nsmall trees, birds and nests are alike exposed to their\\nattacks. About the only nest a cat cannot reach is\\nthat of the Baltimore oriole, but should an overbold\\noriole fledgling fall to the ground, before it is wary\\nand has mastered the new art of flying, the ever watch-\\ning cats are almost sure to get it. And how many\\nyoung birds fall to the ground out of the nest or from\\ntheir perch\\nIf we consider that many farmers seem to keep about\\nas many cats as the farm would support mice, and that\\nmany city families will, at least, keep a worthless cat,\\nif not also a worthless cur, the scarcity of birds need\\nnot puzzle us.\\nI have often wondered if some species of small owl\\ncould not be domesticated, and displace the cat as a\\nmouser. Some bird-lover ought to make careful exper-\\niments with owls for this purpose.\\n4. Boys, Collectors, and So-called Bird Students. My\\nexperience with boys enables me to say that parents,\\nteachers, and other adults are responsible for most of the\\nmischief boys commit against birds. They are easily\\nturned into bird protectors, as I shall show later. The\\nindividual with the egg and skin collecting mania, and\\nthe individual who makes collecting in a settled country\\na business are nuisances. Several periodicals and many", "height": "4338", "width": "2722", "jp2-path": "ournativebirdsh00lang_0024.jp2"}, "25": {"fulltext": "CAUSES FOR THE DECREASE OF SONG BIRDS 9\\nof the people who write for them and advertise in them\\nbelong to the same class.\\nWe do not want more birds in dark and dusty collec-\\ntions we want more birds to sing to us and our children\\nfrom bushes and tree tops.\\n5. Birds on Hats. The wearing of birds 011 hats\\nhas fearfully decreased, or almost exterminated a num-\\nber of bright-plumed southern birds. I have not learned\\nof song birds being hunted in the central and northern\\nstates of the Mississippi basin to adorn ladies hats. 1\\n6. The English Sparrow. There can be no doubt\\nbut that this pugilistic, chattering rogue worries away\\nvery many birds which would otherwise nest near our\\nhomes however, its sins have probably been somewhat\\nexaggerated.\\n7. The Lack of Food. Insects of nearly all kinds\\nand waste grain are so abundant in every settled region\\nthat perhaps no species of song bird has decreased on\\naccount of lack of food during the summer time. For\\nautumn and spring migrants and for winter residents\\nthere is no such regular and abundant food supply.\\n8. The Extensive Use of Poison in Farming and Garden-\\ning. I cite this as a possible cause for the decrease of\\nbirds, Since the potato-bug has spread over the whole\\ncountry every gardener and farmer uses large quantities\\n1 See The Wearing of Heron s Plumes or Aigrettes, by Frank\\nM. Chapman. Published by the Audubon Societies of New Jersey and\\nNew York. Write for it to the secretary of any State Audubon\\nSociety.\\nSee also: The Work of the Audubon Societies, by the same\\nauthor, in the Delineator, March, 1898.", "height": "4338", "width": "2722", "jp2-path": "ournativebirdsh00lang_0025.jp2"}, "26": {"fulltext": "10 OUE, NATIVE BIItDS\\nof Paris green and other arsenical poisons. Although\\nI have no evidence and am not aware that the subject\\nhas been investigated by any scientist, it seems that a\\nnumber of insectivorous birds that are known to eat\\npotato-bugs must be, at times, poisoned by eating insects\\nparalysed by Paris green. It has been repeatedly\\nobserved that corn which has been impregnated with\\nstrychnine for killing gophers, blackbirds, and crows is\\nat times eaten by quails, prairie-chickens, mourning\\ndoves, meadow larks, and other seed-eaters.\\nThe only w r ay to avoid the poisoning of song and game\\nbirds is to restrict the use of poisons to the most serious\\ncases of insect, bird, and vermin pests to cases that\\ncannot be reached by any other means. We should not\\nforget that birds and animals do not commit crimes\\nagainst us they simply live as their nature compels\\nthem to. If they wage war against us, they are simply\\nfighting the battle for existence, which is the divine\\nright of all life, and of animals and plants as well as of\\nman it is the unalienable birthright of all nature.\\nHumane nations and humane thinkers have lon^ ceased\\nto consider all means fair in war. Should not man,\\nwho is now so far ahead in the struggle, consider some\\nmeans unfair in his war with the lower creatures, espe-\\ncially as they cannot use unfair means\\nWe have need of much more light on the question of\\ninjurious birds and animals. Nearly every farmer and\\ngardener is apt to exaggerate the injury caused him by\\nbird or beast, because this injury is conspicuous, and is\\ndone within a few months, weeks, days, or even", "height": "4338", "width": "2722", "jp2-path": "ournativebirdsh00lang_0026.jp2"}, "27": {"fulltext": "CAUSES FOR THE DECRExlSE OF SONG BIRDS 11\\nhours. But the benefits rendered extend over the\\nwhole season or year, and elude the observation of most\\npeople. An owl may catch a thousand mice in a year,\\nand the farmer does not know that there is an owl\\nwithin a mile of his place, but let the owl catch a stray\\npullet and he is at once sentenced to be shot without\\ninvestigation.\\nThe dog and the cat, on the other hand, are held in\\nmuch higher esteem than they deserve. In the city,\\nnine dogs out of every ten are a nuisance, and consti-\\ntute an element of danger to the inhabitants.\\nIn the country, at least every other dog lives on\\nbread he never earned and is nothing but a worthless\\nIshmaelite, whose teeth and claws are against every\\ncreature, from the moose in the forest to the mouse in\\nthe meadow.\\nCAUSES OF DECREASE IK BIRD LIFE AS GIVEN IN\\nw. t. hornaday s report. 1\\nOf the series of one hundred and ninety reports now\\nbefore us, about 80 per cent declare a decrease in bird\\nlife and state the causes therefor. The list of destruc-\\ntive agencies now operating against our birds is a long\\none, and it is interesting to note the number of oberv-\\ners who complain of each. The figures given below\\nshow the number of observers who have reported each\\n1 This and other extracts from Mr. W. T. Hornaday s report on\\nThe Destruction of our Birds and Mammals are taken from his\\nreport as published by the New York Zoological Society with the per-\\nmission of the author.", "height": "4338", "width": "2722", "jp2-path": "ournativebirdsh00lang_0027.jp2"}, "28": {"fulltext": "12\\nOUR NATIVE BIIJDS\\nof these various causes in answer to the third question\\nin the list.\\n1. Sportsmen and so-called sportsmen,\\n2. Boys who shoot,\\n3. Market-hunters and pot-hunters,\\n4. Plume-hunters and milliners hunters,\\n5. Shooters generally,\\n6. Egg-collecting, chiefly by small boys,\\n7. English sparrow,\\nS. Clearing off timber, development of towns and\\ncities,\\n9. Italians and others, who devour song birds,\\n10. Cheap firearms,\\n11. Drainage of marshes,\\n12. Xon-enforcement of laws,\\n13. Gun clubs and hunting contests\\n1-1. Trapping birds for sale alive,\\n15. Prospectors, miners, and range-riders,\\n16. Collectors (ornithologists and taxidermists)\\n17. Colored population,\\n18. Indians (for decrease of game quadrupeds),\\n54\\nreports\\n42\\ntt\\n26\\na\\n32\\nft\\n21\\nft\\n20\\na\\n18\\nft\\n31\\nft\\n12\\nft\\n5\\nft\\n5\\nft\\n5\\nft\\n5\\nft\\n2\\nft\\n2\\n5\\nft\\n4\\nft\\n4\\nft", "height": "4338", "width": "2722", "jp2-path": "ournativebirdsh00lang_0028.jp2"}, "29": {"fulltext": "SECTION III\\nTHE DECREASE OF GAME BIRDS\\nPrairie-chickens, partridges, and quails are always\\nmore or less abundant, unless they are hunted too much,\\nor cannot find some shelter in timber during winter.\\nFor the protection of all our gallinaceous game birds, we\\nneed good and rigidly enforced game laws. The case\\nof aquatic game birds I shall illustrate by a concrete\\nexample.\\nAbout twenty years ago, Loon Lake in Minnesota,\\ncovered an area of about fifteen square miles, and was\\nfrom two to twenty-five feet deep. At that time swans\\nand pelicans visited the lake in fall and spring, but no\\nlonger bred there. Canada geese, ducks, and coots\\nnested on the lake. The lake teemed with pickerel,\\npike, and bullhead. On the tall trees of one of the\\nmany wooded peninsulas the great blue heron, the black-\\ncrowned night heron, and the black cormorants had\\nestablished a large, flourishing heronry.\\nIn the fall of 1880 the lake was lower than usual.\\nIn the following winter a very heavy layer of snow\\ncovered the ice and in the spring of 1881 thousands of\\ndead pickerel were cast ashore. This general destruc-\\ntion was caused by lack of air. Pelicans were not\\n13", "height": "4338", "width": "2722", "jp2-path": "ournativebirdsh00lang_0029.jp2"}, "30": {"fulltext": "14 OUR NATIVE BIRDS\\nknown on the lake after this destruction of the fish, but\\nswans still visit the lake in spring and fall.\\nGreat blue herons and cormorants continued fairly\\nnumerous until in the summer of 1895 or 1896, when\\nthe water was so low that the bullheads died then\\nthese birds left the lake. In the autumn of 1896, by\\nfar the greater part of the lake was a mud-flat, and\\nthere were only a few ducks found on it.\\nIn the spring of 1897 the water again rose to an\\naverage depth of about two and one-half feet, and in\\nthat autumn nearly all kinds of ducks were again\\npresent in great numbers. An astonishing number of\\ncoots bred there or arrived in fall.\\nThe spring of 1898 was late in coming, but there\\nwas no relapse into winter. When the lake was well\\nclear of ice, the spring shooting season had closed, and\\ngreat numbers of ducks, of different species, bred on\\nthe lake because they were not disturbed by hunters.\\nThe average depth of the water was about two and one\\nhalf feet in August. On the twenty-fourth of that\\nmonth I saw a flock of red-heads, mostly young, which\\nI estimated to contain about 800 individuals. Blue-\\nwinged teal and mallards were also very numerous\\nand there was a sprinkling of other species. The num-\\nber of coots was almost incredible. Following an ir-\\nregular shore fringe of rushes with a field-glass for\\nabout five miles, I estimated the number seen from\\none point to be about 10,000. The change in the water\\nlevel was, of course, accompanied by a corresponding\\nchange in aquatic plants. In the summer of 1898", "height": "4338", "width": "2722", "jp2-path": "ournativebirdsh00lang_0030.jp2"}, "31": {"fulltext": "THE DECREASE OF GAME BIRDS 15\\nthere were many square miles of water pest, elodea, and\\nextensive areas of water celery, vallisneria. The latter\\nis the favorite food of the red-head and the canvas-\\nback duck. The only fish observed were numerous\\nsmall minnows, wherever the weeds left enough clear\\nwater for them to swim about in.\\nThe changes in the level of the lake were principally\\nproduced by corresponding changes in the supply of\\nrain and snow.\\nThe above sketch proves that a sufficient water\\nsupply will insure a sufficient food supply for aquatic\\nbirds and if they are not hunted in spring, and not\\nhunted too much in fall, ducks at least are likely to be\\nnumerous wherever natural conditions favor them.\\nGeese, cranes, swans, and pelicans are so large and\\nconspicuous that they always attract attention and are\\ndisturbed. Thus they become very wild and wary, and\\nleave settled regions.\\nIf large birds were not so thoughtlessly persecuted,\\nthey would become accustomed to live and breed in\\nsettled regions, so that nearly everybody would have\\nan opportunity to observe such as Canada geese, loons,\\nand herons in their natural environments. This is\\nproved by the state of semi-domestication in which the\\nwhite stork lives in Germany and in other countries.\\nThe bird is about as large as our great blue heron and\\nis very conspicuously colored, but as it is not molested\\nby the people, it builds its nest on the roofs of houses\\nand other buildings, and hunts frogs, lizards, and\\nsnakes on the village meadows, and fishes in the", "height": "4338", "width": "2722", "jp2-path": "ournativebirdsh00lang_0031.jp2"}, "32": {"fulltext": "16 OUR NATIVE BIRDS\\nnearest streams and ponds. The peasants often place\\ncartwheels on the gables, where the storks use them as\\nconvenient foundations for nests. The same birds\\nhave been known to return to the same house for\\nmany successive years. Not all birds can be accus-\\ntomed to live near man. The black stork of Europe\\nis still the wild bird of the fens and moors. I have\\nseveral times found its nest in lonely moorland forests,\\nwhere it was built on tall pines that were almost\\ninaccessible even to an enthusiastic boy. Where the\\nwhite stork built when its present range was covered\\nby the vast, gloomy forests which Caesar and Tacitus\\ndescribe, I do not know.\\nMuch missionary work has still to be done before we\\nmay hope to protect large, conspicuous birds. A\\nGerman proverb says The fools never become ex-\\ntinct, but I hope that schools, educative societies, law,\\nand police may in the near future practically exter-\\nminate the bird -destroying variety. 1\\nAlthough this little book is principally concerned\\nwith song birds, I cannot pass the opportunity of\\nsaying a few words on other wild creatures for who\\nwould like to have all the wild Indian romance hunted\\nand driven away from our marshes and woods A\\nlake, where j^ou may chance upon a stately heron,\\nsurprise a beautiful wood duck, or espy a flock of wild,\\nhonking geese, is always full of charm and virile in-\\nspiration but what man or woman, boy or girl, is\\n1 See Hatch, Birds of Minnesota, on herons on Crane Island, in\\nLake Minnetonka, Minnesota.", "height": "4338", "width": "2722", "jp2-path": "ournativebirdsh00lang_0032.jp2"}, "33": {"fulltext": "THE DECREASE OF GAME BOIDS 17\\nstirred by the insipid combination of nothing but\\nwater, weeds, and ripples In such a place you feel\\nkeenly a want of harmony, only a part of the Each\\nand All is there, you encounter the painful desolation\\nof a deserted home, and confess with a pang that\\nyou and your kindred, either by deed or by neglect,\\nare responsible for this emptiness of nature. The wild\\ncreatures Eden is there. The birds have never sinned\\nagainst God or man. Why have we banished them to\\nthe sub- Arctic wastes\\nHow interesting and truly romantic is a boat trip,\\nwhen you may expect a deer coming out from the\\nthicket to drink, when you know wild-cats and bears\\nmay be listening to your voice. How stale and tame\\nthe whole journey becomes, when a six-inch pickerel\\nis the wildest creature you may expect to view. There\\nyou cannot help thinking that for every lover of nature\\nthis world is becoming a tiresome place. Is the time\\nrapidly approaching when English sparrows, brown\\nrats, and cottontails will be the biggest wild creatures\\nin the country? We read in the Holy Book that\\nGod saw every thing that he had made, and, behold,\\nit was very good. I fear that, unless the taste of\\nHim Who is unchangeable has undergone a decided\\nchange, He must at this time be much disgusted with\\na large part of the earth He created. Man, whom He\\ngave dominion over all, is indeed ruling the earth, but\\nhe is not ruling it like a wise, beneficent father he is\\nruling it like a greedy, despotic conqueror.\\nIt is high time that all lovers of nature wake up,\\nc", "height": "4338", "width": "2722", "jp2-path": "ournativebirdsh00lang_0033.jp2"}, "34": {"fulltext": "18 OUR NATIVE BIRDS\\nthat especially all teachers and educators awake and\\njoin the forces that are now working to preserve for\\nourselves and our children that great and beautiful\\nNature whose spirit we feel in Evangeline, and whose\\nvery soul speaks to us from Hiawatha. Let us not\\nmake the inspiration of future poets impossible.", "height": "4338", "width": "2722", "jp2-path": "ournativebirdsh00lang_0034.jp2"}, "35": {"fulltext": "SECTION IV\\nPROTECTING SONG BIRDS AND ATTRACTING THEM\\nTO OUR HOMES\\nCHAPTER I\\nBY FURNISHING THEM TREES, VINES, AND SHRUBS\\nWhat to Plant. Species that grow wild in your\\nvicinity are likely to thrive best and attract the greatest\\nnumber of birds. None but perfectly hardy species\\nshould be selected. Just what you want will depend\\non your intentions and on the space and locality you\\nhave at your disposal. As it would be impossible to\\ngive detailed directions suitable for all parts of the\\ncountry, I must refer those looking for more specific\\ndirections to reliable nursery men, to the Agricultural\\nExperiment stations, to superintendents of city parks,\\nand to the publications of the United States Forestry\\nDivision, Washington, D.C. Cottonwoods and wil-\\nlows are among the poorest trees for attracting birds.\\nNearly all prairie groves should have much more\\nunderbrush, for which almost any shade-enduring\\nshrub, bush, or vine would answer. A grove of mixed\\ntrees attracts more birds than a grove consisting of\\none kind only. 1\\n1 On the food of birds see Farmers Bulletin No. 54. See Merriam,\\nBirds of Village and Field, on planting of shrubbery to protect cul-\\ntivated fruit from birds. Pages xxiii-xxviii.\\n19", "height": "4338", "width": "2722", "jp2-path": "ournativebirdsh00lang_0035.jp2"}, "36": {"fulltext": "20 OUR NATIVE BIRDS\\nSource of Stock. You might raise the plants from\\nseeds or procure them from the woods, but in most\\ncases it will be cheaper to buy of a reliable nursery,\\nstating the purpose for which you wish the plants and\\nwhat place and soil they are to be planted in.\\nTime for Planting. The best time for planting is\\nearly in the spring, just as growth begins, but before\\nthe leaves have come out.\\nPlanting of Evergreens. All evergreens are very\\nsensitive to moving. The greatest care must be taken\\nto prevent the fine rootlets from becoming dry. They\\nare best planted in early spring, as soon as the ground\\ncan be conveniently worked.\\nWatering. If the season is dry, it may become\\nnecessary to water the young trees until their root\\nsystem has well developed. Give plenty of water, if\\nyou water at all, or you will simply cause a hard crust\\nto be formed of the surface soil.\\nTiviners, like hops, moonseed, and waxberry, Celas-\\ntrus scande?is, prefer poles or posts from one to three\\ninches thick, and will not twine around supports much\\nthicker. It is not advisable to plant them near\\nvaluable young trees, as they tend to strangle them.\\nWhen, in the lists following, one Latin name is given\\nwith the English name of a plant, the genus only is\\nreferred to when two Latin words follow the English\\nname, a certain species is referred to. It was not possi-\\nble or advisable in most cases to refer to a particular\\nspecies, as of most genera a number of valuable species\\nare found in the different sections of the country.", "height": "4338", "width": "2722", "jp2-path": "ournativebirdsh00lang_0036.jp2"}, "37": {"fulltext": "Fig. 1. Wild Yam Vine on Spray of Wild Haw. About One-\\nthird Natural Size.\\n21", "height": "4338", "width": "2722", "jp2-path": "ournativebirdsh00lang_0037.jp2"}, "38": {"fulltext": "22 OUR NATIVE BIRDS\\nNursery men are likely to offer species which have been\\nintroduced from Europe or Asia, but they will generally\\nanswer just as well, provided they are hardy in the region\\nwhere they are wanted. The letters N., S., M., W.,\\nmean that the respective plant is found or that the\\ngenus is represented in the North, South, Rocky Moun-\\ntains, and on the Pacific Slope respectively. On the\\ndistribution of species and genera I have consulted\\n1. Gray, Manual of the Botany of the Northern United States.\\nSixth edition.\\n2. Britton and Brown, Illustrated Flora of the Northern United\\nStates and Canada.\\n3. Chapman, Flora of the Southern United States. Second edition.\\n4. Coulter, Manual of the Botany of the Rocky Mountain Region.\\n5. Whitney and Watson, Botany of California.\\nI believe that our native trees, shrubs, vines, and\\nflowers should be used much more for ornamental pur-\\nposes. .Readers who may wish to know the more con-\\nspicuous wild flowers are referred to Mrs. Dana, How\\nto know the Wild Flowers, and to Parsons and Buck,\\nThe Wild Flowers of California.\\nBoth books are illustrated and are well adapted to the\\npurpose they intend to serve, and show that hundreds\\nof our wild flowers deserve a place in our parks and\\ngardens.\\nOur schools in observing Bird and Arbor Day, or\\nNature Day, should not neglect vines, shrubs, and\\nflowers. Your space for trees may be limited, but you\\ncan always find corners, fences, and walls for vines,\\nshrubs, and flowers, and it is generally easier to make", "height": "4338", "width": "2722", "jp2-path": "ournativebirdsh00lang_0038.jp2"}, "39": {"fulltext": "TREES, VINES, AND SHRUBS\\n23\\nthese smaller plants grow. When you transfer wild\\nplants to your lawns and gardens, do not fail to ob-\\nserve closely under what conditions they grow, and\\nFig. 2. False Bittersweet. The Pale Orange Arils have not\\nyet opened. about one-fourth natural slze.\\nthen surround them, as far as possible, by the same\\nconditions of light, shade, temperature, soil, and moist-", "height": "4338", "width": "2722", "jp2-path": "ournativebirdsh00lang_0039.jp2"}, "40": {"fulltext": "24 OUR NATIVE BIRDS\\nure. A shade-loving plant will, of course, perish if\\nplanted against an exposed south front wall.\\nThe groups in which I have arranged the woody\\nplants that are of special interest to bird lovers need no\\nfurther explanation.\\na. Species with Dense Foliage and Copious Branching.\\nTrees and other woody plants of this character offer\\ngood nesting places for many species they protect the\\nfledglings from cats, crows, and hawks, and some of\\nthem also bear fruit, which is eaten by many birds.\\nThe following are suggested\\n1. Norway Spruce and Native Spruces.\\n2. Scotch Pine, Austrian Pine, and Native Pines.\\n3. White Cedar and Red Cedar. N., S., W.\\n4. White Elm. N., S.\\n5. Wild Plums. N., S., M., W.\\n6. Wild Haws. Cratcec/us. N., S., M., W.\\n7. Mulberries.\\n8. Choke Cherry and other wild cherries. N., S.,\\nJVL, W.\\n9. Wild Hazel. N., S.. M., W.\\n10. Virginia Creeper. N., S., M.\\n11. Wild Grape Vines. N., S., M., W.\\n12. Wild Clematis. N., S., M., W.\\n13. Green-Brier. Smilax. N., S., M., W.\\n14. False Bittersweet. Celastrus scandens. N.,\\nSouthwest.\\n15. Honeysuckle. Lonicera. N., S., M., W.\\n16. Mock Orange. Philadelphia. Central, S., W.", "height": "4338", "width": "2722", "jp2-path": "ournativebirdsh00lang_0040.jp2"}, "41": {"fulltext": "TREES, VINES, AND SHRUBS 25\\n17. Meadow-Sweet. Spircea. N., S., M., W.\\n18. Citrus Trifoliata. Hedge shrub not hardy north.\\n19. Honey-Locust. G-leditschia. N., S.\\n20. Moonseed. Menispermum. N., S.\\nb. Species Desirable on Account of their Fruit.\\naa. The following species produce fruit that ripens\\nin summer or autumn, and attracts summer residents\\nand early autumn migrants\\n1. Wild Cherries. N., S., M., W.\\n2. Wild Currants and Gooseberries. N., S., M., W.\\n3. Juneberry or Shadbush. Amelanchier. N.,S.,\\nM., W.\\n4. Wild Plums. N., S., M., W.,\\n5. Snowberry. Symphoricarpus. N., S., M., W.\\n6. Dogwood. Cornus. N., S., M., W.\\n7. Hackberry. Celtis. N., S., M.\\n8. Elder. Sambucus. N., S., M., W.\\n9. Viburnum. N., S., M., W.\\n10. Mountain Ash.\\nbb. The following species produce fruit that ripens\\nlate in autumn, remains on the twigs into or through\\nthe winter, and attracts late migrants, winter residents,\\nand migrants on their northward journey in spring.\\n1. Hackberry. Celtis. N., S., M.\\n2. Mountain Ash. Sorbus. N., M., W.\\n3. Red Cedar. Juniperus. N., S., M., W.\\n4. Wild Haws. Crataegus. N., S., M., W.\\n5. False Bittersweet. Celastrus scandens. N.,\\nSouthwest.", "height": "4338", "width": "2722", "jp2-path": "ournativebirdsh00lang_0041.jp2"}, "42": {"fulltext": "26\\nOUR NATIVE BIRDS\\n6. Burning-bush, or Walioo. Euonymus. L., N.,\\nS., M., W.\\n7. Wild Rose. N., S., M., W.\\n8. Moonseed. Menisperum. N., S.\\n9. Virginia Creeper. N., S., M.\\n10. Green-Brier. Smilax. N., S., M., W.\\n11. Box-Elder. Female trees. N., S., M., W.\\nFig. 3. Burning-bush. A Spray with Fruit as seen in Early\\nAutumn. About One-half Natural Size.\\n12. Sumach. N., S., M., W.\\n13. Holly. Ibex. N., S.\\n14. Wild Crab Apple. Malm. N., S.\\nc. The Following Species Offer Both Fruit and Dense\\nFoliage\\n1. Honeysuckle. Lonicera. N., S., M., W.\\n2. Chokecherry. N., S., M., W.", "height": "4338", "width": "2722", "jp2-path": "ournativebirdsh00lang_0042.jp2"}, "43": {"fulltext": "TREES, VINES, AND SHKUBS\\n3. Wild Plum. N., S., M., W.\\n4. Wild Currant. N., S., M., W.\\n5. Wild Grape Vines. N., S., M., W.\\n6. Virginia Creeper. N., S., M., W.\\n7. Elder. Sambucus. N., S., M., W.\\n27\\nFig. 4. Moonseed Twining on a Young Willow. About One-\\neighth Natural Size.\\n8. Wild Gooseberries. Species with smooth fruit.\\nN., S., M., W.\\nFlowers for Hummingbirds. These little gems of\\nsunshine are a unique feature of American birclclom.\\nIn the summer of 1898 they were particularly numer-", "height": "4338", "width": "2722", "jp2-path": "ournativebirdsh00lang_0043.jp2"}, "44": {"fulltext": "28 OUR NATIVE BIRDS\\nous on the farms, in the towns and parks of southeast-\\nern Minnesota, and I also found them in the wild\\nnortheast corner of the state, where they flitted about\\namong fireweeds and raspberries of the North Shore.\\nWhile they are specially attracted by long-tubed flow-\\ners, they seem to visit nearly all flowers. The gladiolus\\nis one of their favorite flowers a bed of them was\\nalmost the home of several that I observed last summer.\\nI would therefore suggest that these beautiful, showy\\nflowers be not omitted from gardens -where humming-\\nbirds are wanted. The little creatures, as far as I\\nknow, do not suffer from cats and are not encroached\\nupon by the English sparrow, although I have seen a\\nsparrow shoot at one in midair, probably mistaking it\\nfor a large insect.\\nGeneral Suggestions on Tree Planting for Birds. In\\nthe numberless groves which now adorn our prairie\\nstates, birds are generally numerous and conspicuous\\nduring spring and early summer, May and June in this re-\\ngion, but in Juty, when the dry season begins and when\\nberries begin to ripen in the woods and copses, they dis-\\nappear, as if suddenly spirited away. Plant some of the\\nspecies referred to under and around your groves of box-\\nelder, Cottonwood, soft maple, and willows, and provide\\nthe birds with one or more bathing and drinking foun-\\ntains and many will stay in your groves all summer.\\nOn city lots, shrubs and vines should be placed along\\nfences, and in unsightly corners they will beautify\\nyour property and attract the birds.\\nManagers of parks and of large private properties", "height": "4338", "width": "2722", "jp2-path": "ournativebirdsh00lang_0044.jp2"}, "45": {"fulltext": "ATTRACTING SONG BIRDS 29\\ncan attract hosts of birds if they have the matter\\nbrought to their attention. They generally employ\\nskilled horticulturists, and they can have no difficulty\\nin deciding what to plant. An interesting incident is\\ntold by Dr. W. Kobelt, of the Botanical Garden at\\nGiessen, Germany Two ponds were separated by a\\ndam, which served as a w^alk. This dam was cut out\\nat both ends, thus making an island, which, during the\\nsummer time, was inaccessible to cats and bad boys. A\\nfew trees were already growing on the dam and all\\nkinds of shrubs and vines, and a few conifers were\\nplanted in addition. A few large rocks and a pile of\\nbrush for wrens were also added and the bird island\\nwas left to itself and to the birds. It was not found\\nnecessary to advertise the island in the papers or to put\\nup signs with Nesting Places for Rent. The very\\nfirst spring the islet was crowded with nests, and from\\nthe island the birds populated the neighboring gar-\\ndens. Every kind of bird that nests at all in the\\nvicinity of Giessen and in such places was found on\\nthis island.\\nThis incident shows how quickly the birds will make\\nuse of suitable nesting places. As most of our larger\\ncities have parks with lakes and ponds in them, many\\nof them could maintain such islands without any extra\\nexpense. The main point for consideration is that such\\nislands furnish absolute protection against cats. The\\nnests cannot be molested, nor can the young birds be\\ndestroyed while they hop about on the ground or sit on\\nlow bushes, unable to rise to higher and safer perches.", "height": "4338", "width": "2722", "jp2-path": "ournativebirdsh00lang_0045.jp2"}, "46": {"fulltext": "30 OUR NATIVE BIRDS\\nLet us have bird islands wherever conditions make it\\npossible\\nAlmost every farmer and land owner possesses small\\nareas which cannot be utilized for agricultural purposes.\\nPlant these waste places with shrubs, trees, and vines\\nsuitable to the locality. Summer birds will nest in\\nthese isolated woods, and migrants and winter residents\\nwill gladly resort to them for food and protection. I\\nhave known a large flock of quails to make their home\\nin a copse of small trees, shrubs, and dead flower stalks\\nand grasses. This natural shelter extended a few\\nhundred yards along a meandering prairie stream in\\nMinnesota. The quails could not be driven out of it.\\nIf you want a place where your boy may hunt rabbits,\\nhe will find them in such waste-land shelter.\\nRural Schools and Nature. If the windows and doors\\nof many country schoolhouses did not so much suggest\\nthe structure in which the worthy Ichabod Crane offici-\\nated, a stranger would undoubtedly mistake these cor-\\nner shanties for township jails or some kind of penal\\nsheds or almshouses. The dilapidated appearance of the\\njail and its desolate surroundings he might interpret as\\nintended to accentuate the punishment of the culprit or\\nto symbolize the lack of beauty and harmony in his\\nmind and morals. I cannot imagine that, without see-\\ning the children, the teacher, or the school furniture, he\\ncould possibly hit upon the idea that these are the\\nplaces where wealthy, intelligent, and practical com-\\nmunities compel their children to spend one-fifth of the\\nwaking hours of their youth, and that they would", "height": "4338", "width": "2722", "jp2-path": "ournativebirdsh00lang_0046.jp2"}, "47": {"fulltext": "ATTRACTING SONG BIRDS\\n31\\nselect such desolate shacks in which to teach the grow-\\ning generation to appreciate and admire the beautiful.\\nAs long as so little is done to make country life pleas-\\nant, the boys and girls do right to leave the farms.\\nFig. 5. Twigs of Burning-bush in Fruit and Red Cedar. From\\na Water Color by H. Giehler. About One-third Natural Size.\\nEvery person who is interested in making rural life\\nand rural schools what they ought to be should send for\\nBulletin 160, Hints on Rural School Grounds. By\\nL. H. Bailey, Cornell University, Agricultural Ex-", "height": "4338", "width": "2952", "jp2-path": "ournativebirdsh00lang_0047.jp2"}, "48": {"fulltext": "32 OUR NATIVE BIRDS\\nperiment Station, Ithaca, N. Y. It is sent free to\\napplicants.\\nThe bulletin is finely illustrated and gives explicit\\ndirections for planting trees, shrubbery, and flowers on\\nschool grounds. The suggestions given there can also\\nbe applied to rural homes, city homes, and city schools.\\nIf you follow out Professor Bailey s ideas, you will soon\\nhave trees, shrubs, flowers, and birds near your homes\\nand schools, and they will become the beauty spots of\\nthe country. 1\\n1 See an article on School Gardens in Appleton s Popular Science\\nMonthly, February, 1898. Write to Agricultural Experiment Station,\\nFort Collins, Col., for Notes on Birds of Colorado to Agricultural\\nExperiment Station, Orono, Maine, for two pamphlets, Ornament-\\ning Home Grounds and Ornamental Plants for Maine to Agri-\\ncultural Experiment Station, Lincoln, Neb., for Ornamental Plant-\\ning and Methods of Tree Planting; to U. S. Department of\\nAgriculture, Washington, D. C, for Forestry for Farmers. See\\nalso The Winter Food of Chickadees and The Feeding Habits of\\nthe Chipping Sparrow, by Clarence M. Weed, Agricultural Experi-\\nment Station, Durham, N. H.", "height": "4338", "width": "2722", "jp2-path": "ournativebirdsh00lang_0048.jp2"}, "49": {"fulltext": "CHAPTER II\\nPROVIDE NESTING BOXES, AND DO NOT CUT DOWN\\nEVERY HOLLOW TREE\\nGeneral Directions. The best way to attract those\\nbirds that breed in hollow trees and in other cavities,\\nis to allow old hollow trees to remain. Should a dead\\ntree disfigure your place, plant wild grape vine, Vir-\\nginia creeper, or some other suitable climbing vine near\\nit the vines will soon cover it, you keep the birds, and\\nthey are not compelled to go house hunting, which they\\nlike no better than men.\\nWhere no hollow trees and posts exist, we must help\\nout by nesting boxes. Set your boys and girls to make\\nthese boxes and I must be much mistaken, if such work\\nwill not make them real and enthusiastic bird protectors.\\nIn most cases it will however be necessary that an older\\nperson direct the work and assist in it. By far the\\nbest material for bird boxes are sections of hollow\\ntrunks and limbs, having a cavity from 3 to 8\\ninches in diameter. Boards and slabs with the bark\\nare almost as good. Where such material is not obtain-\\nable, use rough-sawed, weathered, one-inch boards.\\nBird boxes should not be made of new boards and\\nshould generally not be planed and painted. If you\\nd 33", "height": "4338", "width": "2722", "jp2-path": "ournativebirdsh00lang_0049.jp2"}, "50": {"fulltext": "34 OUR NATIVE BIRDS\\nhave to take newly sawed lumber, rub the boards with\\nmoist earth. Limbs and trunks may, of course, be bored\\nout, or they may be ripped first, then a cavity cut out,\\nand the two halves screwed together again, but these\\nboxes are likely to open along the joints unless very\\ncarefully made. Do not nail false bark on the boxes\\nit is never quite tight and only harbors bird parasites.\\nIt is, however, advisable to fasten the bark on summer\\ncut wood with small nails. On wood that was cut in\\nlate autumn or in winter, the bark adheres naturally.\\nThe wood of rough-barked deciduous trees is best for\\nbird boxes, but any kind of wood may be used.\\nThe width of the entrance hole, the location of the\\nbox, and its height from the ground must receive\\ncareful attention. Birds do not like to approach their\\nnests over wide open spaces. The old nesting material\\nshould not be removed from the boxes, the birds will\\nattend to that themselves. The boxes must not be\\nexposed to the noon and afternoon sun, and small\\nopenings should be left between top and cover to\\nsecure ventilation.\\nIt is absolutely necessary to fasten the boxes well.\\nIf they are shaky and are rattled by the wind, or if\\nbranches and twigs strike against them, the birds will\\nnot use them. The fastening may be done by means\\nof strong wires, nails, or screws, the method depending\\nsomewhat on the value of the tree to which the box\\nis to be fastened.\\nSome of the best European observers advocate sur-\\nrounding the boxes of titmice and wrens with thorns.", "height": "4338", "width": "2722", "jp2-path": "ournativebirdsh00lang_0050.jp2"}, "51": {"fulltext": "PROVIDE NESTING BOXES 35\\nTwigs of our wild haws and plums will answer this\\npurpose. They should be securely nailed, screwed,\\nor otherwise fastened so as to protect the entrance\\nholes against cats, crows, squirrels, jays, and shrikes.\\nIt would pay to find by experiment how our titmice,\\nbluebirds, wrens, and nuthatches take to boxes thus\\nprotected.\\nA pair of house wrens nested for several years in a\\nbox which I had nailed to a thin, peeled pole, about 12\\nfeet from the ground and placed near young trees\\nabout 20 feet high. The pole was too thin and too\\nsmooth for the cats.\\nAnother good way to protect the boxes from cats is\\nto surround the tree about 5 feet from the ground, or\\njust below the branches, with several coils of some kind\\nof barbed wire about 2 feet wide. The closer the\\nbarbs are placed, the more effective is the protection.\\nTake two narrow pieces of board or lath, tack them,\\none above the other, to the tree by their upper ends\\nthen nail the end of the barbed wire to the tree with\\na steeple tack. Wind the wire around the tree and\\nboards as shown in the figure, and fasten the lower\\nend of the wire to the last coils. Next fasten the\\nbarbed wire coil to the lower branches by means of\\na smooth wire, then draw the nail holding the laths\\nand pull out the laths. In this way we procure\\nelastic barb wire coils, which may remain on the\\ntree for a number of years without hindering its\\ngrowth.\\nThe entrance holes should be turned away from the", "height": "4338", "width": "2722", "jp2-path": "ournativebirdsh00lang_0051.jp2"}, "52": {"fulltext": "86\\nOUR NATIVE BIRDS\\nprevailing rain storms. On buildings, the east side\\nis the most desirable, but the north side will also do,\\nif protected by an overhanging roof. The south and\\nwest sides are likely to\\nbe too hot unless they\\nare shaded. No box\\nwill be occupied that\\nis readily accessible to\\ncats.\\nSpecial Directions.\\nMeasurements are given\\nin inches unless other-\\nwise stated.\\n1. Titmice, Chicka-\\ndees, and Wrens. In-\\nside measurement of box\\nabout 7x5x5, place\\nit against out-buildings\\nor on trunks and limbs\\nof trees from 6 to 12\\nfeet high. Size of en-\\ntrance about 1\\\\ inches\\nin the middle of the board, a little widened both toward\\nthe inside and the outside. Nail a little last an inch\\nbelow the entrance. If the hole is too large the English\\nsparrows will move in, if too small you are likely to have\\nwasps or bees as your renters. The birds referred to\\nwill not nest near the gathering places of English spar-\\nrows. I have observed the house wren build in a box\\nthat had the entrance in one of the lower corners with\\nFig. 6.-\\n-Tree Trunk with Barb\\nWire Coils.", "height": "4338", "width": "2722", "jp2-path": "ournativebirdsh00lang_0052.jp2"}, "53": {"fulltext": "PROVIDE NESTING BOXES 37\\nthe bottom board projecting a few inches and forming\\na platform.\\n2. Nuthatches and Creepers. Inside measure of box\\nabout 20 x 6 x 6, place it on trees from 12 to 25 feet\\nabove the ground, rough inside and outside, no perch on\\nthe outside, entrance from to 2 inches in diameter.\\n3. Woodpeckers. Quite a few of these birds are\\nlikely to avail themselves of nesting boxes, if made of\\nhollow trunks and limbs or of wood with the natural\\nbark on it. The boxes may be from 10 x 5 x 5 to\\n36 x 7 x 7 inside measure, the entrance from 2 to 4\\ninches in diameter. Place the boxes on trees from 10\\nto 25 feet high, supply no perches and no thorns. I\\nhave found the flicker s nest 4 feet from the ground\\nin an old cottonwood tree, in a cavity only about a foot\\ndeep and with an entrance large enough for any man s\\nfist. This nest was in a prairie grove, where the cotton-\\nwood was the only hollow tree. A pair of red-headed\\nwoodpeckers once built their nest in a telegraph pole\\non a much-frequented street in St. Paul, Minn. The\\nchildren from one of the public schools passed there\\nevery day. Some boys climbed to the entrance repeat-\\nedly, but the nest was too deep to be reached, and in\\ndue time the young appeared on the neighboring house-\\ntops. The best way to attract woodpeckers is to spare\\nold and hollow trees.\\n4. Bluebirds. Boxes of about 10 x 6 x 6 inside\\nmeasure, fastened to trees or posts near shrubs and\\nbrush, from 6 to 15 feet above the ground, entrance\\nfrom 2 to 2J inches in diameter. Mr. J. W. Taylor of", "height": "4338", "width": "2722", "jp2-path": "ournativebirdsh00lang_0053.jp2"}, "54": {"fulltext": "38 OUR NATIVE BIRDS\\nSt. Paul, Minn., has had bluebirds nesting in boxes,\\nwhich he had painted a dark green so as to harmonize\\nwith the foliage of oaks.\\n5. Flycatchers. Those that live near dwellings fre-\\nquently build on the window caps, if they are protected\\nby an overhanging roof. The favorite nesting places\\nfor the phoebe are the beams of bridges. The boys can\\ndo the birds a favor by nailing strips of laths or pieces\\nof boards horizontally to the beams. A little shelf\\nthus constructed under a projecting roof is also readily\\nused. Near the nest must be a convenient perch from\\nwhere the birds can watch for flying insects, which they\\ncan do from wires, posts, dead branches, and small dead\\ntrees.\\n6. Swalloivs. Nail bracket shelves to any conven-\\nient beams and rafters in machine sheds, corn-bins, hay-\\nlofts, and barns. The boards used may be from two to\\nfour inches wide. Sheltered places on the outside of\\nbuildings are also good out-buildings should have\\nopenings for the birds.\\n7. The Purple Martin. This bird will nest in\\nalmost any box of the right size in the right place, it\\nwill even use boxes of planed and painted boards.\\nThe inside measure should be about 10 x 8 x 8, the\\nentrance about 2J inches in diameter near the top and\\nshould have no perches. They seem to like a martin\\nhouse consisting of several apartments. The house\\nmay be fixed on a stout post or on the top of a building.\\n8. The Small Owls. The barn owl, long-eared owl,\\nbarred owl, short-eared owl, and screech owl are bene-", "height": "4338", "width": "2722", "jp2-path": "ournativebirdsh00lang_0054.jp2"}, "55": {"fulltext": "PROVIDE NESTING BOXES 39\\nficial and should be protected. If farm buildings\\nhave sufficiently large openings, the barn owl will enter\\nand look after the mice. I suggest that experiments be\\nmade with nesting boxes for them. The boxes should\\nvary in size from 16 x 12 x 12 to 18 x 11 x 14. Use\\nsome with large side opening and leave the others en-\\ntirely open at the top and observe the results. The\\nboxes should be fastened in crotches of trees. Bore a\\nfew small holes into the bottom of the open boxes, so\\nthat rain water will not accumulate in them.\\n9. The Wood Duck. This most beautiful and inter-\\nesting of all ducks has much decreased in Minnesota,\\nand no doubt in all settled districts. Even where the\\nlakes still ripple and plash in the June breeze, its\\nnatural homes, the old and hollow trees, are gone. The\\nfarmers have cut them for fuel, or some individual, who\\nstyles himself hunter or trapper, has burned and cut the\\nhoary sires of the primeval forest, because a poor squir-\\nrel, or a cottontail, or even a coon had taken refuge in\\nthem.\\nBoxes having the natural bark on them, will un-\\ndoubtedly attract the wood duck. Make the boxes about\\n21 x 16 x 16 to 36 x 18 x 18. They may be provided\\nwith side openings of 1 to 5 inches diameter, or the top\\nmay be left open. According to Masefield, an English\\nwriter, such boxes have long been used in Lapland.\\nPlace the boxes on trees in well-wooded places near\\nrivers and lakes. Wood ducks frequently build in\\nconvenient crotches and on stumps. I would, therefore,\\nsuggest that some very shallow boxes be also used.", "height": "4338", "width": "2722", "jp2-path": "ournativebirdsh00lang_0055.jp2"}, "56": {"fulltext": "40 OUR NATIVE BIRDS\\nThe so-callecl ox-bows, or old river channel, are the\\nfavorite waters of the wood duck.\\nConcluding Remarks. I hope that my readers,\\nespecially our boys and girls, will experiment with\\nnesting boxes for birds, so that we soon may have\\nmore definite knowledge on the subject. The pleasure\\nderived from such work is a rich reward for it.\\nEvery bird lover should make good use of his experi-\\nences. Some birds, like our purple martin and the\\nEuropean starling, have become accustomed to use\\nnesting boxes, but most of our native birds have yet to\\nlearn to live in the white man s houses. We must,\\ntherefore, not lose patience if our boxes are not at once\\noccupied, but must continue to observe and experiment.\\nMagazines like Bird Lore, The Auk, and others will\\nbe glad to publish the experience of bird lovers. I\\nhave consulted the following publications and refer my\\nreaders to them\\n1. Masefield, Wild Bird Protection and Nesting Boxes, Taylor\\nBros., Leeds, England.\\n2. Liebe, Nistkasten flir Vogel. Theo. Hoffmann, Gera, Germany,\\nOne of the best treatises on the subject.\\n3. Kobelt, Schutz den Vogeln. Bechtold Co., Wiesbaden, Ger-\\nmany.\\n4. Voigt, Unsere niitzlichen Gartenvogel. Theo. Voigt, Gernrode\\nam Harz, Germany.\\n5. L. H. Bailey, The Birds and I. College of Agriculture, Cornell\\nUniversity, Ithaca, N. Y.\\nThe first costs about 50c, the other three are pamph-\\nlets which can be had for about 15c. each. No. 5 is", "height": "4338", "width": "2722", "jp2-path": "ournativebirdsh00lang_0056.jp2"}, "57": {"fulltext": "PROVIDE NESTING BOXES 41\\nvery good for boys and girls, because it contains num-\\nerous drawings of nesting boxes. It is sent free to\\napplicants.\\nI shall be very glad to receive suggestions and\\ncriticism from those who experiment with nesting\\nboxes.", "height": "4338", "width": "2722", "jp2-path": "ournativebirdsh00lang_0057.jp2"}, "58": {"fulltext": "CHAPTER III\\nPROVIDE DRINKING AND BATHING FOUNTAINS\\nIt seems that the question of water supply has received\\nlittle attention in the study of birds. The sudden dis-\\nappearance of birds from our Western prairie groves\\nin July has already been referred to. I have observed\\nseveral species of birds eagerly drinking the water that\\nhad leaked through the cattle trough; a yellow warbler\\nwas seen to drink out of a cup placed on the top of\\na pump, and in one very dry summer a great bittern\\nlooking for water came to a pump only a few feet from\\nthe farmhouse. During the same part of the sum-\\nmer all kinds of birds were abundant in the small\\nprairie town of Litchfield, Minn., where the conditions\\nfor nesting, roosting, food, and shelter were not better\\nthan on the farms but the town has water- works,\\nlawns and gardens were freely sprinkled and I often\\nobserved the birds drinking on the lawns, spluttering\\nin the pools, or taking shower baths in the spray.\\nOne December day I came upon a chickadee that had\\njust taken a bath in a stream, when the temperature of\\nthe air was about 25\u00c2\u00b0 F. The stream w^as covered with\\nice and snow, except where a swift current had kept it\\nopen. At another time, when the temperature of the\\nair was zero or below, I saw a number of house spar-\\n42", "height": "4338", "width": "2722", "jp2-path": "ournativebirdsh00lang_0058.jp2"}, "59": {"fulltext": "PROVIDE DRINKING AND BATHING FOUNTAINS 43\\nrows drink from an open spring. During the cold\\nweather of February, 1899, a flock of evening grosbeaks\\nremained for weeks near an open place of the Minnesota\\nRiver. I saw the birds feed on the box-elder seeds\\nseveral times, but never saw them drink. On March\\n4th, 1899, I saw through the window about eight feet\\nfrom the point of observation, a small flock of those\\nbirds eat the wet, thawing snow in a sunny corner on\\nthe roof of my house. This was about 8:30 in the\\nmorning, when the snow on the ground was not at all\\nthawing. The nearest open water was about two miles\\naway. Frequently I have observed house sparrows\\nbathing in snow water whose temperature was just\\nabove freezing.\\nAll animals must have water, unless they find enough\\nof it in their food. Flesh-eating and insect-eating\\nbirds may find enough of it in their food, seed-eaters\\nmay fly some distance to find it or they may strip the\\ndew off the grass in the winter, they drink at springs\\nor at other open places, or eat snow, but there can be\\nlittle doubt that they prefer water to snow.\\nConstruction of the Bathing and Drinking Basin. The\\nbest bathing and drinking place is a bank of sand or\\ngravel to which the water is supplied by a spring or\\nrunning stream. It should have a sloping bottom,\\nmaking the water from to 3 inches deep. It should\\nbe close to shrubs and trees, thus affording ready shelter\\nagainst birds of prey, but there should be no hiding\\nplace for cats near by.\\nWhere such natural basins cannot be furnished, dis", "height": "4338", "width": "2722", "jp2-path": "ournativebirdsh00lang_0059.jp2"}, "60": {"fulltext": "44 OUR NATIVE BIRDS\\ntribute a number of large flower pot saucers in the\\ngarden and in the groves. No bird basin should be\\nglazed. If you wish a larger basin, construct one of\\nwood or of corrugated tin about 2x3 feet, and 3\\ninches deep in the middle. Nail thin laths to the in-\\nside of the wooden basin about 2 inches apart. Stand\\nthese basins in a suitable excavation, or place a stone\\nor small block of wood under each corner to make them\\nstand firm, or a small support may be fixed below each\\ncorner. The water in such saucers and basins should\\nbe renewed every evening about sunset or early in the\\nmorning. From time to time they must be thoroughly\\ncleaned. Boys and girls have plenty of time to attend\\nto these basins, which in dry weather should be set out\\nas soon as the birds arrive in spring. This is as nec-\\nessary in cities as in the country, because we often have\\nseveral weeks of dry weather during which the birds\\narrive and when lawn sprinklers are not yet used.\\nA German writer, Otto Voigt, recommends floating\\nbasins for tanks, ponds, large park basins, and streams\\nthat offer no suitable sand or gravel banks. Such a\\nfloating basin is constructed of willow, roots, or twigs\\nits margin projects above the water and the depth of\\nthe water is regulated by cork or wood floats attached\\nso as to make it from 1 to 3 inches deep. Common\\nplasterers laths or old wash baskets will serve well for\\nthe construction of such floating basins. They should\\nbe anchored near protecting trees or shrubs. From\\ntime to time they must be cleaned of slime and algae.\\nArtificial bird basins cannot be well used in very", "height": "4338", "width": "2722", "jp2-path": "ournativebirdsh00lang_0060.jp2"}, "61": {"fulltext": "PROVIDE DRINKING AND BATHING FOUNTAINS 45\\nsevere winter weather, but the natural basins will\\ncertainly prove a great attraction for winter birds as\\nwell as for summer residents. The common iron or\\nFig. 7. A Floating Bird Basin.\\ncement fountains and basins found in gardens and\\nparks attract but few birds, because their sides are\\ngenerally steep and slippery, and the water is too\\ndeep.", "height": "4338", "width": "2722", "jp2-path": "ournativebirdsh00lang_0061.jp2"}, "62": {"fulltext": "CHAPTER IV\\nFEEDING BIRDS IN WINTER AND IN UNFAVORABLE\\nWEATHER AT OTHER SEASONS\\nThe greater part of this chapter has been kindly con-\\ntributed by Mrs. Elizabeth B. Davenport of Brattleboro,\\nVt., who has had much experience in feeding birds.\\nI hope that especially many boys and girls will follow\\nher precept and example.\\nThe first thing in feeding birds is to consider the\\nenvironment, and consequently what species are to be\\nfirst invited. My surroundings are an apple orchard,\\nwith groves of conifers not far off, and much lawn and\\ngarden space. But we are only a hundred feet or so\\nfrom a main street in a closely settled village.\\nI put split bones in which the marrow is accessible\\nand other bones with some suet upon the apple tree\\nboughs, and also nailed large pieces of suet upon per-\\npendicular trunks. Chickadees, nuthatches, and downy\\nwoodpeckers found them almost immediately. A box\\nopen only on one side, and the closed side turned\\ntoward the prevailing wind was fastened to the trunk\\nof a tree some twenty-five feet from the house. An\\nadditional board on the top projected several inches to\\ngive still further protection. In this box I put cracked\\ncorn and broken bread. A shelf at a near-by window\\n46", "height": "4338", "width": "2722", "jp2-path": "ournativebirdsh00lang_0062.jp2"}, "63": {"fulltext": "FEEDING BIRDS IX WINTER 47\\ncontained suet and hemp seed, and a basket hung from\\nanother window contained only hemp seed. It was\\nbut a question of a few weeks before the above named\\nbirds came as freely to the windows as to the trees, and\\nthe blue jays were added to the flock. The following\\nsummer I kept the suet replenished constantly, and\\nsuch of these birds as nested in the vicinity first carried\\nit away to their mates and young, and then brought\\nthe little broods for nearer feeding. I think the first\\nnest bird was the purple finch, which came early one\\nMarch, evidently attracted by the presence of those\\nalready feeding. I value him greatly as a decoy, for\\nhe comes so early and remains till November, is here in\\ngreat numbers and so continuously that other birds\\nfollow him, and so I have many migrants which would\\notherwise not be called in. During the season of\\nmigration I keep hemp seed and seeds of maple and\\nash scattered at some distance from the house, to lure\\nthe stragglers to drop down. If we have a crust on\\nthe snow in winter, I take advantage of this also.\\nIn the winter when my flock was largest it numbered,\\nbesides those already mentioned, the hairy woodpecker,\\nthe American creeper, the pine siskins, redpolls, pine\\ngrosbeaks and slate-colored juncoes. Under stress\\nof weather, a crow and a screech owl also came\\ndown, and over forty tree sparrows formed a part of\\nthe flock from November till April. As the winter\\npassed and the migrants came, the white-throated and\\nwhite-crowned sparrows, and fox sparrows, juncoes,\\nand red-breasted nuthatches stopped by the way, and", "height": "4338", "width": "2722", "jp2-path": "ournativebirdsh00lang_0063.jp2"}, "64": {"fulltext": "48 OUR NATIVE BIRDS\\nthen summer residents reenforced the ranks thinned by\\nthe onward passage of the migrants. Both quail and\\nruffed grouse have come to feed in places where food\\nhas been placed for them in suitable places by other\\nresidents of this town. What I have just related refers\\nto the winter of 1895 and 1896, before the English\\nsparrow^ invaded my premises. Since that time the\\nbirds have decreased in number, but not in species,\\nbecause of necessarily changed conditions, for I have\\nbeen obliged to deal with that disconcerting factor in\\nsome measure ever since the above date.\\nI Avili not particularize the different food for differ-\\nent birds, but say generally, those living largely upon\\nlarvae of insects all take the suet. The pine grosbeaks\\nwould never eat anything but seeds of maple and ash,\\noften digging them from the frozen ground. The\\npurple finches preferred to everything else the hemp\\nseed; next, the sunflower seed. 1 The other seed-eaters\\nwill take corn, suet, nuts, and bread. In the summer\\nmuch soaked bread is carried and fed to young, and\\nthe robins and orioles, song sparrows, and chipping\\nsparrows are fond of it. Wheat bread grows so hard\\nwhen frozen that in winter I use bread made of two-\\nthirds corn meal and one-third wheat. This crumbles\\nso fine that freezing makes less difference. But all\\nprefer the wheat bread.\\nWhen we have a thaw in winter my flock disperses\\n1 1 have observed large flocks of purple finches feed on the seeds of\\nburdock in spring. The birds picked the seeds from the ground and\\nstayed from one to two weeks in the same locality. [Author.", "height": "4338", "width": "2722", "jp2-path": "ournativebirdsh00lang_0064.jp2"}, "65": {"fulltext": "FEEDING BIKDS IN WINTER 49\\nor becomes smaller, but previous to a storm and in\\nstress of weather the birds are about continually. I\\nbegan this work from love of the companionship of\\nthese feathered friends, but the opportunities for study\\nare more than one would think at first. All the per-\\nsonality and individuality of the birds are marked,\\nand through having them at this short range, their man-\\nner of handling food, changes of plumage, the bearing\\nof one species to other species, and of individuals of\\nthe same species to each other, open up many lines of\\ninquiry. After once learning to take food provided\\nfor them, the birds will come anywhere for it, to win-\\ndows on upper stories, to windows under deep piazzas,\\nor into the house, if offered near the windows. They\\nsit by the half hour, if their kind permit, on the bas-\\nkets or boxes, and never with an expectant eye indoors\\nfrom fear. They literally take possession of the places\\nprovided, and make you feel an intruder if you inter-\\nfere with their wishes.\\nOf the experiences with individual birds which grew\\nto be on really companionable terms with us I cannot\\nwrite, but there are memories among them not to be\\nforgotten. That the same individuals among the mi-\\ngrants often return, I could demonstrate if space per-\\nmitted.\\nShould one care to get on specially familiar terms\\nwith the birds fed, I would suggest feeding at regular\\nintervals of time, which they would soon recognize.\\nIt has always been my custom to have food in abun-\\ndance out at night for the early comers but when a", "height": "4338", "width": "2722", "jp2-path": "ournativebirdsh00lang_0065.jp2"}, "66": {"fulltext": "50 OUR NATIVE BIRDS\\nsnow storm had covered it, I always went out early, just\\nat dawn, and found that the tree sparrows, always the\\nearliest risers, would know me almost immediately, and\\ncome up through the orchard. It was a beautiful sight\\nas they flitted leisurely from tree to tree, nearer and\\nnearer, with gentle call notes, dropping down one\\nby one at first, then more and more rapidly, till the\\nwhole flock were close about my feet. This was the\\nonly time in the day when they fed quietly. The first\\nedge of hunger off, and it was a panorama of flashing\\nwings pursuing and pursued, and all the time their\\nmusical notes of protest and aggression filling the air,\\nfor they are birds who have no notes but those of music.\\nIn February, at sunrise, they would begin to sing softly\\nby the middle of March the orchard was jubilant.\\nAs I write, a pair of nuthatches are at the window,\\nsoftly talking to each other chickadees come and go,\\ncarrying the hemp seeds to the apple boughs, where\\nthey deftly manipulate them with their toes while they\\nquickly penetrate the husk and take out the living\\ngerm, much more quickly than I can write of it the\\ntree sparrows are rolling these same hemp seeds be-\\ntween tongue and bill till the husk falls, opening by its\\nsuture and a hairy woodpecker within four feet of\\nme is striking vigorous blows at the suet near by.\\nAnd now for that vexed question of the English\\nsparrow As one lad put it, What do you do, Mrs.\\nDavenport, when the English sparrow gets mixed in?\\nLet me preface my own experience with this intruder\\nby an observation. This bird is especially addicted to", "height": "4338", "width": "2722", "jp2-path": "ournativebirdsh00lang_0066.jp2"}, "67": {"fulltext": "FEEDING BIRDS IN WINTER 51\\nlocality a flock feeding over certain circumscribed\\nterritory, and rarely beyond it, but breaking up into\\ndetachments and moving on, only when the original\\nflock has grown too large for the food there to be ob-\\ntained. In cities, I have known one flock to frequent\\nthe back yards of a block, and never mix with that on\\nthe other side of the block. A friend here has a large,\\nannoying flock in the grounds in front of her house,\\nyet feeds the birds at the back a few hundred feet\\naway, and on the south side, and yet not one English\\nsparrow has troubled her. Should they by accident\\ndiscover her food, I think her battle will be imminent.\\nIt w^as a number of years before they discovered me.\\nAt first I kept them away by persistent driving. I\\nwould whip the trees and send them all away, out of\\nthe orchard. After a week or two, that answered for\\nthe season, unless a hard storm came on. But I made\\na business of it, did not drive one day or one hour and\\nthen relax my vigilance, but kept up a continuous war-\\nfare. Unfortunately my neighbors on either side per-\\nmitted them to nest on their premises, and my troubles\\nbecame multiplied many times. The winter following\\nI made a compromise with them, I kept cracked corn\\nat some distance from the windows in boxes on the\\ntrees and on the ground. In the spring I could not\\nkeep anything on the ground for the migrants it was\\ndevoured immediately, and I saw that I must either\\ndispose of the sparrows or curtail my feeding area and\\nso lessen my flock. I chose the latter, and brought the\\nfood to the windows and there watched it, not letting", "height": "4338", "width": "2722", "jp2-path": "ournativebirdsh00lang_0067.jp2"}, "68": {"fulltext": "52 OUR NATIVE BIRDS\\neven one sparrow alight, and always driving them from\\nthe trees when I could. For two years this has worked\\nwell, but what any season may bring forth, I cannot\\ntell. I find, too, that suet put on the under side of\\nboughs which incline about forty-five degrees, provid-\\ning the bough be a good-sized one, is safe from this\\nbird, while any other can easily get it.\\nOne of my friends shot two last spring, and the flock\\nleft till this winter. Then she shot a third, and they\\nhave not returned.\\nPans of water for bathing and drinking are always\\nnear the house, and I cannot advocate too strongly\\ntheir use to the bird lover. I use dripping-pans painted\\ninside and outside to protect them from rust. They\\nare about the right depth. To these I owe a glimpse\\nof many a rare warbler, and I think many a bird comes\\nto them first and then follows the other feeding birds.\\nI might fill a small book with the beautiful and inter-\\nesting sights common there. The birds bathe even\\nafter the water freezes at night. In the fall I have\\ncounted over fifty robins within three hours, enjoying\\nto the full this chance for a bath, and that as I would\\ncome and go by the windows. There is one more dis-\\ncordant note to be struck the cat, and worst of all,\\nthe neighbor s cat. The tramp cat might be and should\\nbe eliminated. I think if we could have a license law\\nfor cats as well as for dogs, this nuisance could be much\\nabated, but the neighbor s cat must be respected even\\nif he does commit depredations. One friend prevailed\\non his neighbors to bell their cats, and so the birds had", "height": "4338", "width": "2722", "jp2-path": "ournativebirdsh00lang_0068.jp2"}, "69": {"fulltext": "FEEDING BIRDS IN WINTER 53\\nsome warning. But to draw birds about the low win-\\ndows, where they soon grow so unsuspecting and so\\noccupied with feeding and each other, is to draw them\\ninto a sure trap unless protection is offered. A high\\nwoven Avire can enclose a space about the windows\\neffectively. No amount of vigilance will outwit a cat.\\nEarly and late I find them lying in hiding, and they\\nwill spring upon the window-sill and take off a bird,\\nif they can only approach close to the edge of the\\nhouse.\\nIn this as in all other things, the measure of success\\nwill depend upon the attention given to it, and how\\nmuch of one s real self goes into it. Cared for to-day\\nand neglected to-morrow, failure will follow. Food\\nmay be furnished and birds be present, and little joy\\nflow to the giver. But with a heart filled with a love\\nfor the life all about one and a desire to solve such\\nquestions as spontaneously accompany nature work, I\\nknow of no other pursuit that brings richer rewards.\\nThere is no side of our character which will not grow\\nfiner, more tender, more reverent from the effort at a\\ncloser living to nature s heart, a sympathetic study of\\nher work all about us.\\nMrs. Davenport s description refers to feeding birds\\nin gardens and on lawns in a small town, and the fol-\\nlowing species have been identified by her in and near\\nher orchard\\n300. Ruffed Grouse. 360. American Sparrow-Hawk.\\n332. Sharp-shinned Hawk. 373. Screech Owl.\\n333. Cooper s Hawk. 387. Yellow-billed Cuckoo.", "height": "4338", "width": "2722", "jp2-path": "ournativebirdsh00lang_0069.jp2"}, "70": {"fulltext": "54\\nOUR NATIVE BIRDS\\n388.\\nBlack-billed Cuckoo.\\n587.\\n393.\\nHairy Woodpecker.\\n595.\\n394.\\nDowny Woodpecker.\\n598.\\n402.\\nYellow-bellied Sapsucker.\\n608.\\n412.\\nFlicker.\\n611.\\n417.\\nWhippoorwill.\\n619.\\n420.\\nNighthawk.\\n621.\\n423.\\nChimney Swift.\\n624.\\n428.\\nRuby-throated Hum-\\n627.\\nmingbird.\\n628.\\n444.\\nKingbird.\\n629.\\n456.\\nPhoebe.\\n636.\\n461.\\nWood Pew r ee.\\n645.\\n467.\\nLeast Flycatcher.\\n646.\\n477.\\nBlue Jay.\\n648.\\n488.\\nAmerican Crow.\\n652.\\n495.\\nCowbird.\\n655.\\n507.\\nBaltimore Oriole.\\n657.\\n509.\\nRusty Blackbird.\\n659.\\n511.\\nPurple Grackle.\\n661.\\n5116.\\nBronzed Grackle.\\n662.\\n515.\\nPine Grosbeak.\\n667.\\n517.\\nPurple Finch.\\n521.\\nAmerican Crossbill.\\n672.\\n528.\\nRedpoll.\\n674.\\n529.\\nAmerican Goldfinch.\\n675.\\n533.\\nPine Siskin.\\n681.\\n540.\\nVesper Sparrow 7\\n685.\\n554.\\nWhite-crowned Sparrow.\\n687.\\n558.\\nWhite-throated Sparrow.\\n704.\\n559.\\nTree Sparrow.\\n705.\\n560.\\nChipping Sparrow.\\n721.\\n567.\\nSlate-colored Junco.\\n726.\\n581.\\nSong Sparrow.\\n727.\\n585.\\nFox Sparrow.\\n728.\\nTowhee.\\nRose-breasted Grosbeak.\\nIndigo Bunting.\\nScarlet Tanager.\\nPurple Martin.\\nCedar Waxwing.\\nNorthern. Shrike.\\nRed-eyed Vireo.\\nWarbling Vireo.\\nYellow-throated Vireo.\\nBlue-headed Vireo.\\nBlack and White Warbler.\\nNashville Warbler.\\nOrange-crowned Warbler.\\nParula Warbler.\\nYellow W r arbler.\\nMyrtle Warbler.\\nMagnolia Warbler.\\nChestnut-sided Warbler.\\nBlack-poll Warbler.\\nBlackburnian Warbler.\\nBlack-throated Green War-\\nbler.\\nPalm Warbler.\\nOven-bird.\\nWater Thrush.\\nMaryland Yellow T -throat.\\nWilson s Warbler.\\nAmerican Redstart.\\nCatbird.\\nBrown Thrasher.\\nHouse Wren.\\nBrown Creeper.\\nWhite-breasted Nuthatch.\\nRed-breasted Nuthatch.", "height": "4338", "width": "2722", "jp2-path": "ournativebirdsh00lang_0070.jp2"}, "71": {"fulltext": "FEEDING BIRDS IX WINTER 55\\n735, Chickadee. 756. Wilson s Thrush.\\n748. Golden-crowned Kinglet. 758a. Olive-backed Thrush.\\nr\u00c2\u00b19. Ruby-crowned Kinglet. 7(31. American Robin.\\n755. Wood Thrush. 760. Bluebird.\\nThe numbers refer to the second edition of the Check-List of\\nNorth American Birds published by the American Ornithologists\\nUnion.\\nThe only frequent winter visitors I have in St. Paul,\\non a somewhat crowded residence street, are chickadees,\\ndowny woodpeckers, nuthatches, blue jays, and Eng-\\nlish sparrows. A few days ago, however, a flock of\\nevening grosbeaks ate the seeds on the only seed-\\nbearing box-elder I have on the lot. The number of\\nbirds you can attract is largely governed by the local-\\nity and surroundings. In the middle and southern\\nstates regular feeding will probably attract a greater\\nnumber of species than can be attracted in the\\nnorthern states and in Canada. The best feeding\\nplaces are those that have several bird roads leading to\\nthem. Fringes of brush and timber along streams and\\nlakes, street trees, and hedges are such bird roads.\\nFeeding places should not be disturbed by cats, dogs,\\nnoise of factories, etc. A uniform, continuous noise\\ndisturbs the birds less than an intermittent noise, and\\npeople passing at some distance annoy them much less\\nthan people stopping. In the autumn collect the heads\\nof cultivated and wild sunflowers, just before the seed\\nbegins to drop, also collect hemp and ragweeds, the\\nseeds of maple, ash, box-elder, birches, and other trees.\\nThe stalks of sunflowers, hemp, and other plants stuck", "height": "4338", "width": "2722", "jp2-path": "ournativebirdsh00lang_0071.jp2"}, "72": {"fulltext": "56 OUR NATIVE BIRDS\\ninto the snow are eagerly sought by the birds and afford\\nmuch pleasure to the observer. All seeds collected in\\nthe autumn must be stored in some place where mice\\nand rats cannot get at them, or not a kernel will be left.\\nWeeds of all kinds must not be collected too late, or the\\nbirds will have eaten the seeds that have not dropped\\nto the ground. Pieces of fat and suet nailed to boughs\\nshould not be too large, otherwise the birds will grease\\ntheir wings with them in warm weather and with\\ngreased wings they cannot fly well. No salted meat\\nshould be fed. If your children do not know what to\\ndo on a long winter evening, let them make strings of\\nthe seeds of cucumbers, melons, squash, and pumpkins.\\nThrow these strings into the trees and watch the fun,\\nwhen the birds discover them.\\nAnother interesting device for feeding and observing\\nbirds can be arranged as follows Fasten a small ever-\\ngreen or a branch of some other tree near a convenient\\nwindow, preferably in the second story, as that is safe\\nfrom cats. Tie bits of raw, unsalted meat, suet, split\\nwalnuts, and other nuts to your tree. If you bore a\\nhole into the shell, the split nut can be firmly sus-\\npended by a string. After the kernel has been eaten\\nout, the shell may be filled with suet. On such trees\\nand branches chickadees and other birds will give pretty\\ngymnastic performances. Nearly all seed-eating birds\\nare fond of greens. They eat young herbs and tender\\nyoung grass just like the domestic chickens. I have\\nseen the slate-colored juncoes feast on a pasture of very\\nyoung knotgrass or doorweed, Polygonum aviculare,", "height": "4338", "width": "2722", "jp2-path": "ournativebirdsh00lang_0072.jp2"}, "73": {"fulltext": "Fig. 8. The Birds Christmas Tree.", "height": "4338", "width": "2722", "jp2-path": "ournativebirdsh00lang_0073.jp2"}, "74": {"fulltext": "58 OUK NATIVE BIRDS\\nand in early spring I have seen the English sparrows\\nfeed on the first grass that was uncovered by the melting\\nof the snow. If yon children wish to prepare a special\\nChristmas treat for the birds, sow some grain or grass\\nin boxes in late autumn. Chop the young grass or\\ngrain quite fine, place it in the usual feeding place,\\nand see how the birds like it. It may be that some of\\nthem will also eat chopped cabbage and kale.\\nIf you feed the birds at all, be sure you do not for-\\nget them in sudden and severe snow storms. They\\nmust sleep on trees or in holes, while you are tucked\\naway in your warm bed. The cold makes them very\\nhungry, but often all their food is covered up and they\\ncannot fly to other regions while the storm lasts.\\nBirds do not easily die of cold alone, but they starve\\nin a very short time. Sometimes the trees, the weeds,\\nand the ground become coated with ice. Such weather\\nmakes a skating-park of the whole town, but it means\\nstarvation to many birds unless you feed them.\\nSpecial Feedixg-places for Different Groups\\nof Birds\\ni. Elevated Boards. Nail lasts around the edge of\\na board of convenient size, then nail the board hori-\\nzontally to some suitable branches. Feed seeds of sun-\\nflower, pumpkin, hemp, timothy, seed from the hay\\nloft, bits of cracked nuts, mast, bits of cooked or raw\\nmeat not too salt, suet, etc.\\n2. Field Places. The food is placed on the ground.", "height": "4338", "width": "2722", "jp2-path": "ournativebirdsh00lang_0074.jp2"}, "75": {"fulltext": "FEEDING BIRDS IN WINTER 59\\nThe location should be near some trees or timber.\\nPlace several rows of poles in the ground radiating\\nfrom the feeding place. Tie a few weeds, sunflower\\nheads, thistle heads, a loose handful of hay or straw to\\nthe poles. These poles serve as finger posts to the\\nbirds. Feed seed from the hay loft, waste and small\\ngrain, cracked corn, etc.\\n3. Carrion Places. A German writer, K. T. Liebe,\\nadvises that spoiled meat, entrails, butchers offal, and\\nany kind of dead animal be placed on the ground on\\nopen heights at considerable distances from farms,\\nhouses, and villages. According to numerous reports\\nsuch food has served to protect partridges and small\\nbirds from the depredations of hawks, crows, ravens,\\njays, and magpies. It has also offered good opportuni-\\nties for decimating species that had become too numer-\\nous and for procuring rare specimens. Having made\\nno observations on this point, I do not venture to say\\nwhat benefit or injury may result, but should be very\\nglad to hear from those who may try this plan.\\n4. Feeding Prairie-Chickens, Ruffed Grouse or Par-\\ntridge, and Quail. In severe winters with heavy\\nsnowfall, quail and grouse sometimes die by the hun-\\ndred, especially in the prairie states. Quails, if not\\nmolested, become very tame, and a good place to feed\\nthem is under the corn bin or under some similar\\nshelter, where no cat can spring upon them. I have\\nseen large flocks of them under the corn bin near a\\nfarmhouse. Prairie-chickens are much wilder. They\\nwill naturally come to a place where some shocks of", "height": "4338", "width": "2722", "jp2-path": "ournativebirdsh00lang_0075.jp2"}, "76": {"fulltext": "60\\nOUR NATIVE BIRDS\\ncorn, cornstalks, or uncut corn are left on the field.\\nIf the place is sheltered from prevailing winds and\\nnear some brush and timber, it will prove a very\\nFig. 9. A Feeding House for Birds.", "height": "4338", "width": "2722", "jp2-path": "ournativebirdsh00lang_0076.jp2"}, "77": {"fulltext": "FEEDING BIRDS IX WINTER 61\\nattractive feeding ground. The ruffed grouse will\\nmost likely frequent it also. Feed all kinds of wheat\\nand grain cleanings, light grain, cracked corn, sun-\\nflower seed, seed from hay lofts, and any kind of rather\\nlarge seed. From time to time, a little unsalted chopped\\nboiled meat may be given. The birds will probably\\nappreciate chopped cabbage leaves and kale, when they\\ncannot get any grass or greens. This is a matter in\\nwhich not only bird lovers but particularly sportsmen\\nare interested. As these birds flock together in the\\nwinter, it would be an easy matter to help a whole flock\\nthrough severe weather and keep a whole township\\nwell stocked. A few years ago an early winter sur-\\nprised the farmers of southern Minnesota and much\\ncorn was left unhusked. Flocks of prairie-chickens,\\nnumbering hundreds of individuals, soon gathered on\\nthese fields and staid near them all winter.\\n5. Feeding Birds in Public Parks. Nothing special\\nneed be said under this heading. The person wishing\\nto undertake the work can get information from the\\npreceding pages. I hope that many public parks may\\nsystematically take up the work of bird protection. It\\nseems to me that our Agricultural Experiment Stations,\\nmost of which are very favorably situated and are\\nequipped with intelligent workers, could do good work\\nalong this line. Through them, reliable and specific\\ninformation on the subject could be gathered for all\\nsections of the country.", "height": "4338", "width": "2722", "jp2-path": "ournativebirdsh00lang_0077.jp2"}, "78": {"fulltext": "CHAPTER V\\nMISCELLANEOUS\\nNesting Material, Dust Baths, Gravel, and Lime. In\\ncity parks and on city lots it may frequently be\\ndesirable to provide nesting material besides nesting\\nplaces. While our towns at large are mostly painfully\\ndirty, certain streets, parks, and lots are kept clean.\\nIn such places the birds will readily make use of horse\\nhairs from old mattresses, bits of threads, rags, tufts\\nof wool, cotton, flax, pieces of hay, straw, and other\\nsimilar material. A Baltimore oriole that was in need\\nof material for nest building tried hard to pull his supply\\nof strings out of a minnow net, which lay only a few feet\\nfrom a boat-house. When some strings were placed on\\nthe ground, he used them at once. The same bird re-\\npaired his nest, after a storm had badly damaged it.\\nMany birds like to take a dust bath even in winter.\\nCommon road dust or pulverized garden soil is good\\nfor such use, and a supply of it should be provided\\nbefore the ground freezes at the beginning of winter.\\nSet shallow dust receptacles to their rim into the\\nground in sunny places, protected like drinking foun-\\ntains. All gallinaceous birds are fond of dust baths.\\nI have also seen the brown thrush enjoy one, and have\\nrepeatedly observed the house sparrows trying to bathe\\nin dust on dry ground that was frozen hard and solid.\\n62", "height": "4338", "width": "2722", "jp2-path": "ournativebirdsh00lang_0078.jp2"}, "79": {"fulltext": "MISCELLANEOUS 63\\n111 wild and unsettled districts I have often found the\\ndust baths of native sparrows in dry, sunny places on\\nold unused lumber roads.\\nNearly all birds, excepting, I believe, the birds of\\nprey, swallow pieces of gravel or grit. Aquatic birds,\\nshore birds, and seed-eaters are evidently most in need\\nof it. I have seen the house sparrow pick gravel from\\nthe ice and snow on city sidewalks, when the tempera-\\nture was about zero, and once on a warm August\\nevening I observed a flock of about three hundred\\nblackbirds picking up a dessert of gravel after they\\nhad returned from their field feeding grounds and just\\nbefore they retired to roost in the rushes. Some gravel\\nshould, therefore, be placed near all feeding places.\\nThe egg shells of birds consist of lime which the\\nbirds take into their bodies with food or water. In\\nthe egg-laying season the body s demand for lime is\\nso great that domestic birds will eat bits of marble,\\nlimestone, crushed oyster and clam shells, and the\\nshells of their own eggs. It is quite likely that wild\\nbirds also need an extra amount of lime in spring, and\\nI would suggest that it be scattered in bits as large as\\nground coffee near their feeding places. Crushed\\nburnt bones and crushed egg shells will probably\\nanswer the purpose very well, and can be prepared\\nby ever)d)ody.\\nSee Liebe. Futterplatze fur Yogel im Winter. Theodore Hoff-\\nmann, Gera, Germany.\\nBorqgreve. Die Vogelschutzfrage. Hugo Voigt, Leipsic,\\nGermany.", "height": "4338", "width": "2722", "jp2-path": "ournativebirdsh00lang_0079.jp2"}, "80": {"fulltext": "CHAPTER VI\\nPROTECTING THE BIRDS FROM THEIR NATURAL\\nENEMIES\\nCats. The foremost place among all song bird\\ndestroyers must, as we have already said, be assigned\\nto the house cat, this half-wild beast of the woods that\\nclimbs roofs as well as trees and never learns to dis-\\ntinguish between birds and mice.\\nThe most injurious cat in country districts is the\\nferalized cat, one that has returned to a wild life in the\\nwoods. This creature lives on mice, gophers, birds,\\nand eggs. Young birds and eggs are, however, much\\neasier to catch than gophers and mice, and therefore\\nhe lives largely on birds and eggs during the summer\\nmonths. Ground birds naturally suffer most by their\\ndestructiveness. These cats should be shot, trapped,\\nor poisoned by every lover of birds and by every\\nsportsman. Some of them come to farmhouses in\\nvery severe weather. Such occasions afford a good\\nopportunity to the farmer boy for the use of his gun.\\nI have heard of a pair of such feralized cats living in a\\nskunk hole during the severe winter of 1898-99.\\nIn town, city, and country, we have the tramp cat,\\nwhich goes from farm to farm, or from house to house,\\n64", "height": "4338", "width": "2722", "jp2-path": "ournativebirdsh00lang_0080.jp2"}, "81": {"fulltext": "ENEMIES OF BI11DS 65\\nas its inclination dictates. Any method to eliminate\\nthese tramps, as Mrs. Davenport puts it, is perfectly\\nproper. All cats habitually prowling about in fields,\\nwoods, and parks, should be killed. They are nefari-\\nous bird slayers, that use human habitations as the\\nbase of their operations.\\nThe next cat is your own dear kitty, who sleeps\\nunder the stove all day, never scratches or bites,\\nwhen baby pulls her ears or pinches her tail, and is\\ntoo sweet-tempered to hurt the mice in your pantry.\\nSome men and dogs have been known to lead double\\nlives, but cats all lead double lives. Some cats, it is\\ntrue, will catch mice, but in most city houses mice can\\nby controlled by good masonry and carpentry and\\nby traps and poison. On farms and in large barns\\ngood mouse cats are useful and often necessary, but,\\nif you care for the birds, then do not keep more cats\\nthan you need, feed them regularly, and promptly dis-\\npose of all that show marked bird-hunting proclivities.\\nA license law for town cats would, as has been said,\\nbe a good thing, but I fear that it could not be\\nenforced. It would also tend to expose the advocates\\nof bird protection to some ridicule, which at present\\nwould be very undesirable for the cause. To one who\\nwill go to the expense and trouble, I recommend a fence\\nof wire netting from 6 to 8 feet high. Near the upper\\nedge of this netting fasten from 6 to 10 wires, with\\nclose, sharp barbs. The space between the barb wires\\nshould be from to 1 inch wide. Another way would\\nbe to nail to the posts cross pieces from 10 to 18", "height": "4338", "width": "2722", "jp2-path": "ournativebirdsh00lang_0081.jp2"}, "82": {"fulltext": "G6 OUR NATIVE BIRDS\\ninches long. These pieces should project at right\\nangles -to the outside. Connect these cross pieces by\\nclosely-drawn wires or by wire netting. A few barbed\\nwires should be strung along the outer horizontal edge\\nof this fence. Cover the outer ends of the cross pieces\\nby a coil of barbed wire. A fence of that kind, I\\nthink, will keep out all wingless unbidden guests.\\nThe meshes in the wire must, of course, not be too\\nlarge, there must be no holes left near the ground,\\nand no posts, walls, or trees from which cats can jump\\ninto the enclosure. The appearance of such fences\\ncan be much improved by using them as support for\\nannual climbing plants, such as the Mock Apple, or\\nWild Cucumber, Micrampelis lobata, Green. In fact,\\nany ornamental climber which grows in your sections,\\nand does not form wood enough for cats to climb on,\\nwill answer the purpose. Instead of wire netting, a\\nstrong, well-tarred fish net 6 feet or more in height\\nmay be used with good results. From time to time\\nthe net must receive a fresh application of tar.\\nNests on trees may be protected in the following\\nway unravel a piece of rope, until you have a string\\nof loose fibres. Wind several coils of this around\\nthe tree, and then cover the coils of rope with a\\nthick coating of tar. Fresh applications of tar must\\nbe made as they become necessary. The tarred rope\\nalso keeps caterpillars from crawling up the trees.\\nAnother means of preventing cats from climbing\\ntrees is the following cut a piece of wire netting\\non the bias and fasten it to the trunk like a hat rim.", "height": "4338", "width": "2722", "jp2-path": "ournativebirdsh00lang_0082.jp2"}, "83": {"fulltext": "ENEMIES OF BIRDS\\n67\\nThe cut end of the wires pointing downward form an\\neffective barrier against adventurous tabbies.\\nVarious plans are suggested, because not every\\none is equally well adapted to all surroundings.\\nA mother who tries hard to keep a little girl s frocks\\nmoderately clean, might reasonably object to the\\ntarred net fence.\\nFig. 10. A Cat-proof Fence. Seen from the inside.\\nDogs hunting without their master also destroy\\nthe nests and young of ground birds. In cities and\\ntowns a rigid enforcement of the license law will\\nprevent most of such nuisances. In the country\\nevery bird lover must look after his own dogs, and\\nagainst his neighbors dogs he must employ such\\nmeans as neighborly feeling, law, and discretion allow\\nhim to use.", "height": "4338", "width": "2722", "jp2-path": "ournativebirdsh00lang_0083.jp2"}, "84": {"fulltext": "68 OUR NATIVE BIRDS\\nSquirrels and Chipmunks. It is well proved that\\nthese animals, especially the red squirrel, destroy\\nmany eggs and young birds. As every bird lover\\nis generally a lover of all nature, he must decide\\nwhether he will sacrifice some birds and keep the\\nsquirrels and chipmunks, or whether he will restrict\\nhimself to birds, and shoot the amusing, frisky little\\nrodents.\\nWeasels, Minks, Skunks, Foxes, etc. In regard to\\nthese animals, I would say, from the bird lover s point\\nof view, let nature alone. The birds must have some-\\nbody to look out for and to keep their wits sharpened.\\nFor my own part, I could not enjoy living in a world\\nthat was inhabited exclusively by very good people and\\nby very sweetly singing birds. Let us keep some of\\nthe wild Indian creatures about us.\\nHawks, Owls, Crows, and Jays. The United States\\nDepartment of Agriculture, in an admirable pamphlet\\ncalled Hawks and Owls from the Standpoint of the\\nFarmer, has shown conclusively that of about fifty\\nspecies of hawks and owls investigated, only four\\ncommon United States species are actually injurious.\\nThese are the duck hawk, the sharp-shinned hawk,\\nCooper s hawk, and the goshawk. About ten species\\nare wholly beneficial, thirty are chiefly beneficial, and\\nin seven the beneficial and harmful qualities balance.\\nThis shows that nobody should kill a hawk or an owl\\nunless he knows exactly what species he kills. Nine\\ntimes out of ten the farmer kills one of his best friends,\\nwhen he shoots a hawk or an owl.", "height": "4338", "width": "2722", "jp2-path": "ournativebirdsh00lang_0084.jp2"}, "85": {"fulltext": "ENEMIES OF BIRDS 69\\nThat one may still see birds of prey nailed to barn\\ndoors, and that owls are still shot just to be mounted, is\\na disgrace to people living in a country where knowl-\\nedge is so accessible and is so widely and liberally\\ndisseminated. Let every teacher procure a copy of\\nHawks and Owls and of Farmers Bulletin, No.\\n54, Our Common Birds, and then let every boy be in-\\nformed about the hawks and owls his seniors may want\\nhim to shoot. I know from experience that such teach-\\ning is very generally effective with the boys. Only a\\nfew months ago a boy begged me to spare a great\\nhorned owl which he thought I intended to kill and\\nmount. He was overjoyed to learn that my taste about\\nmounted owls did not differ from his. Colleges, nor-\\nmal schools, and high schools can do much missionary\\nwork for the good of the people and for the advance-\\nment of science. In many of these schools a monthly\\npaper is published by the pupils. These papers furnish\\nvaluable experience for a number of the pupils, but\\nmany of them certainly do not appear to be overwhelmed\\nwith valuable reading matter. In nearly every one of\\nthese schools are a number of boys and young men who\\ntake an interest in natural sciences, and who would be\\nable to conduct a natural science column in the school\\npaper. Articles on bird, game, fish, and forest pro-\\ntection would be appropriate matter in that column.\\nPublications issued by the United States Department\\nof Agriculture, by the state agricultural schools, by\\nthe Audubon societies, and other bodies might be\\nmentioned and briefly described. In cities that main-", "height": "4338", "width": "2722", "jp2-path": "ournativebirdsh00lang_0085.jp2"}, "86": {"fulltext": "70 OUR NATIVE BIRDS\\ntain a public library, new popular scientific books\\nmight also be referred to from time to time. We must\\nbring the results of scientific investigators home to the\\npeople, and here is a field white to harvest and more\\nworkers are needed. Boys and girls will be found\\nenthusiastic in this kind of work, if teachers give them\\nthe necessary amount of encouragement and assistance.\\nTo act as mediators between the people and the univer-\\nsities is one of the noble missions of the teachers in\\ncommon and secondary schools. For life, not simply\\nfor the school, is our motto.\\nDo not overlook the county newspapers. Their\\neditors are generally intelligent men that are glad\\nto publish communications on the topics just dis-\\ncussed.\\nIn conclusion, I would therefore say Do not shoot\\nowls, hawks, and eagles. There may be sweetness in\\nthe twitter of the warbler, but there is grandeur in the\\nsoaring of the kite and majesty in the flight of the\\neagle.\\nAbout crows and jays, it may be said that they un-\\ndoubtedly are guilty of some mischief among smaller\\nbirds. The crow must, however, be classed as gen-\\nerally beneficial, and the jay will certainly be forgiven\\nmany sins by those who live where birds are plentiful\\nin summer but scarce in winter. During the very cold\\nweather of January and February, 1899, the blue jays\\nwere the only native birds that called merrily from\\ntrees and chimney tops in the city of St. Paul. Almost\\ndaily, their sky-blue plumage was displayed amongst", "height": "4338", "width": "2722", "jp2-path": "ournativebirdsh00lang_0086.jp2"}, "87": {"fulltext": "ENEMIES OF BIRDS 71\\nthe brown oak leaves, and how interesting a sight it\\nwas to observe them carrying pieces of fried-out leaf\\nlard from the veranda into their oak groves. The jays\\nalso deserve credit for being able to whip the English\\nsparrows. If you find too many crows and jays near\\nyour homes, you can easily thin them out or drive them\\naway.", "height": "4338", "width": "2722", "jp2-path": "ournativebirdsh00lang_0087.jp2"}, "88": {"fulltext": "CHAPTER VII\\nTHE ENGLISH SPARROW QUESTION\\nThe multiplication of the English sparrow should\\nserve as a warning to all people who would introduce\\nforeign birds to this continent. If North America\\nshould be once more connected with Asia by a wide\\nisthmus, the plant and animal life of both countries\\nwould be deeplj affected. The Atlantic Ocean is an\\nimpassable barrier to most birds, and has probably\\nexisted as such a barrier since birds began to sing in\\nthe primeval forests. When we take an animal or a\\nplant across this wide barrier, we introduce a disturb-\\ning factor into nature s household on the continent\\nwhere the species is introduced. If the new species\\nfinds favorable conditions, it will multiply and spread\\nrapidly until it meets a new impassable barrier. The\\nmost remarkable illustrations are the English sparrow,\\nor house sparrow in this country and the rabbit in\\nAustralia.\\nThe house sparrow affects European song birds in\\nmuch the same way that it influences our own. As\\nfar as I know, it is not claimed that it has directly\\ncaused a decrease of European birds. We need, there-\\nfore, not be alarmed that it will cause the disappearance\\nof our song birds. The enormous increase of the bird\\nin this country is due to the following causes\\n72", "height": "4338", "width": "2722", "jp2-path": "ournativebirdsh00lang_0088.jp2"}, "89": {"fulltext": "THE ENGLISH SPARROW QUESTION 73\\n1. There was certainly room for a bird scavenger in\\nour towns and cities, where back yards and streets are\\nnot kept clean.\\n2. The construction of our houses, outbuildings,\\nlumber sheds, railway depots, and other structures offer\\nalmost unlimited nesting facilities.\\n3. We have decreased the nesting facilities of our\\nnative birds by cutting old trees and brush near towns\\nand cities. Our severely cut lawns and parks, with\\nfew large trees and very little shrubbery, furnish suit-\\nable nesting and roosting places for only a few native\\nbirds.\\n4. The English sparrow, finding in the winter so\\nmuch food in back yards, around elevators, mills,\\nfarm-yards and railroad yards, is not subject to the\\ndecimating clangers of migration, and being hardy and\\nomnivorous, is seldom exposed to starvation during the\\nwinter.\\n5. As it always lives near human habitations, it is\\nlittle exposed to its natural enemies, except the house\\ncat. Its wariness and cunning, and an experience\\nextending over thousands of years, enable it to almost\\nentirely avoid this arch enemy of bird-kind. I have\\nnever known an English sparrow to nest in a place\\nreadily accessible to cats.\\nIf a severe snow storm begins on Saturday, continues\\nover Sunday, and blocks the street. traffic on Monday,\\nthen life looks gloomy for the bold chirpers, and many\\nof them are starved. If a severe rain or hail storm\\npasses over a town at night before the young have", "height": "4338", "width": "2722", "jp2-path": "ournativebirdsh00lang_0089.jp2"}, "90": {"fulltext": "74 OUR NATIVE BIRDS\\nbecome hardy, or before the birds have begun roosting\\nunder eaves, in sheds, barns, and other protected places,\\nmany of them also perish. These are about the only\\nweather accidents which interfere much with them.\\n6. The bird is a prolific breeder, and an omnivorous\\nfeeder. It will take dead floating minnows out of the\\nwater, and catch insects on the wing as well as on the\\nground and on trees it will eat grass as well as grain\\nand salt pork, and, if necessary, it will nest on all kinds\\nof trees.\\nA bird thus equipped is certainly one of the fittest\\nof all creatures that ever spread wings to all kinds of\\nwinds, and as long as it lives under the favorable con-\\nditions just described it will continue to multiply until\\nit has filled the land.\\nInjury caused by the House Sparrow. To the gar-\\ndener and agriculturist the bird does about as much\\ngood as harm. I know that it has done much, for\\ninstance, to control the box-elder leaf roller on my\\ntrees. To the bird lover it is mainly objectionable\\nbecause by its bold, pugilistic, and mobbing proclivities\\nit drives away the more desirable and beneficial native\\nbirds.\\nHow can the Sparrows be kept in Check The com-\\nplete extermination of the bird is an impossibility, and\\nstate or public bounties will only deplete the respective\\ntreasuries, without harming the sparrow to any great\\nextent. 1\\n1 See Extermination of Noxious Animals by Bounties. Year\\nBook of the Department of Agriculture, 1896.", "height": "4338", "width": "2722", "jp2-path": "ournativebirdsh00lang_0090.jp2"}, "91": {"fulltext": "THE ENGLISH SPARROW QUESTION 75\\nI suggest the following means for controlling them:\\n1. We must keep our streets, back yards, and farm-\\nyards as free as possible from waste grain and offal.\\n2. Do not allow them to nest on your premises.\\n3. Do not allow them to roost. In warm weather\\nthey roost on trees, often in large numbers. In cold\\nweather they seek more sheltered places, retiring about\\nhalf an hour before sunset. Catch them, shoot them,\\nturn the hose on them, or simply drive them away, and\\nthey will soon desert your premises. A small flock\\nthat roosted on my trees left for good after they had\\nbeen disturbed three or four times.\\nI think, however, that all the means thus far men-\\ntioned will prove makeshifts not permanently producing\\nthe desired result. The only really successful method\\nof fighting the sparrow pest is outlined in the following\\ncommunication, which Mr. Frank Bond, editor of the\\nWyoming Tribune, Cheyenne, Wj-o. has kindly placed\\nat my disposal. He whites as follows:\\nI think it was in the autumn of 1889 that some of\\nour trap shooters imported a quantity of the birds to\\nshoot from traps, and, of course, a number escaped.\\nThese furnished the stock for future multitudes. For\\na year very few of the sparrows were seen, but as they\\nmultiplied and became bolder with numbers, they soon\\nattracted my attention. I began shooting and poison-\\ning them, getting permission from the city government\\nto pursue the work in whatever way I thought desirable.\\nCarrying on a regular campaign, I have succeeded in\\nkeeping their numbers so reduced that they have not", "height": "4338", "width": "2722", "jp2-path": "ournativebirdsh00lang_0091.jp2"}, "92": {"fulltext": "76 OUR NATIVE BIRDS\\nin any way interfered either with the pleasure of the\\npublic or the breeding and pleasure of our native birds,\\nwhich have increased greatly in numbers with the\\ngrowth of our trees and parks. We were set down in\\nthe midst of the great desert thirty-two years ago,\\nwith nothing larger than plain s grass to cast a shadow\\nin our neighborhood. Our city now, thanks to the\\nenergy of her people, is an oasis, through arboriculture,\\nand the birds of the plains and lower mountains have\\ncome to dwell with us. It was in their interest, in\\ngreat measure, that I began the destruction of the\\nhouse sparrow. I think the close of my winter s work\\nhas never left more than thirty or forty birds uncap-\\ntured, unless more than that number escaped last\\nspring. My work this winter, 1898-99, has been much\\nmore successful than usual, for after a thorough search\\na short time ago, I was able to find only one live sparrow\\nin the city. There may be more, but there are cer-\\ntainly not many.\\nWithout going into the -failures I have met with,\\nI am satisfied that in this region poisoned whole wheat\\nis the most effective engine of war.\\nI take two small bottles of strychnine, one dram\\neach, and mix the contents with about three quarts of\\nwater, boiling until the poison is thoroughly dissolved,\\nusing boiling water to begin with. Into the hot\\npoisoned water I stir nearly if not quite, a peck of\\nwheat, and then set the mixture aside for forty-eight\\nhours. The grain absorbs all the water and swells\\ngreatly. I then spread the grain over the bottom of", "height": "4338", "width": "2722", "jp2-path": "ournativebirdsh00lang_0092.jp2"}, "93": {"fulltext": "THE ENGLISH SPAKROW QUESTION 77\\na large pan, one that will just slide into my wife s\\nkitchen range, keep the grain hot and stir it frequently\\nuntil it is thoroughly dried. The grain must not be\\nscorched in the least, as then the birds, especially the\\nold ones, will not eat it. When the grain is thoroughly\\ndried, it takes a better expert than even an English\\nsparrow to discover any change in its appearance. If\\nan exceeding deadly grain is wanted another dram of\\nthe poison can be used, but the above will be found\\neffective. It needs but one grain of this wheat to kill\\na sparrow in three minutes as I have timed the experi-\\nment, and the grain gets no farther than the crop,\\nsometimes not so far. I scatter the grain sparingly\\nnear the roosting places of the birds and in localities\\nwhere they are accustomed to feed. Snowy, cold\\nweather, when there is little bare ground, is the best\\ntime. The baited places should be visited daily, if\\npossible, and the dead birds should be removed. You\\nwill be surprised at the killings you will make. By\\npersistent effort, you can enormously reduce their\\nnumbers, and that is worth working for. 1\\n5. If you cannot drive the sparrows away or will not\\npoison them, you may compromise with them by offer-\\ning nesting boxes in places attractive to them, and take\\nthe eggs out of them as the sets are laid. In that way\\nthey can be kept from multiplying. The boxes may\\nbe made with a sliding or opening cover and may be\\nplaced where they are accessible from attic or second\\n1 Compare The So-called Sparrow War in Boston. Bird-Lore,\\nAugust, 1899, page 137.", "height": "4338", "width": "2722", "jp2-path": "ournativebirdsh00lang_0093.jp2"}, "94": {"fulltext": "78 OUR NATIVE BIRDS\\nstory windows, which the sparrows have not yet en-\\nclosed in their list of proscribed localities.\\nThe destruction of the sparrows must not be left to\\nsmall boys. In towns and cities the work should be\\nundertaken by competent persons authorized or engaged\\nby the municipality. Great care must be exercised\\nin handling strychnine.\\nWhere the measures just described are carried out,\\nthe sparrows will not become too numerous in gardens,\\nin parks, and on farms. They will be largely restricted\\nto the business streets of towns and cities and to other\\nlocalities that are not inhabited bj^ native birds.\\nIt is not impossible that our native birds will to some\\ndegree accustom themselves to the sparrows. Robins,\\npurple martins, red -headed and downy woodpeckers, I\\nthink, have already learned to hold their own success-\\nfully. Last winter I watched a downy woodpecker\\nexamining a soft maple. A sparrow drew up very\\nclose as if he intended to learn the downy s trade\\nsuddenly the little carpenter turned upon his specta-\\ntor and gave him a vicious peck, and the sparrow with-\\ndrew to a more respectful distance without an attempt\\nat retaliation.\\nMoreover, the plucky, wary little creatures certainly\\ndeserve some consideration if not even a little admira-\\ntion. I must confess that I prefer a flock of spar-\\nrows in my back yard to the shroud-like loneliness\\nof snowdrifts and in its habits and its conquest of the\\nworld the sparrow is undoubtedly one of the most\\ninteresting birds. He is an unequivocal imperialist", "height": "4338", "width": "2722", "jp2-path": "ournativebirdsh00lang_0094.jp2"}, "95": {"fulltext": "THE ENGLISH SPARROW QUESTION\\n79\\nand has been most successful in annexing and holding\\nnew territories. Still, if you desire our beautiful and\\nmusical native birds to live with you, you must keep\\ndown the sparrows.\\nMr. Frank Bond has furnished me the following list\\nof mostly western birds which have been taken in and\\nnear the city of Cheyenne, Wyoming. None were\\ntaken more than three miles from the city limits. A\\nlarge number of these birds would be more or less an-\\nnoyed by the English sparrow, if that pest had not\\nalmost been exterminated at Cheyenne. The numbers\\nrefer to the second edition of the Check-List of North\\nAmerican Birds published by the American Ornitholo-\\ngists Union.\\n394a.\\nGardner s Woodpecker.\\n488.\\nAmerican Crow.\\n404.\\nWilliamson s Sapsucker.\\n491.\\nClarke s Nutcracker.\\n406.\\nRed-headed Woodpecker.\\n492.\\nPi fion Jay.\\n408.\\nLewis s Woodpecker.\\n495.\\nCowbird.\\n413.\\nRed-shafted Flicker.\\n497.\\nYellow-headed Blackbird.\\n418.\\nPoor-will.\\n498.\\nBahaman Red-wing.\\n420a.\\nNighthawk.\\n5016.\\nWestern Meadowlark.\\n432.\\nBroad-tailed Humming\\n508.\\nBullock s Oriole.\\nbird.\\n510.\\nBrewer s Blackbird.\\n447.\\nArkansas Kingbird.\\n5116.\\nBronzed Grackle.\\n448.\\nCassin s Kingbird.\\n514.\\nEvening Grosbeak.\\n454.\\nAsh-throated Flycatcher.\\n519.\\nHouse Finch.\\n457.\\nSay s Phoebe.\\n524.\\nGray-crowned Leucosticte.\\n459.\\nOlive-sided Flycatcher.\\n528.\\nRedpoll.\\n462.\\nWestern Wood Peewee.\\n529.\\nHolboll s Redpoll.\\n474c.\\nDesert Horned Lark.\\n530.\\nArkansas Goldfinch.\\n475.\\nAmerican Magpie.\\n533.\\nPine Siskin.\\n4786.\\nSteller s Jay.\\n534.\\nSnowflake.", "height": "4338", "width": "2722", "jp2-path": "ournativebirdsh00lang_0095.jp2"}, "96": {"fulltext": "80\\nOUR NATIVE BIRDS\\n536.\\nLapland Longspur.\\n621.\\n537.\\nSmith s Longspur.\\n622a.\\n538.\\nChestnut-collared Long-\\n624.\\nspur.\\n646.\\n539.\\nMeCown s Longspur.\\n647.\\n540a.\\nWestern Vesper Sparrow.\\n648.\\n5425.\\nWestern Savanna Spar-\\n652.\\nrow.\\n655.\\n552.\\nLark Sparrow.\\n656.\\n559a.\\nWestern Tree Sparrow.\\n661.\\n560.\\nChipping Sparrow.\\n675a.\\n561.\\nClay-colored Sparrow.\\n680.\\n562.\\nBrewer s Sparrow.\\n681a.\\n567a.\\nOregon Junco.\\n685.\\n568.\\nPink-sided Junco.\\n687.\\n574a.\\nSage Sparrow.\\n700.\\n581a.\\nDesert Song Sparrow.\\n701.\\n583.\\nLincoln s Sparrow.\\n702.\\n588.\\nOregon Towhee.\\n704.\\n596.\\nBlack-headed Grosbeak.\\n715.\\n599.\\nLazuli Bunting.\\n721a.\\n605.\\nLark Bunting.\\n726.\\n607.\\nLouisiana Tanager.\\n727a.\\n608.\\nScarlet Tanager.\\n728.\\n611.\\nCooper s Tanager.\\n730.\\n612.\\nCliff Swallow.\\n738.\\n613.\\nBarn Swallow.\\n749.\\n614.\\nTree Swallow.\\n754.\\n616.\\nBank Swallow.\\n758.\\n617.\\nRough-winged Swallow.\\n761.\\n618.\\nBohemian Waxwing.\\n761a.\\n619.\\nCedar Waxwing.\\n768.\\nNorthern Shrike.\\nWhite-r umped Shrike.\\nKed-eyed Vireo.\\nOrange-crowned Warbler.\\nTennessee Warbler.\\nParula Warbler.\\nYellow Warbler.\\nMyrtle Warbler.\\nAudubon s Warbler.\\nBlack -poll Warbler.\\nGrinnell s Water Thrush.\\nMacgillivray s Warbler.\\nWestern Yellow-throat.\\nWilson s W ar bier\\nAmerican Bedstart.\\nSpragne s Pipit.\\nAmerican Dipper.\\nSage Thrasher.\\nCatbird.\\nRock Wren.\\nParkman s Wren.\\nBrown Creeper.\\nMexican Creeper.\\nRed-breasted Nuthatch.\\nPygmy Nuthatch.\\nMountain Chickadee.\\nRuby-crowned Kinglet.\\nTownsend s Solitaire.\\nRusset-backed Thrush.\\nAmerican Robin.\\nWestern Robin.\\nMountain Bluebird.", "height": "4338", "width": "2722", "jp2-path": "ournativebirdsh00lang_0096.jp2"}, "97": {"fulltext": "CHAPTER VIII\\nBIRDS ON HATS, BOYS, COLLECTORS, SO-CALLED BIRD\\nSTUDENTS, BIRD HUNTERS, UBIQUITOUS GUNNERS\\nIt is a pleasure to state that the fashion of wearing\\nbirds on hats is certainly waning. Let every girl and\\nevery lady interested in song birds refrain from wear-\\ning any feathers except those of game birds, domestic\\nbirds, and ostriches, and the plume hunters business\\nwill cease to pay and die a natural death. Intelli-\\ngent women, prominent in society, can easily place hats\\nwith song-bird corpses under the ban. With the school-\\ngirls, the teachers can accomplish the desired result.\\nStill more good would result, if some inventive genius\\ncould discover a process by which artificial feathers could\\nbe succesf ully manufactured from rubber, celluloid, or\\nsome other substance. Perhaps the feathers of the\\nnumerous varieties of domestic fowls could be so pre-\\npared that they would satisfy the most divergent tastes.\\nAny one who would invent or perfect a process by\\nwhich the manufacture of artificial feathers would be-\\ncome a commercial success, would be one of the great-\\nest benefactors of the birds. I am convinced that the\\nmajority of women wearing feathers of song birds or\\nother wild birds do so from ignorance. Schools,\\nG 81", "height": "4338", "width": "2722", "jp2-path": "ournativebirdsh00lang_0097.jp2"}, "98": {"fulltext": "82 OUR NATIVE BIRDS\\nsocieties, and the press must do their duty to dispel\\nthe darkness. The business of the plume hunter is a\\nparticularly disgusting one, because his favorite hunt-\\ning time is the breeding and nesting season of birds,\\nwhen their plumage is at its best. A Florida plume\\nhunter once told Mr. Frank M. Chapman that he had\\nkilled three hundred egrets in one afternoon. This\\nmeant that he had caused the death of about one\\nthousand helpless nestlings by starvation. The only\\nwrong these innocent creatures had ever committed\\nwas that their parents bore a beautiful, delicate plum-\\nage which ignorant or vain women will buy regardless\\nof the brutal slaughter by which it was obtained. 1 Does\\nthe word of the prophet Have we not all one father,\\nhath not one God created us only apply to human\\nkind with all its sinfulness, corruption, and depravity?\\nShould it not apply to the birds and the beasts of the\\nwoods, many of which are far more faithful and useful\\nworkers in the vineyard of nature than some people\\nwho live in first-class hotels?\\nAmong the members of the Audubon society we\\nnotice a few divines and clergymen, but their number\\nshould be much larger. Is it not about time that our\\nchurches, too, preach and practice humaneness in its\\n1 Send for a leaflet entitled The Wearing of Herons Plumes or\\nAigrettes, by Frank M. Chapman. Address Miss Emma H. Lock-\\nwood, 24o West Seventy-fifth St. New York City, or Miss Mary A.\\nMellick, Plainfield, N. J. The pamphlet is sent free to applicants.\\nAll ladies and girls interested in birds and in humane work should\\nread The Audubon Societies and their Work, by Frank M. Chap-\\nman, the Delineator, March, 1898.", "height": "4338", "width": "2722", "jp2-path": "ournativebirdsh00lang_0098.jp2"}, "99": {"fulltext": "BIRDS ON HATS, ETC. 83\\nwidest sense? Are there not many preachers of the\\nGospel who are ignorant of nature, from which their\\nMaster could draw so many great and beautiful lessons?\\nMinisters and churches have, indeed, taken up the\\nbattle for the dumb creatures that man has forced into\\nservitude so that he himself might reach higher and\\nnobler aims, but of our dumb kin of woods and fields it\\nis still true that the whole creation groaneth and tra-\\nvaileth in pain together until now. If our science is\\nof the right kind and if our Christianity is more than a\\ncustom, then let our sympathy and mercy corne forth\\nand speak for all of our Father s children that cannot\\nspeak for themselves.\\nNor need we go back to the prophets and apostles of\\nIsrael the seers have lived and many are still living\\nin our midst. Have we heeded them Read the fol-\\nlowing lines from Longfellow, who never believed that\\nthe higher and stronger being should merely act the\\npart of the brutal conqueror.\\nThen the little Hiawatha\\nLearned of every bird its language,\\nLearned their names and all their secrets,\\nHow they built their nests in summer,\\nWhere they hid themselves in winter,\\nTalked with them whene er he met them,\\nCalled them Hiawatha s Chickens.\\nOf all beasts he learned the language,\\nLearned their names and all their secrets,\\nHow the beavers built their lodges,\\nWhere the squirrels hid their acorns,", "height": "4338", "width": "2722", "jp2-path": "ournativebirdsh00lang_0099.jp2"}, "100": {"fulltext": "84 OUK NATIVE BIRDS\\nHow the reindeer ran so swiftly,\\nWhy the rabbit was so timid,\\nTalked with them whene er he met them,\\nCalled them Hiawatha s Brothers. 1\\nThe boy collector must be taken in hand by the\\nteacher, as will be shown in the next section.\\nThe professional and the amateur collectors must be\\nhandled by the public press and by the courts. Let\\nthe Audubon Society, the humane societies, the League\\nof American Sportsmen, and the state game wardens\\nwork hand in hand on these nuisances without any\\njealousy. AYhere a warning might be sufficient no\\nprosecution should take place. The state game war-\\ndens and the L. A. S. will gladly look after the law-\\nbreakers that are made known to them. It is, of course,\\nnot advisable to make complaints of this kind in court\\nagainst one s neighbors, but where societies are in ear-\\nnest they can easily find means to make unlicensed col-\\nlectors very uncomfortable. When collections are to\\nbe made for really worthy purposes, the state game\\nwarden should issue a license.\\nThe trade in mounted song birds and in bird eggs\\nmust be suppressed. Let every lover of nature show\\nwhat he thinks of the persons in this trade, and of the\\npapers and magazines facilitating it. You participate\\nin the wrong, if you give any moral or business support\\nto any of them. In a paper which, pretends to work\\nin the interest of game protection I find the following\\nadvertisement Learn to Stuff Birds, etc. Then\\n1 See also Longfellow s The Birds of Killingworth.", "height": "4338", "width": "2722", "jp2-path": "ournativebirdsh00lang_0100.jp2"}, "101": {"fulltext": "BIRDS ON HATS, ETC. 85\\na certain preparation is recommended and a correspond-\\nent writes that he has a class of seven boys learning the\\nart of stuffing birds, an art which the average boy should\\nnot learn.\\nWithdraw your support from all persons that work\\nfor bird destruction. Let individuals and societies\\nnotify the publishers of papers and magazines, when\\nsuch advertisements appear. The next step would be\\nto enact laws forbidding the trade in mounted song\\nbirds and in bird eggs. The advertising of such ma-\\nterial would be or could be made prima facie evidence\\nof a violation of the law.\\nI think it will also be found necessary to prohibit or\\nregulate by law the caging and keeping of native live\\nsong birds. If a prohibition is not considered wise,\\nthen a license should be imposed, but such a license\\nwould be difficult to collect. In Europe a regular bird-\\ncatching industry sprang up and had to be ostracized\\nby law. One can find now in almost any bird store\\nmocking birds and Kentucky cardinals. To what ex-\\ntent this trade has affected the number of these birds\\nin their native haunts farther south I do not know. I\\nsurmise, however, that it must reduce them consider-\\nably, because for every bird that is successfully raised\\nor tamed, two or three will perish. Let us go where\\nwild birds are not forced to sing behind iron bars.\\nThe actual song-bird hunters, those fellows that\\nshoot song birds in order to devour the tiny morsels,\\ndeserve no mercy whatever. They are mostly people\\nwho come from European countries where all mamma-", "height": "4338", "width": "2722", "jp2-path": "ournativebirdsh00lang_0101.jp2"}, "102": {"fulltext": "86 OUR, NATIVE BIRDS\\nlian game and all game birds have been exterminated.\\nThe only hunting sport these people know is the catch-\\ning and shooting of song birds during the spring and\\nfall migration. If the Italian peasantry catch and eat\\nnightingales and skjdarks by the thousand, they may\\nat least claim as a mitigating circumstance that there\\nare no other creatures on which they can indulge their\\ntaste for out-door sport. Any one who has ever felt\\nthe exhilaration of a day s shooting on a North Ameri-\\ncan rush-fringed lake, can sympathize with them, but\\nin this country we cannot tolerate song-bird hunting\\nas long as we have still millions of ducks and grouse.\\nIf a person will not go to the expense of reaching duck\\nand grouse grounds, let him hunt song birds with ko-\\ndak and camera or track mice and rats. Fortunately\\nonly a few large cities have a bird-hunting population.\\nA heavy penalty should be placed on the shooting of\\nsmall birds that are not game birds. Park superin-\\ntendents, landowners, and societies should put up signs\\ncalling attention to the law and the penalties. Such\\nsigns will not keep off all offenders, but they do keep\\naway a great many and make all very cautious. Every\\noffender caught should be handed over to the full\\nseverity of the law. On the military reservation of Ft.\\nSnelling, Minn., such signs have proved very useful, so\\nthat its groves and river bottoms have become a para-\\ndise for birds, although the reservation is easily acces-\\nsible to residents of both St. Paul and Minneapolis.\\nThe points just discussed must make it evident to\\nall bird lovers that it is to the interest of song birds to", "height": "4338", "width": "2722", "jp2-path": "ournativebirdsh00lang_0102.jp2"}, "103": {"fulltext": "BIRDS ON HATS, ETC. 87\\nhave our game mammals, our game birds, and our fish\\nprotected and preserved. Where deer have disap-\\npeared, coons, hares, and rabbits have become big\\ngame, and where geese, ducks, grouse, and quail are\\nexterminated, robins, orioles, and bluebirds will become\\nfowls, as is proved in several South European countries.\\nMen and boys will continue to love the gun and the\\nrod, and however much we may desire to make our boys\\nbecome true lovers of nature, we certainly do not want\\nto educate their aggressive virility and their love for\\nsport and adventure out of them. A nation needs\\nphilosophers, poets, artists, and perhaps even some\\ndreamers, but she also needs just that bubbling vitality\\nwhich in every healthy boy is the delight of parents\\nand teachers who take the trouble to understand boys.\\nGive your restless, mischievous, mean boy a good book\\non outdoor sport, and he will at once drop mischief\\nand meanness, forget even about eating, and will quickly\\nbecome your staunch friend.\\nI cannot close this chapter without calling attention\\nto the nuisance of ubiquitous, irresponsible gunners of\\nall classes, men, women, and boys. If you have not\\nenough moral backbone to let song birds, ducks, loons,\\nterns, and other lake and shore birds alone, when you\\ngo on a summer outing or for a few days fishing,\\nthen in the name of human kindness and for the sake\\nof the birds, leave your guns and little rifles at home\\nThe birds were not intended for your targets. Have\\nanother gun slave throw up potatoes for you and\\nremember that the ball will penetrate or possibly pass", "height": "4338", "width": "2722", "jp2-path": "ournativebirdsh00lang_0103.jp2"}, "104": {"fulltext": "88 OUll NATIVE BIKDS\\nthe potato. What does a man want with a gun, any-\\nhow, during the close season? It is all right to buy\\nyour twelve-year-old boy a gun or a .22 rifle, but see to\\nit that he does not shoot at everything that creeps,\\nruns, or flies Boys going about with firearms in towns\\nor in the immediate vicinity of towns are an unmiti-\\ngated nuisance. They do not know any better, but\\ntheir elders do know better, or they should be taught\\nby the courts.\\nA communication which I find in the March number\\nof Recreation of 1899 contains such a sad comment\\nupon the common sense and self control of so many\\ncity outing parties that I reproduce it here\\nMany people visit our trout streams during the\\nsummer. All men, boys, and, I am sorry to say,\\nladies carry .22 rifles. Our visitors are in the coun-\\ntry for fun, and when they are not fishing, they must\\nshoot. So our robins, larks, and bluebirds yield their\\nlives to afford a moment s amusement to creatures of a\\npresumedly higher scale. One incident I noticed par-\\nticularly. I saw a pair of bluebirds building in a hol-\\nlow stump, and as often as I passed I looked at them.\\nAfter a while, five beautiful eggs lay in the nest. At\\nmy next visit, I was greeted by the gaping mouths of\\nfour baby birds. A short time after, I saw two ladies\\nsave the mark shooting ,22 s near this nest. The\\nnext evening I passed, and there beside the stump lay\\nthe mother bird with a bullet hole through her body,\\nand in the nest were her four babies, dead of cold and", "height": "4338", "width": "2722", "jp2-path": "ournativebirdsh00lang_0104.jp2"}, "105": {"fulltext": "BIRDS ON HATS, ETC. 89\\nstarvation. This is but one incident of many that oc-\\ncurred on the Rattlesnake, and no doubt on all streams\\nwhere -parties go for a few days outing.\\nG. E. Van Buren,\\nMissoula, Mont.\\nIs it a wonder that our birds decrease Cats hunt\\nthem in the city ignorant schoolboys molest them in\\nthe country men, boys, and females, whom Mr. Van\\nBuren very charitably, but just as inappropriately calls\\nladies, murder them at summer resorts and in the\\ntrout-stream woods. If you are a good marksman, you\\nneed not demonstrate it on song birds and on innocent\\nshore birds in the summer time. If 3^011 cannot be happy\\nwithout shooting, take an old barn-door with you and\\nplace it against a sand hill. We are in great need of a\\ngun license to keep track of the fools, old and young,\\nmale and female. The wonder is that we have any\\nbirds left at all.\\nThe only legal remedy to abate this nuisance would\\nbe a gun license in every settled district. 1\\n1 See Principles of The League of American Sportsmen, page\\n132.", "height": "4338", "width": "2722", "jp2-path": "ournativebirdsh00lang_0105.jp2"}, "106": {"fulltext": "CHAPTER IX\\nSONG BIRDS AS FOOD\\nThe disgraceful killing of song birds for food has\\nalready caused fearful destruction among the birds in\\nsome sections of our country. From Pennsylvania,\\nMassachusetts, Rhode Island, Tennessee, Michigan,\\nNorth Carolina, and New Orleans come reports saying\\nthat song birds, and, in fact, practically every kind of\\nbird is shot, sold, and devoured as game. The crim-\\ninals are mostly French, Italian, and Hungarian labor-\\ners in the northern states, and negroes, Italians, and\\nFrench Creoles in the southern states. Robins, thrushes,\\nflickers, native sparrows, and even swallows are sold in\\nthe markets of New Orleans, In 1897, two thousand\\nsix hundred robins were received by one dealer in\\nWashington, D.C., in a single month. The birds were\\nshipped from North Carolina and had been killed while\\nroosting.\\nThe only kind of teaching this class of criminals is\\ncapable of appreciating are the programmes dictated by\\nthe judges and carried out by state prison wardens and\\ncounty sheriffs. The League of American Sportsmen\\nand the Audubon Societies are now extending their\\nwork into the southern states, and they will not hesitate\\nto have the laws applied and every good citizen should\\nhelp them in this duty.", "height": "4338", "width": "2722", "jp2-path": "ournativebirdsh00lang_0106.jp2"}, "107": {"fulltext": "SONG BIRDS AS FOOD 91\\nTo all lovers of nature, however, these reports show\\nthe great importance of protecting our real game birds,\\nmammals, and fish. Private citizens and societies must\\ndo all in their power to have game, bird, fish, and forest\\nprotection taught in every kind of school in the land.\\nTen, fifteen years from now, the boys and young men\\nnow in the schools will take part in expressing and\\nforming public opinion, and many of them will be mem-\\nbers of state legislatures and some will be in congress.\\nIf we win them now, and we can win them, the days of\\ndisgraceful, barbarous destruction will have come to an\\nend. Creating a general public sentiment on this sub-\\nject is the only way of settling this question right.\\nIn the common schools the subject must receive due\\nattention in connection with nature study, which Ave\\nmust teach in real earnest in every school. In second-\\nary schools and colleges the professors of botany and\\nzoology must at times wrest themselves away from mi-\\ncroscopical cells and abstruse biological problems and\\nnot forget entirely the flowers, the trees, the birds and\\nbeasts which made this earth interesting and beautiful\\nlong before microscope and microtome revealed their\\nminute anatomy.", "height": "4338", "width": "2722", "jp2-path": "ournativebirdsh00lang_0107.jp2"}, "108": {"fulltext": "SECTION V\\nEDUCATION AND THE BIRDS\\nCHAPTER X\\nEducating Adults. Those grown people that are\\nwilling to be educated can be reached by the public\\npress, and by such magazines as Bird Lore, Recreation,\\nForest and Stream, and others by the publications of\\nthe United States Department of Agriculture, and by\\nthe abundant and constantly increasing bird literature.\\nThe Audubon Societies, the League of American\\nSportsmen, and other societies that work for the\\npreservation and appreciation of the interesting and\\nthe beautiful in nature, have already done much good\\nwork, but their membership must be very much in-\\ncreased. To compel people desirous of joining one of\\nthese societies to write a letter and expend from five\\nto ten cents in order to have his membership fee of\\ntwenty-five cents or one dollar reach the proper parties,\\nis very poor business policy. In every town one or more\\nbook-stores and other business houses will be found\\nwilling to receive dues and issue membership cards.\\nDisplay in these places the beautiful colored chart of\\ntwenty-six common birds, published by the Massachu-\\nsetts Audubon Society, and on a placard attached to the\\nchart invite people to join. On a table near the chart\\n92", "height": "4338", "width": "2722", "jp2-path": "ournativebirdsh00lang_0108.jp2"}, "109": {"fulltext": "EDUCATION AND THE BIRDS 93\\nplace some circulars explaining the purpose of the\\nsociety. Public libraries would also be good places\\nfor this missionary work. There can be no possible\\nobjection to this method, which is employed by all\\nkinds of respectable business concerns. The time of\\npeople who are interested in such work is generally of\\nsome value, and they cannot afford to spend two hours\\nin carrying fifty cents to an out-of-the-way private\\nresidence. I know of a man in a large western city\\nwho had to write to New York for the address of his\\nlocal Audubon Society. Leagues and associations for\\ngame, fish, and forest protection might employ similar\\nmethods. Gun stores and dealers in sportsmen s goods\\nwill generally be found willing to receive dues and\\nissue membership cards.\\nDirectory of State Audubon Societies\\nWITH NAMES AND ADDRESSES OF THEIR SECRETARIES\\n1. Connecticut. Mrs. William Brown Glover, Fairfield.\\n2. District of Columbia. Mrs. John Dewhurst Patten, 3033 P\\nstreet, Washington.\\n3. Illinois. Miss Mary Drummond, Wheaton.\\n4. Indiana. Amos W. Butler, State House, Indianapolis.\\n5. Iowa. Miss Xellie S. Board, Keokuk.\\n6. Massachusetts. Miss Harriet E. Richards, care Boston Society\\nof Natural History, Boston.\\n7. Minnesota. Mrs. J. P. Elmer, 314 West Third street, St. Paul.\\n8. New Hampshire. Mrs. F. W. Batchelder, Manchester.\\n9. New Jersey. Miss Anna Haviland, 53 Sanford avenue,\\nPlainfield.\\n10. New York. Miss Emma H. Lockwood, 243 West Seventy-\\nfifth street, Xew York City.", "height": "4338", "width": "2722", "jp2-path": "ournativebirdsh00lang_0109.jp2"}, "110": {"fulltext": "94 OUR NATIVE BIRDS\\n11. Ohio. Miss Clara Russell, 903 Paradrome street, Cincinnati.\\n12. Pennsylvania. Mrs. Edward Robins, 114 South Twenty-first\\nstreet, Philadelphia.\\n13. Rhode Island. Mrs. H. P. Grant, Jr., 187 Bowen street, Prov-\\nidence.\\n14. West Virginia. Elizabeth I. Cummins, 1314 Chapline street,\\nWheeling.\\n15. Wisconsin. Mrs. Geo. W. Peckham, 646 Marshall street,\\nMilwaukee.\\n16. California. Mrs. George S. Gay, Redlands.\\n17. Tennessee. Mrs. C. C. Conner, Ripley.\\n18. Texas. Miss Cecile Seixas, 2008 Thirty-ninth street, Galveston. 1\\nIt is to be hoped that in the near future this society\\nwill be able to extend its work to every state and terri-\\ntory. Every large city should also have a society.\\nOfficers of the societies will do well to correspond with\\nthe teachers who have charge of the nature study work\\nin the schools.\\nAll adults who continue to break the laws enacted\\nfor the protection of song birds should be warned, and\\nprosecuted, if necessary. In states where no such laws\\nexist, the society should see that they are enacted. It\\nwill also prove desirable to pass a law combining a Bird\\nDay with the Arbor Day now observed in many states.\\nText of the Minnesota Bird axd Arbor Day\\nLaw, passed 1899\\nThe governor is hereby authorized to set apart each\\nyear, by proclamation, one day to be designated as\\nArbor and Bird Day, and to request its observance by\\n1 This list is taken from the October number of Bird Lore.", "height": "4338", "width": "2722", "jp2-path": "ournativebirdsh00lang_0110.jp2"}, "111": {"fulltext": "EDUCATION AND THE BIRDS 95\\nall public schools, private schools, colleges, and other\\ninstitutions by the planting of trees, the adornment of\\nschool and public grounds, and by suitable exercises,\\nhaving for their object the advancement of arboricul-\\nture, the promotion of a spirit of protection to Birds\\nand Trees, and the cultivation of an appreciative senti-\\nment concerning them.\\nThe following states have passed a Bird and Arbor\\nDay law\\nMassachusetts, Minnesota, Wisconsin, Indiana.\\nIslands, Groves, Parks, and Woods Commemorative\\nof Noted Ornithologists. If the spirit of Audubon\\ncould come back to earth, he would be but little\\npleased with bronze or marble statues erected to his\\nmemory in a country where men and boys slaughter\\nbirds and where women wear the corpses on hats. An\\nisland, a grove, or any other convenient place made\\nespecially attractive to birds, and named Audubon\\nIsland, Nuttall Grove, or Wilson Park would be the\\nbest tribute to these bird-lore pioneers. In a similar\\nway we could truly and .fittingly honor many of our\\nnature poets, writers, and scientists. It is very desir-\\nable to attract coots, blackbirds, snipes, swamp wrens,\\nand other birds to our park lakes. In order to do that,\\nwe must allow rushes, weeds, and sedges to grow in\\ncorners and baj r s, which would also make good spawn-\\ning places for some kinds of fish. These rushes, cat-\\ntails, and floating plants have also an aesthetic value,\\nand a lake or pond without them is about as interest-\\ning as a piece of window glass.", "height": "4338", "width": "2722", "jp2-path": "ournativebirdsh00lang_0111.jp2"}, "112": {"fulltext": "CHAPTER XI\\nEDUCATING THE GROWING GENERATION\\nThis education must begin in our public schools.\\nEvery boy is a born bird student, but his natural\\nmethods are too destructive for the birds. In the nat-\\nure study work children must learn the habits of our\\ncommon birds and must learn of the benefits the birds\\nrender us. Give them glimpses of the work of birds,\\nhow they build their little homes, care for their young\\nand defend them at the risk of their own lives. Show\\nthem to what dangers birds are constantly exposed and\\nhow the fall and spring migrations always are long,\\ndangerous journeys. Too much direct forbidding and\\npreaching is harmful, for in the heart of every boy\\nsleeps the spirit of opposition. Soft sentiment or gush-\\ning talk is also harmful. In connection with the study\\nread such articles as u Silverspot, the Crow, and Red-\\nruff, the Don Valley Partridge in Thompson s Wild\\nAnimals I Have Known. Literature of that kind\\ncreates true sympathy with nature and after that is\\nawakened, the boy is converted.\\nTell the children about the hardships that winter\\nbirds are exposed to, and teach them how to feed birds\\nin winter and in unfavorable weather at other seasons.\\nLet the boys make nesting boxes and study the tenants\\nof the boxes. This bird study should not be mere\\nplay, but should be made profitable although pleasant\\n96", "height": "4338", "width": "2722", "jp2-path": "ournativebirdsh00lang_0112.jp2"}, "113": {"fulltext": "EDUCATING THE GROWING GENERATION 97\\nwork. Let teachers and schools do all they can to\\nspread good bird literature and to fight such tradi-\\ntional ignorance that does, for instance, still prevail\\nagainst hawks and owls. This work must, however,\\nalso receive due attention in high schools and in\\nnormal schools from which our teachers go out. In\\nthese schools, as well as in common schools, bird study\\nclubs can do much good, if they strictly refrain from\\ncollecting birds and eggs and if the teachers see to it\\nthat nests are not too frequently visited. Every bird\\nactually placed in a collection by schoolboys probably\\nmeans the wounding or killing of half a dozen. You\\nmay be sure that, if you start schoolboys collecting\\neggs and birds, you will soon have studied the birds\\nout of the country. Every teacher that augments\\nthe egg and bird collecting mania helps to decrease our\\nbirds. 2 Use good charts and colored pictures, observe\\nthe birds outdoors, and let alone those that you can-\\nnot reach by these means. Moreover, in many states,\\nschoolboy collectors would violate the law. This\\ncollecting must be done only by competent licensed\\ncollectors. Most private collections serve only the\\nwhim of the collector. With proper directions chil-\\ndren may profitably collect insects, plants, and minerals,\\nbut they may learn much and not make any collections.\\nThere is certainly knowledge that would be too dearly\\n1 Teachers and others who are interested in natural sciences but\\ndo not have access to many books, to libraries, and museums, can get\\nmuch help and inspiration from the A gassiz Association. For detailed\\ninformation, write to Mr. H. H. Ballard, Pittsfield, Mass.", "height": "4438", "width": "2722", "jp2-path": "ournativebirdsh00lang_0113.jp2"}, "114": {"fulltext": "98 OUR NATIVE BIRDS\\nbought for the child. The flowers bloom most beau-\\ntifully where they grow, and birds are most beautiful\\nand sing most sweetly when they perch on the free\\nswaying branches. I know of more than one bird and\\negg collection that serve no other purposes except to\\nbe in safe cases and accumulate the dust of ages.\\nBird Day in the Schools. Our teachers have so\\nmuch experience in arranging all kinds of exercises\\nthat special directions for the observance of Bird Day\\nseem not necessary. Songs, declamations, reports of\\nobservations, illustrated talks, and easy dramatic repre-\\nsentations are in order. Reports about individual\\nbirds will always be much appreciated, and the younger\\nthe pupils are, the more anything with action in it will\\nappeal to them. Bird magazines and educational\\npapers furnish an abundance of material, and much\\nexcellent matter can be found in the works of our clas-\\nsical poets and writers. Nor is it necessary that all the\\nexercises be about birds. From a pedagogical point of\\nview, it would be better to observe a Nature Day than to\\nlimit ourselves strictly to trees and birds. Bird study,\\nlike every other good thing, can be overdone, so that\\nthe public and the children will become surfeited.\\nA little Bird Day material is here offered, with the\\nhope that it may prove useful in some schools and\\nhomes. It will probably be best to select from it, as\\nto give all of it might unduly lengthen the programme.\\nIt is much better that the children should wish they\\ncould have had a little more than that they should be\\nwearied by exercises that are too long.", "height": "4338", "width": "2722", "jp2-path": "ournativebirdsh00lang_0114.jp2"}, "115": {"fulltext": "SECTION VI\\nTHE BIRDS BEFORE UNCLE SAM\\nGeneral Directions. A person who has the time\\nand is willing to take the trouble, cai interest the\\nchildren much in exercises in which a number of\\nchildren act the parts of different birds. The exer-\\ncises may, of course, be arranged without any special\\ncostumes for the participants a few suggestions,\\nhowever, are here offered for such costumes. The\\ndresses or costumes of the children need not copy the\\ncoloration of the birds, but it is desirable that they be\\nat least suggestive.\\nWhere special suits are made, dress the boys in\\ntight-fitting brownie suits. Cut out large wing-\\nshaped pieces of cloth, gather and fasten these on the\\nshoulder and down the back, and let them fall in\\npoints over the hands. Colored tissue paper and any\\ncolored paper is good material to bring out the color\\neffects.\\nFor girls, use tight-fitting waists, with wings made\\nas for boys. Use paper, cambric, or any other inex-\\npensive material.\\nWhere no suits are to be made, any dress or clothing\\non which the desired color predominates may be used.\\nTouches of other colors can be added in various ways,", "height": "4338", "width": "2722", "jp2-path": "ournativebirdsh00lang_0115.jp2"}, "116": {"fulltext": "100 OTIK NATIVE BIRDS\\nas by caps, hoods, strips, and pieces of paper; but the\\neffect should be pleasing and not ridiculous. The size,\\ncomplexion, color of the hair, and temperament of the\\nchildren must also be considered. If handled in the\\nright way, it may be possible to make such exercises a\\nsuccess in high schools and normal schools. Care\\nshould be taken not to make the exercise too long.\\nThe amount of matter to be used and its arrangement\\nmust be decided by the person in charge. The wings\\nshould be omitted from the costume, unless a pleasing\\neffect can be attained.\\n1. The Mockingbird. Boy ten to fourteen years old. Front light\\ngray, back gray, wings brown-gray.\\n2. The Snowy Heron. Girl twelve to sixteen years old, plain\\nwhite.\\n3. Rose-breasted Grosbeak. Girl, rose carmine vest, skirt gray,\\nback black, wings black with one large white spot.\\n4. Green-winged Teal. Girl of eight to fourteen, chestnut-brown\\ngimp with high neck collar, wings dull gray, with a broad\\ngreen stripe, skirt light gray.\\n5. Blue-winged Teal. Girl of eight to twelve, small lead-purple\\ngimp, waist brown, skirt gray, wings dull sky-blue.\\n6. Orchard Oriole. Girl of eight to twelve, black gimp, extend-\\ning down to the breast, waist and skirt reddish brown, wings\\nblack, with large brown spot touching the gimp toward the\\nfront.\\n7. Brown Thrush. Girl of ten to twelve, waist light gray, speckled\\nwith brown, wings and skirt brown.\\n[These birds occupy seats near Uncle Sam s desk and act as\\nattorneys or speakers for the birds. Other birds may be\\nselected for this part in some cases.]", "height": "4338", "width": "2722", "jp2-path": "ournativebirdsh00lang_0116.jp2"}, "117": {"fulltext": "THE BIKDS BEFORE UNCLE SAM 101\\nPART FIRST\\nINTRODUCTION\\nBy the Mockingbird\\nWe birds have written to Washington,\\nWe have written to Uncle Sam\\nAnd he will be present\\nTo hear our complaint\\nAnd will see that justice is done.\\nIn open court we complain to-day\\nAgainst old and young evil-doers.\\nThe thoughtless boy, the gray-headed fool\\nThe farmer, the gardener, the gunner,\\nThe lady who cruelly pins us to hats,\\nThey must all go where birds never sing.\\n[Uncle Sam enters represented by a large boy, dressed in the usual\\nUncle Sam costume, bows to the audience in two or three\\ndirections and takes his seat behind a table or large desk. A\\nboy dressed as a soldier carries in Uncle Sam s valise, places it\\non the floor, and takes a lower chair in some convenient place\\nnear Uncle Sam. On the table are a number of real or sup-\\nposed large law books. Uncle Sam carries a big gun and a\\nsword.]\\nUncle Sam\\nI have a letter from the birds,\\nNow let them come and speak.\\nThe Mockingbird\\nMost honorable Uncle Sam,\\nAs birddom s attorneys we come.", "height": "4338", "width": "2722", "jp2-path": "ournativebirdsh00lang_0117.jp2"}, "118": {"fulltext": "102 OUR NATIVE BIKDS\\nPlease, graciously hear our pleadings,\\nThis is what the birds have to say:\\nIn your blessed land of freedom\\nWe have lived for years and years,\\nLong before the white man came here,\\nWe have played in wood and glen,\\nSince the days of Pilgrim Fathers\\nWe have been the farmer s friends\\nBut we have most grievous charges\\nGainst him who ought to protect us.\\nFor five hundred thousand beetles\\nHe will not ten berries pay;\\nWe should catch all caterpillars,\\nBut should not touch grain or corn.\\nPlease make him to plant some bushes,\\nTell him not to cut old trees.\\nWillingly he pays your taxes,\\nPlease tell him to pay us ours,\\nAsk him not to house the sparrows\\nAnd to kill bird-eating cats,\\nAll cats, roaming in the woodland,\\nAll cats that do climb our trees.\\nUncle Sam\\n[To a boy dressed as farmer or gardener. Uncle Sam speaks\\nharshly, his right hand on a gun, musket, or sword.]\\nNow, old fellow, you pay your taxes\\nGo home, don t growl at the birds, send me your bad\\ncats\\n[The farmer leaves.]", "height": "4338", "width": "2722", "jp2-path": "ournativebirdsh00lang_0118.jp2"}, "119": {"fulltext": "THE BIRDS BEFORE UNCLE SAM 103\\nThe Snoivy Heron\\nVery much it truly grieves us\\nThat complaint we have to make\\nAgainst many lovely ladies\\nWho do wear our wings on hats.\\nThey would never kill a fine bird,\\nBut they send a cruel man,\\nSend the heartless plume collector.\\nHe knows no mercy,\\nNo beauty respects,\\nHe heeds not our piercing cry.\\nThe father he kills,\\nThe mother he snares,\\nAnd the helpless fledglings\\nHe starves in the nest.\\nHe slays us for our beauty\\nIn weird, lone Everglades,\\nIn bays and sounds of Georgia,\\nOn Mexico s lagoons.\\nUncle Sam\\n[Wrathfully to a large boy who is provided with a small gun and\\nrepresents the plume-hunter.]\\nI will teach that rascal manners\\nLet me have that little gun\\n[To the soldier]\\nPut him in our iron cage\\n[The soldier leaves with the plume-hunter and returns after a\\nmoment.]", "height": "4338", "width": "2722", "jp2-path": "ournativebirdsh00lang_0119.jp2"}, "120": {"fulltext": "104 OUR NATIVE BIRDS\\nThe Rose-breasted Grosbeak\\nThere s another baneful nuisance\\nBy which we do suffer much,\\nThe professional bird collector,\\nThat bad man who steals our eggs.\\nNothing does he with our bodies,\\nNo use makes he of our eggs\\nJust collects for all blood money,\\nOr locks all up in his case.\\nLittle he cares for our habits,\\nNothing cares he for our song,\\nAll the boys that see him prowling\\nSurely take to prowling too.\\nKilling, stealing, he calls taking\\nOh, protect us from this fiend\\nUncle Sam\\n[To the attorneys and the public]\\nIf you ever catch that knave,\\nI ll put him in a dungeon\\nWhere he ll never hurt bird or beast.\\nThe Blue-winged or the Green-winged Teal\\nIt is with no little chagrin\\nThat we also make complaint\\nAgainst men that go out hunting,\\nAgainst boys that live in camps,\\nWhen their sultry schoolroom closes,\\nWhen blue flags in marshes bloom.", "height": "4338", "width": "2722", "jp2-path": "ournativebirdsh00lang_0120.jp2"}, "121": {"fulltext": "THE BIRDS BEFORE UNCLE SAM 105\\nSportsmen hunt us in the springtime,\\nWhen we wish to build our nests\\nFrom the flower-fringed lakes and rivers\\nThey drive us to Arctic lands\\nNorthward, northward to Alaska,\\nTo the wilds of Labrador,\\nTo the dreary Musk-ox Barrens,\\nScarcely dare our wings rest there.\\nSportsmen, do give us a homestead,\\nLet us rest in sunny climes\\nGive us time to raise our children,\\nGive them time to learn to fly\\nBoys and men, when camping, fishing\\nWhen you carry guns about,\\nDo not shoot at spluttering ducklings,\\nDo not shoot at fishing cranes\\nLet the laughing loon be happy,\\nLet the coot play on the pool\\nPlease remember that in summer,\\nWhen j^ou ramble, play, and rest,\\nWe are also playing, resting\\nHappy in our harmless way.\\nDo not make our breasts the target\\nFor your deadly ball and shot\\nLake, and woods, and pond, and river,\\nDearly do we love them all.\\nMust we leave them sad and lonely\\nThere s no life without the birds", "height": "4338", "width": "2722", "jp2-path": "ournativebirdsh00lang_0121.jp2"}, "122": {"fulltext": "106 OUR NATIVE BIRDS\\nUncle Sam\\nThose men who shoot in the springtime,\\nBoys who hunt at summer camps,\\nI will gather on my flat boats,\\nLand them on a sandy shore,\\nIn the desert of Sahara.\\nThey may keep their guns and cannoDS,\\nBut never even see a crow.\\nTh\u00c2\u00a7 Orchard Oriole\\nAnd at last we re sad to mention\\nThat some schoolboys cause much grief\\nWith their sling-shot, with their air-gun,\\nWith their rifles, snares, and bow,\\nAnd with stones and sticks and missiles\\nThey cause many a bird despair.\\nTeach them that a broken wing bone\\nHurts worse than a broken leg,\\nAnd Ave cannot call the doctor,\\nMother cannot bandage it.\\nBleeding wounds, which you have caused us,\\nPain us worse than rusty nails\\nDriv n into the feet of children,\\nAnd we have no balm for wounds.\\nIf you wound us, if you wing us,\\nWe must die in agony,\\nOr a horrid cat will spy us\\nWhen on bush or lawn we rest.\\nA few scattered, bloody feathers,", "height": "4338", "width": "2722", "jp2-path": "ournativebirdsh00lang_0122.jp2"}, "123": {"fulltext": "THE BIRDS BEFORE UNCLE SAM 107\\nThey tell of your fun and sport,\\nThey tell of the robin s death.\\nUncle Sam\\nIf you have such mean boys with you\\nI would like to run them in.\\nI will put them in a dark room,\\nWhere they ll ne er see sun or moon.\\nIn a fort on some far island\\nI ll build cellars dark and damp.\\nThey ll be full of salamanders,\\nFull of mice and rats and snakes,\\nCrawling lizards, cold and clammy,\\nWith the yellow, blotchy spots.\\nThat s my place for girls and women\\nWho wear murdered birds on hats.\\n[At this place, some music or a song should come in.]\\nPART SECOND\\nThe Brown Thrasher\\n[Introducing some of the birds.]\\nA few of the birds are waiting\\nThey wish to call on the boys,\\nThey wish to call on the ladies and girls,\\nAnd desire much to see Uncle Sam.\\nA Boy\\nLet the birds be welcome\\nThey are welcome in our homes,", "height": "4338", "width": "2722", "jp2-path": "ournativebirdsh00lang_0123.jp2"}, "124": {"fulltext": "108 OUR NATIVE BIRDS\\nWelcome they are in our schoolroom,\\nThey are welcome everywhere\\nThe Rohm\\n1. My clear happj^ voice and my rust-red breast\\nAre known to every child\\nI feel it s quite needless to make an address,\\nYou ve known me a long, long while.\\n2. When you hear me sing from the top of the tree\\nOn the bright and crisp March morn,\\nThe baby claps his hands with glee\\nAnd cries, Oh, the robin has come\\n[Boy or girl of eight to fourteen boy with brick-red vest, coat and\\ntrousers brown; girl with brick-red waist and brown skirt,\\nhigh, white collar and brown wings for either boy or girl.]\\nThe Hummingbird\\n1. I am the little hummingbird,\\nThe tiniest in the hall\\nMy breast and throat are ruby-red,\\nI scarce eat bugs at all.\\n2. The honey in the columbine,\\nThe dew on the woodland rose\\nThat is the food on which I dine,\\nI dwell where the wild vine grows.\\n3. My home is small as baby s spoon,\\nMy eggs are snowy white\\nWhere harebells nod and lilies bloom\\nYou hear my humming flight.\\n[Little girl, ruby-red silk collar, waist white, skirt green, wings\\nblack.]", "height": "4338", "width": "2722", "jp2-path": "ournativebirdsh00lang_0124.jp2"}, "125": {"fulltext": "THE BIRDS BEFORE UNCLE SAM 109\\nThe Wild Canary\\n1. The warblers, wrens, and vireo,\\nAnd other little folks\\nToo busy are with beak and claw\\nOn nests in cosy nooks.\\nThey could not come to meet at the club,\\nThey sent me to see to the law.\\n2. In brier, thorn, and berry bush\\nWe sing sweet harmony\\nLive beauty lend to herb and rush\\nAll spring and summer day.\\nThe hawks and owls our twittering mocks,\\nAs chirping we flit through the rocks.\\n3. Wild Canary the children have called me,\\nBut the bookish and prosy bird-man\\nHe dryly wrote, Yellow Warbler,\\nI hope his prose will not stand.\\n[Boy or girl, entirely in canary yellow.]\\nThe Catbird\\nTo call me a Catbird is bad prosy lore,\\nCall me Tanglebird rather, twill please me much\\nmore.\\nI make little show, my gown is quite plain,\\nTinsel, ribbons, and fashion in the briers are vain.\\nI m a busy housewife and mother, you know,\\nBut my song is as sweet as any bird s in the show.", "height": "4338", "width": "2722", "jp2-path": "ournativebirdsh00lang_0125.jp2"}, "126": {"fulltext": "110 OUR NATIVE BIRDS\\n2. That farmer there says I steal berries and fruit\\nAnd for that against me he will enter his suit.\\nNow his bushes and shrubs and many a tree\\nI keep from great worms and big beetles free\\nAll the long springtime. Can t he comprehend\\nThat I take only what is my due from the land\\n3. The robin, myself, the long-tailed thrush,\\nWe gladden his heart from twig, vine, and bush.\\nHis horses and cows surely eat oats and corn\\nFrom almost the very first day they are born.\\nNow, my dear old farmer, don t fume and fret,\\nYou don t pay us half the value you get.\\n[Girl of ten to fourteen, entirely in dark slate-gray.]\\nThe Swallows\\n1. Of air and breeze are children we,\\nLike summer clouds so light,\\nO er brook and spring and meadow free\\nWe wind our graceful flight.\\n2. From early morn till late at night\\nYou children laugh and play,\\nWe swallows rise with morning s light\\nAnd glide about all day.\\n3. Pray, boys, do not throw ugly stones\\nInto our cabin warm,\\nPray, to our shelves and clay-wrought cones\\nPray, boys, do us no harm.", "height": "4338", "width": "2722", "jp2-path": "ournativebirdsh00lang_0126.jp2"}, "127": {"fulltext": "THE BIRDS BEFORE UNCLE SAM 111\\n4. Oar beak is our trowel, for mortar we took\\nFrom bank and creek and rill,\\nWith bill and feet we must carve the soft rock,\\nThe sand-bank under the hill.\\n5. Our homes on the rafters and under the eaves,\\nBreak not, like cruel fools.\\nIn hill, crag, and rock Ave have quarried our caves\\nWith humble and feeble tools.\\n[Girl of eight to twelve, short reddish brown gimp, waist brick-\\nred, skirt and wings dark blue.]\\nThe Bluebird\\nI m loved by all the children,\\nI have but little to say\\nPray, boys, just keep the sparrows\\nAnd all the cats away.\\n[Girl of six to ten, waist reddish brown, skirt and wings mili-\\ntary blue.]\\nThe English Sparrow\\n1. Jip, jip, jip Who talked about sparrows?\\nWho said, Keep the sparrows away?\\nYou fellows here shooting with arrows\\nCouldn t hit the biggest old jay.\\n2. I come just from Washington city,\\nAnd there I had the gayest old time\\nI sang Uncle Sam a fine ditty,\\nHe made out my papers in rhyme.", "height": "4338", "width": "2722", "jp2-path": "ournativebirdsh00lang_0127.jp2"}, "128": {"fulltext": "112 OUR NATIVE BIRDS\\n3. What s all this noise and chirping,\\nWhy all this attempt at rhymes\\nNow stop your trite opera ding-cling,\\nBetter migrate to pleasanter climes\\n4. I know you don t much like me,\\nBut I don t care a grasshopper toe.\\nYou say I steal fruit and steal berries\\nAnd little peas, cherries, and sloe.\\n5. You claim I frighten all beauty,\\nI drive all the song birds away.\\nNow, if your poor natives can t fight me,\\nWhy don t they in deep forests stay\\n6. Some songster has prayed to the chaps here,-\\nI never do a thing like that\\nI m not afraid of the chaps here,\\nI m not afraid of the cat.\\n7. Your cats and brats and whining kids\\nAre all much too stupid for me.\\nWith sharp, stout bill and genuine wits\\nWe chirp away, naughty and free.\\n8. You hate me in parks and premise\\nWhy not give me notice to quit,\\nAnd after you give me the notice,\\nWhy don t you see that I git\\n9. As soon as the season opens,\\nWe shall no more patiently wait,", "height": "4338", "width": "2722", "jp2-path": "ournativebirdsh00lang_0128.jp2"}, "129": {"fulltext": "THE BIRDS BEFORE UNCLE SAM 113\\nWe ll steal a free ride to the Klondyke,\\nAnd there we will practice to skate.\\n10. In fall, oh, fine fighting business\\nFor Cuba and Rico aboard\\nAt Lulu we spend merry Christmas,\\nAnd then for Manila we start.\\n11. And now, I see 3^011 look weary,\\nPlease, let me get out of this crowd\\nFeel hungry, must eat and keep cheery,\\nHear the other Chips calling me loud\\n[A bold, saucy boy of six to ten gray vest, coat and trousers brown.]\\nThe Chippie\\n1. I am the little brown chippie,\\nI dwell in your clematis vine\\nKnow little song and less music,\\nJust love to live near mankind.\\n2. In April s drizzle and shower,\\nIn floAvers and roses of June,\\nMid golden leaves of October\\nYou hear my frolicking tune.\\n[Girl of six to ten, entirely in brown, with reddish-brown cap.]\\nThe Great Blue Heron\\n1. I believe in proud seclusion\\nNo whistle and no twitter\\nI do hate this dire confusion,\\nThis fuss, and din, and titter.", "height": "4338", "width": "2722", "jp2-path": "ournativebirdsh00lang_0129.jp2"}, "130": {"fulltext": "114 OUR NATIVE BIRDS\\n2. Give me silent meditation\\nOn the marsh and lonely beach\\nIt s in keeping with my station,\\nFor the crowd, I m out of reach.\\n3. Music What do you call music?\\nAVhat these hopping pigmies pipe?\\nI must say it is too rustic,\\nSimply cannot bear the like.\\n4. Let the wind roar through the rushes,\\nLet the waves plash and the rain\\nLaugh of loon and scream of eagle,\\nLet me hear the bullfrog s strain\\n5. Boys, who ever saw me fishing,\\nKnow that I but seldom lurch,\\nWhen I wade to spear the pickerel,\\nCatfish, sunfish, pike, and perch.\\n6. If you boys would learn of fishing,\\nCome and watch me with the brant,\\nNear the isle of tall wild cherries,\\nWith the coot and cormorant.\\n7. Boys, if you would master fishing,\\nPatience you must have in store.\\nMeet me on the Devil s Backbone, 1\\nThere I ll teach you all the lore.\\n[Tall boy of twelve to fourteen, coat and vest slate gray,\\ntrousers and stockings black, wings slate gray.]\\n1 Rido e of boulders in a lake.", "height": "4338", "width": "2722", "jp2-path": "ournativebirdsh00lang_0130.jp2"}, "131": {"fulltext": "THE BIRDS BEFORE UNCLE SAM 115\\nThe Woodpecker\\nI am birddom s carpenter.\\nCan make the splinters fly\\nOn poles and posts and forest trees\\nMy merry trade I ply.\\nMy bill is my chisel,\\nMy tail is my stool\\nI m never tired of climbing.\\nFor bluebirds, and daydees,\\nAnd downy owl babies\\nI make the woods ringing,\\nCut rafters and railing.\\n[Boy of ten to fourteen, with reel cap and collar, white vest,\\ntrousers black, wings black, with a large white spot.]\\nThe Bobolink\\n1. Eobert of Lincoln is my full name\\nI sing just for love, not for money or fame.\\nMy nest on the meadow few boys have found out,\\nThere I chatter and sing and gambol about\\nBlack, white, and brown are my colors so gay,\\nTo be sure I m prettier than any young jay.\\n2. Just one favor I will ask you\\nPray, solemnly promise me\\nNot to disturb the blackbirds\\nSinging their okalee.\\nThe blackbirds with the carmine wings,\\nAnd those with golden heads,\\nAnd grackle, and all on bush and reeds,\\nThat bathe where the cat-tails swing.", "height": "4338", "width": "2722", "jp2-path": "ournativebirdsh00lang_0131.jp2"}, "132": {"fulltext": "116 OUR NATIVE BIRDS\\n3. But most emphatically do I disown\\nThat laziest of all the birds,\\nThat rascally fellow with a smart cap in brown\\nAs cowbird you ve known him long.\\nHe raises his children by hook and by crook,\\nIs too lazy to build a nest,\\nImposes on warblers and little folk,\\nAs a self-invited guest.\\n[Boy of eight to twelve, light brown collar, vest black, coat\\nwhite, trousers black, wings black with a large white spot.]\\nThe Tanager and the Redbird\\nOur Father endowed us with color,\\nHe denied us the music of voice,\\nBut when you see the redbird s glow\\nAnd the bluebird s azure hues,\\nThe tanager s scarlet, the indigo s sheen,\\nThe oriole s orange beneath,\\nThank him for the gems of Nature,\\nThe gems of her bridal wreath.\\n[Tanager girl, waist red, skirt black, wings black. Bedbird\\ngirl entirely in red, with red cap. One or both may speak.\\nIf both speak, they must be careful to keep time together.]\\nThe Quail\\n1. In summer I sit on the post and call\\nBe bright, be bright, love light\\nIn winter, dark winter, when the snow does fall,\\nForget not your little Bob White.", "height": "4338", "width": "2722", "jp2-path": "ournativebirdsh00lang_0132.jp2"}, "133": {"fulltext": "THE BIRDS BEFORE UNCLE SAM 117\\n2. Then throw me some wheat, where the worm fence 1\\nleans,\\nIn garden, brush, or field.\\nThe winter, cold winter leaves Bob White few\\nmeans,\\nGive him of your rich harvest yield.\\n[Boy of eight to twelve, dressed in a brown calico w 7 ith white\\nmarkings of any kind, wings of the same material, collar\\nwhite.]\\nThe Blue Jay\\n1. Why do you urchins call a dandy a jay\\nForbid them to name me dude\\nAll you pert fellows, I truly must say,\\nAre oftentimes painfully rude\\n2. Sure, I have beauty and a voice not so bad,\\nI brighten drear winter days\\nI m never more naughty than most any lad\\nThough bird eggs I need in my plays.\\n[Boy of eight to tw r elve, vest light blue, coat and trousers dark\\nblue, wings dark blue.]\\nThe Owl\\n1. Whoo-whoo, whoo-whoo, don t talk like big fools\\nWho will give me a pair of smoked glasses\\nMy ears need some cotton, just reach me a handful\\nYour noise sounds like brass bands in masses.\\n1 The old-time zig-zag fence.", "height": "4338", "width": "2722", "jp2-path": "ournativebirdsh00lang_0133.jp2"}, "134": {"fulltext": "118 OUR NATIVE BIRDS\\n2. Report at Hollow Oaks in the dawn,\\nI will read you some sense from sound papers.\\nBut please be as quiet as grass on the lawn,\\nI must hear the mice cut their capers.\\n[Boy, large or small cap, suit, and wings of brown, with white\\nfigures two tufts of brown paper attached to the cap will suggest\\nthe ear feathers.]\\nThe Wild Bucks\\n1. In reeds and rush and northern rice our mother\\nmade our home,\\nUnder her wings Ave slept at night on moss of the\\nmuskrat s dome,\\nAnd then we learned to dive and swim,\\nAs never boys could swim,\\nAnd then we fished for crab and leech,\\nAnd played on the sand of the rippled beach.\\n2. When the bees have buzzed in the goldenrod long,\\nOur wings have grown swift and strong\\nWhen the first snow falls on rush and broom,\\nWe journejr southward with brant and loon.\\n[Boy of eight to fourteen, small cap and collar black, vest and\\ntrousers very light gray, coat black, wings black.]\\nThe 3\u00c2\u00a3eadow Lark\\n1. Snow, cold, and drizzle of coming spring,\\nCan never make me cross.\\nMy heart is ever happy to sing,\\nMy joy can never be lost.", "height": "4338", "width": "2722", "jp2-path": "ournativebirdsh00lang_0134.jp2"}, "135": {"fulltext": "THE BIRDS BEFORE UNCLE SAM 119\\n2. Of field and fallow I am the bird,\\nFrom post and wire I call.\\nTo mope or fret I never was heard\\nIn spring or summer or fall.\\n3. When gossamer white in autumn floats,\\nWhen corn and grass stand sear,\\nMy heart still light, no evil forbodes,\\nI still call Spring of the Year\\n4. If storms of life and toilsome strife\\nLoad you with care and fear,\\nRemember the meadow lark s cheerful life,\\nThe song of Spring of the Year\\n[Girl of ten to fourteen, waist yellow with a crescent of very\\ndark brown, skirt and wings a lighter brown.]\\nThe Baltimore Oriole\\n1. Hark, the orioles are calling\\nFrom the spreading elm\\nNo more snow and frost is falling,\\nSummer rules the realm.\\n2. Color flashes through the bowers,\\nSunlight on the lawn\\nWinter fled and April showers\\nFor the south wind s balm.\\n3. On the swaying bough they re singing,\\nWeaving hammock nests,", "height": "4338", "width": "2722", "jp2-path": "ournativebirdsh00lang_0135.jp2"}, "136": {"fulltext": "120 OUR NATIVE BIEDS\\nFair sunshine and flowers they re bringing,\\nOur resplendent guests.\\n[Girl of eight to fourteen, cap black, waist bright orange, skirt\\nblack with two long yellow triangles tapering upward, wings\\nblack with white edges.]\\nThe Child and the Chickadee\\n1. Oh, there s the little chickadee bird\\nThat climbs on our trees, the large and the small.\\nOh, tell me, what do you find on the fir,\\nAnd aren t you afraid you will fall\\n2. Why child, great beetles, ugly with frowns,\\nAnd spiders and other big cattle.\\nI wonder, can t children see the big clowns,\\nAnd can you not hear the bark rattle\\n3. Now tell me, little birdie so spry,\\nWho washes your face so clean and so nice\\nAnd do you ever fret, trample, and cry\\nWhen cold water runs in your eyes\\n4. You babies are the funniest things\\nYour mothers could possibly have,\\nWith pumpkin heads, with big eyes, and no wings\\nYour questions make chickadees laugh.\\n5. In any weather give us a bath\\nWe find it the greatest delight\\nTo splash, where brooklets are running so fast\\nThey don t get the time to freeze tight.", "height": "4338", "width": "2722", "jp2-path": "ournativebirdsh00lang_0136.jp2"}, "137": {"fulltext": "THE BIRDS BEFORE UNCLE SAM 121\\n6. Ugh, birdie, birdie, how do you dare\\nYou ll catch a bad cold like dear auntie Ruth.\\nAnd how do you wipe your toes in the air,\\nWhere s apron and towel for your use\\n7. Catch cold, rheumatism and apron and what\\nI know every bug on the shrubs\\nThere are no colds, and no tisms on the lot,\\nI never catch colds, I catch bugs.\\n8. I never wipe with towels and things\\nMy feet are dry in no time,\\nI strip my feathers and fan my wings,\\nThen shake them, and fly off to climb.\\n9. Now tell, where are the chickadee birds,\\nWhen storms blow and owls hoot at night,\\nWhen wolves prowl after the sheep and the herds,\\nI scarcely can sleep for sheer fright\\n10. Let storm, let wolf, let owl hoot or howl\\nThe snow, let it blow, let it crunch.\\nWe feel not the storm and we fear not the owl,\\nIn tree holes we sleep in a bunch.\\n[A little girl speaks the child s, a little boy the bird s part. For\\nthe boy a light gray collar, and vest wings, coat, and trousers\\nblack.]\\nUncle Sam\\nIf you make the birds as happy\\nIn your yards, in parks and fields,\\nAs they are now in your schoolroom,\\nYou will ever have grateful friends.", "height": "4338", "width": "2722", "jp2-path": "ournativebirdsh00lang_0137.jp2"}, "138": {"fulltext": "122 OUR NATIVE BIRDS\\nEarly on the summer morning\\nThey will call you, sing to you\\nSadly they will part in autumn,\\nGladly come again in spring.\\nHerewith stands the court adjourned.\\nExtract from Mr. Hornaday s Report\\nConclusions Regarding Birds. Regarding the avian\\nfauna of the United States, the following conclusions\\nare justified by facts:\\n1. Throughout about three-fifths of the whole area\\nof our country, exclusive of Alaska, bird life in general\\nis being annihilated.\\n2. The edible birds, about 144 species, have been,\\nand still are, most severely persecuted.\\n3. In many localities edible birds of nearly all spe-\\ncies have become rare, and some important species are\\non the point of general extermination.\\n4. Owing to the disappearance of the true game\\nbirds, our song and insectivorous birds are now being\\nkilled for food purposes, and, unless prevented, this\\nabuse of nature is likely to become general.\\n5. The extermination, throughout this country, of\\nthe so-called plume birds is now practically complete.\\n6. The persecution of our birds during their nesting\\nseason, by egg collectors and by boys generally, has\\nbecome so universal as to demand immediate and special\\nattention.", "height": "4338", "width": "2722", "jp2-path": "ournativebirdsh00lang_0138.jp2"}, "139": {"fulltext": "EXTRACT FROM MR. HORNADAY S REPORT 123\\n7. Excepting in a few localities, existing measures\\nfor the protection of birds, as they are carried into effect,\\nare notoriously inadequate for the maintenance of a\\nproper balance of bird life.\\n8. Destructive agencies are constantly on the\\nincrease.\\n9. Under present conditions, and excepting in a few\\nlocalities, the practical annihilation of all our birds,\\nexcept the smallest species, and within a comparatively\\nshort period, may be regarded as absolutely certain to\\noccur. 1\\n10. If the present war of extermination is to be term-\\ninated, drastic measures must be adopted and resolutely\\ncarried out and the crusade for protection must be\\ngeneral. No half-way measures will suffice and it is\\nto be expected that some of the destroyers will be\\ndispleased.\\nRecommendations Regarding Birds. While at first\\nthought it may seem impossible to propose a series of\\nuniversal laws for bird protection that can save our\\nbird fauna from annihilation, even if adopted by the\\ndifferent states, we believe it will be found on close\\nexamination that the task is not nearly so difficult as it\\nseems. The difficulty lies, not in the framing of com-\\nprehensive measures, but in securing their adoption in\\nthe various groups of states wherein they are needed.\\nThe business of securing the enactment of legislation\\ni-The protection of migratory birds must be general in order to be\\neffective. New Orleans should not rob Cheyenne of the fruit of her\\nlabors in the field for protection.", "height": "4338", "width": "2722", "jp2-path": "ournativebirdsh00lang_0139.jp2"}, "140": {"fulltext": "124 OUK NATIVE BIRDS\\nis a separate question, and need not be discussed\\nhere. As to the character of the legislation that\\nwould be most effective, there are certain demands\\nso imperative as to be perfectly obvious, and the laws\\nthat would satisfy them would be so universally bene-\\nficial, their enactment would be desirable to every\\nstate and territory, save two or three. They are as\\nfollows\\n1. Prohibit all egg collecting, except under license\\nfrom state game commissioners, and the payment of a\\nlicense fee.\\n2. Provide for the extermination of the English\\nsparrow.\\n3. Prohibit the sale of dead game, at all seasons. 1\\n4. Prohibit the killing or capture of wild birds, and\\nof quadrupeds, other than fur-bearing animals, for com-\\nmercial purposes of any kind. [This will stop the\\nslaughter of birds for millinery purposes.]\\n5. Prohibit all spring shooting.\\n6. Prohibit the carrying or using of a gun without\\na license.\\n7. For three years prohibit the killing or capture of\\nany birds, except such birds of prey as may be declared\\nby the U. S. Biological Survey to be sufficiently noxious\\nto merit destruction. The only exception should be in\\nfavor of persons desiring to collect for scientific pur-\\nposes, in moderation, and then only when properly\\n1 This has long been earnestly advocated by Forest and Stream, and\\nthe proposition is constantly gaining advocates. It is also one of the\\nplanks in the platform of the League of American Sportsmen.", "height": "4338", "width": "2722", "jp2-path": "ournativebirdsh00lang_0140.jp2"}, "141": {"fulltext": "EXTRACT FROM MR. HORNADAY s REPORT 125\\nvouched for by some scientific institution, and duly\\nlicensed by the state game commissioners.\\n8. At the end of three years, restrict by legal\\nenactment the number of game birds that may be\\ntaken in one day, or in any given period, by a single\\nindividual.\\nMost of these demands are now embodied in the\\ngame laws of Minnesota and of several other states.\\nCopies of these laws can be secured from the respective\\nstate game wardens. Since Mr. Hornaday s report\\nwas written, the cause of bird and game protection\\nhas made considerable progress and the prospects are,\\non the whole, decidedly encouraging.", "height": "4338", "width": "2722", "jp2-path": "ournativebirdsh00lang_0141.jp2"}, "142": {"fulltext": "SECTION VII\\nGAME PROTECTION FROM THE NATURE LOVER S\\nPOINT OF VIEW\\nBetter to hunt in fields for health unbought,\\nThan fee the doctor for a nauseous draught.\\nThe wise for cure on exercise depend\\nGod never made his work for man to mend.\\nDryden, Cymon and Ipliigenia.\\nIt is not necessary to argue game and fish protec-\\ntion with the intelligent and broad-minded sportsmen.\\nThey have long become aware that the treasures of\\nlarge and of small game mammals, of aquatic and gal-\\nlinaceous birds, and of game fish which nature has so\\nlavishly bestowed upon this country are nevertheless\\nfar from inexhaustible. In fact, none of nature s treas-\\nures are inexhaustible, when greed, folly, and ignorance\\nform the exploitation company and begin, as they al-\\nways do, by cutting down the trees that bear the golden\\napples. Much progress has been made within recent\\nyears for the sportsmen and by them. The League of\\nAmerican Sportsmen has already been organized in\\nthirteen states, and it will not be long before this so-\\nciety will extend its work to every state and territory.\\nIs it Right to Hunt and Fish Many a lover of\\nnature and many a parent and teacher has no doubt\\nasked himself Is it right to take animal life for sport\\nand recreation Should I buy my boy the gun that\\n126", "height": "4338", "width": "2722", "jp2-path": "ournativebirdsh00lang_0142.jp2"}, "143": {"fulltext": "GAME PKOTECTION 127\\nlie is so longing for and which he would value higher\\nthan all the wealth and glory of Solomon Most of\\nns concede that it is right to kill animals for food and\\nclothing, and to enslave them to do our heavy work.\\nThese points we must concede or turn vegetarians, and,\\nif all mankind became vegetarian they would have to\\nkill a few animals now and then or the animals would\\nkill them and crowd them off the earth. As a food sup-\\nply, wild mammals and birds are of importance only in\\nfrontier settlements. If we kill and eat wild or tame\\nanimals, we destroy a lower form of life so that a higher\\nform may continue. This is in general the course of\\nnature. If the fatigued business man, statesman, and\\nprofessional man leave the bustle of the city, the dust,\\nand the artificial light of their offices to gain new health\\nand elasticity of mind and body on bass and trout\\nstreams, or with the wild ducks on the weird sea-coast\\nand inland marshes, or on a stalk after deer and moose\\nin the wild woods, they do nothing wrong. On the\\ncontrary they make the wild creatures of woods, lakes,\\nfields, and stream serve a far higher purpose than he\\nwho kills them merely to satisfy the cravings of a hun-\\ngry stomach. If the President of the United States\\ncan keep in good health and buoyant spirits by going\\non a duck-shooting trip, so that he can more safely steer\\nthe nation through all the vicissitudes of national and\\ninternational difficulties, by all means let him go after\\nthe ducks, whenever his duties permit. The ducks he\\nbags could not be sacrificed for a more worthy purpose.\\nThe question has still another aspect. If game wQre", "height": "4338", "width": "2722", "jp2-path": "ournativebirdsh00lang_0143.jp2"}, "144": {"fulltext": "128 OUR NATIVE BIRDS\\nnot hunted for sport, it would be hunted for profit by\\nthe market hunter. Thus a few men would benefit,\\nwhile the large number would be excluded. In some\\nlocalities birds and beasts of prey would greatly in-\\ncrease, and in other regions game animals would have\\nto be destroyed to prevent damage to agricultural or\\nstock-raising interests.\\nTherefore, if you feel inclined to use gun and rod,\\nfollow your inclination, but obey the game laws, so that\\nthe next man will also have some recreation left, in other\\nwords Don t be a game hog or a fish hog If your\\nboy wants a gun, by all means buy him one if you can\\nafford it, but have him taught how to handle it, and\\nwhat is game and what is not. A week after chickens,\\nducks, or deer will do you more good than all the pills\\nyou can buy and eat in a twelvemonth.\\nEvery one who has looked into the question knows\\nthat real sportsmen kill their game more humanely\\nthan market hunters, head, skin or bounty hunters.\\nA man who hunts wolves and coyotes for bounty is,\\nhowever, doing good work for the sportsmen as well as\\nfor farmers and stock-raisers.\\nIf you go into fields and woods for sport, do not shoot\\nunless you have a reasonable chance to kill, and always\\ntry to procure the animal you have wounded. A sports-\\nman is not a savage, he leaves something for his neigh-\\nbor, and does not kill and catch more than he can use.\\nA sportsman never shoots a doe and starves the suck-\\nling fawn, he never kills the mother bird and starves the\\nnestlings. Nor would he think of snaring or trapping", "height": "4338", "width": "2722", "jp2-path": "ournativebirdsh00lang_0144.jp2"}, "145": {"fulltext": "GAME PROTECTION 129\\nany wild creature in a way that would prolong its misery\\nfor hours, or even for days.\\nThe sportsman does not forget that animals have\\nrights. Every species, except a parasite, has the right\\nto exist, and true sportsmen have always been ready to\\nprotect species threatened by extermination. The\\nscientist and the lover of nature can view only with\\nfeelings of the deepest concern and regret, the disappear-\\nance of any species from our fauna or flora. The fauna\\nof the earth is already much impoverished by the extinc-\\ntion of many large mammals and birds both on this and\\nother continents. Many of the large mammals of the\\nQuaternary period have most likely been exterminated\\nby prehistoric man. Several nations, including the\\nUnited States, have established reservations which fur-\\nnish an asylum for the wild creatures of the land. In\\nthis country we have the Yellowstone Park, and there\\nare no reasons why forest reserves should not furnish an\\nundisturbed breeding ground for large game. The\\nGerman government has established in its African\\npossessions forest reserves for the African elephant and\\nother large game.\\nIt goes without argument that every lover of nature\\nwould like to see all our wild animals preserved from\\nextinction. This protection is, however, of special\\ninterest to all bird lovers, and they should, therefore,\\ndo all in their power to further the cause of game and\\nfish protection.\\nAs has already been shown in a previous chapter, the\\nextinction of game birds would undoubtedly be followed", "height": "4450", "width": "2722", "jp2-path": "ournativebirdsh00lang_0145.jp2"}, "146": {"fulltext": "130 OUR NATIVE BIRDS\\nby the hunting of song birds. But while we have game\\nfish to angle, and mammals and real game birds to\\nhunt, the shooting of song birds is looked upon as small\\nand disgraceful, and popular opinion can easily be\\neducated to stigmatize it as contemptible and criminal.\\nLaws protecting song birds would be much more diffi-\\ncult to enforce after our fish and game had become ex-\\ntinct. In England, Germany, France, and Austria,\\nlaws for the protection of song birds, even if rigidly\\nobserved, are only partially effective, because in several\\nSouth European countries these same protected birds\\nare caught, netted, and killed by tens of thousands\\nduring the fall and spring migrations. There is no\\ngame left in these countries, and it will take decades\\nbefore the people there will appreciate the value and\\nthe ethics of bird protection.\\nEveryone interested in game protection should join\\nthe League of American Sportsmen. Drop a post card\\nfor information to the L. A. S. Warden in your state,\\nor to the League of American Sportsmen, 19 West 24th\\nStreet, New York.\\nThis is a matter in which all grades and classes of\\nschools should be interested, but I regret to say that\\nnot many teachers have even begun to do their duty\\ntowards the birds and our wild kindred. I hope that\\nin the near future the League of American Sportsmen\\nmay devise a plan by which boys in high schools,\\nnormal schools, and academies, and young men in\\ncollege may join the league for a nominal sum,\\nwhich should entitle them to membership until they", "height": "4338", "width": "2722", "jp2-path": "ournativebirdsh00lang_0146.jp2"}, "147": {"fulltext": "GAME PROTECTION 131\\nhave begun to earn money for themselves. One dollar\\na year is a small fee, but it is a large sum for a school-\\nboy and for many college students. The league must\\nget the boys, and many of them will join if the right\\nterms are offered.\\nHunting with a Camera\\nIf hunting with a gun is against your taste, then\\nhunt with a camera. You can then shoot in your yard\\nand in city parks, you can hunt at any time of the year,\\nand you will never need to harm any living creature.\\nHunting with a camera calls for even greater zeal and\\nendurance than hunting with gun and rifle, and is an\\noutdoor sport that cannot be too highly recommended\\nto girls and ladies as well as to men and boys.\\nThe average American men are as strong and as\\nrobust as the men of any European nation. It has\\nbeen doubted by people who have had opportunities for\\nobserving that the average American woman is as\\nstrong as her European sister. Our boys practice all\\nkinds of sports and athletics, our girls are too much\\nconfined to an indoor life.\\nLet them accompany their brothers and friends into\\nwoods and fields and experience the buoyancy of rough-\\ning it. There can be nothing unwomanly in hunting\\nwith a camera.\\nSee: H. S. Salt. Animals Rights. The Macmillan Com-\\npany, New York and London. The author condemns hunting\\nentirely. He says, a The sportsman being, in the great majority\\nof instances, a man of slow perception, he naturally finds it much\\neasier to follow the hounds than to follow an argument.", "height": "4338", "width": "2722", "jp2-path": "ournativebirdsh00lang_0147.jp2"}, "148": {"fulltext": "132 our native birds\\nThe Purpose and the Principles of the League\\nof American Sportsmen\\nThe League of American Sportsmen is organized for\\nthe purpose of protecting the game and game fishes\\nthe song, insectivorous, and other innocent birds, not\\nclassed as game birds.\\nIts prime object is to enforce game laws, where such\\nexist, and to secure and enforce such laws where not\\nnow in existence.\\nIt aims to promote good fellowship among sportsmen\\nto foster in the minds of the people a love of nature\\nand of nature s works to encourage the propagation\\nof game and game fishes, and the re-stocking of game\\nfields and public Avaters. To these ends it will act in\\nunison with state, county, and municipal authorities\\nwho aim at similar ends. 1\\nThe League of American Sportsmen will not com-\\npete with any other organization that has similar\\nobjects in view. On the contrary, it desires to enlist\\nthe sympathies of, and to cooperate with, all such.\\nThe League of American Sportsmen is opposed to\\nexcessive slaughter of game and fish, under the name\\nof sport. We are opposed to the killing of any inno-\\n1 A person knowing of violations of the game laws should promptly\\nnotify the L. A. S. game warden or the respective state game warden,\\nwho may be addressed in the following manner\\nState Game Warden,\\nSt. Paul, Minn.\\nThe office of the state game warden is nearly always at the state\\ncapital.", "height": "4338", "width": "2722", "jp2-path": "ournativebirdsh00lang_0148.jp2"}, "149": {"fulltext": "GAME PROTECTION 133\\ncent bird or animal, which is not game, in the name of\\nsport, or in wantonness, or for commercial purposes.\\nWe are opposed to the sale of game and game fishes,\\nat all times and under all circumstances.\\nWe believe in reasonable bags. We believe the kill-\\ning of game and the taking of fish should be limited by\\nlaw, not only as to seasons, but that the bag for any\\none man for a day, and for a season, should be defined\\nby law.\\nWe believe in a gun-license law, with severe penal-\\nties for violations thereof.\\nWe, as individual members of this League, pledge\\nourselves to work for the education of the public, and\\nespecially of our boys, on the lines indicated above to\\ncooperate with our officers, and with state or municipal\\nofficers, in the enforcement of game law T s, whenever an\\nopportunity offers.\\nExtract from the Constitution of the L. A. S.\\narticle I\\nSection 1. This organization shall be known as the\\nLeague of American Sportsmen.\\nSec. 2. Its objects shall be the preservation and\\npropagation of game and game fishes, of song and\\ninsectivorous birds and of forests the education of\\nmen, women and children to a love of nature and of\\nnature s works to a proper respect for game laws and\\nto a proper abhorrence for the custom so prevalent to-", "height": "4338", "width": "2722", "jp2-path": "ournativebirdsh00lang_0149.jp2"}, "150": {"fulltext": "134 OUR NATIVE BIRDS\\nday, among men and boys, of killing every living thing\\nfound in the woods, for the mere sake of killing.\\nARTICLE III\\nSec. 2. Any woman may become an associate member\\nby complying with the provisions of Section 1. Associate\\nmembers shall have all the privileges of the League except\\nthose of voting and holding office.\\nSec. 3. All ministers of the gospel and all teachers in\\nuniversities, colleges, public or private schools who will\\npledge themselves to cooperate with the League of Ameri-\\ncan Sportsmen in educating their people to respect game\\nand fish laws and to aid in the preservation of birds, mam-\\nmals, fishes and forests, shall, on application, be made hon-\\norary members of the L. A. S.\\nOfficers of the League of American Sportsmen\\nPresident, G. O. Shields, 19 West Twenty-fourth street, New\\nYork. 1\\n1st Vice-President, Dr. C. Hart Merriam, Washington, D.C.\\n2d Vice-President, E. S. Thompson, 144 Fifth avenue, New\\nYork.\\n3d Vice-President, Hon. W. A. Richards, General Land Office,\\nWashington, D.C.\\n4thVice-President, W. T. Hornaday, 69 Wall street, New York.\\n5th Vice-President, A. A. Anderson, 93 Fifth avenue, New York.\\nSecretary, Arthur F. Rice, 155 Pennington avenue, Passaic, N.J.\\nTreasurer, F. S. Hyatt, National Exchange Bank, 90 West\\nBroadway, New York.\\nGeneral Counsel, Julius H. Seymour, 35 Wall street, New York.\\n1 Taken from Becreation, October, 1899.", "height": "4338", "width": "2722", "jp2-path": "ournativebirdsh00lang_0150.jp2"}, "151": {"fulltext": "GAME PROTECTION 135\\nNew York Division.\\nA. E. Pond, Chief Warden, 124 Fifth avenue, New York.\\nPennsylvania Division.\\nC. P. Emerson, Chief Warden, 189 North Perry street, Titus ville.\\nNew Jersey Division.\\nA. W. Van Saun, Chief Warden, Pompton Plains.\\nMassachusetts Division.\\nDr. Heber Bishop, Chief Warden, 4 Post-office square, Boston\\nConnecticut Division.\\nRalph B. Lawton, Chief Warden, Bridgeport.\\nMichigan Division.\\nJ. Elmer Pratt, Chief Warden, Grand Rapids.\\nMontana Division.\\nProfessor M. J. Elrod, Chief Warden, Missoula.\\nWashington Division.\\nJ. S. Stangroom, Chief Warden, New Whatcom.\\nWyoming Division.\\nDr. Frank Dunham, Chief Warden, Lander.\\nWisconsin Division.\\nJames T. Drought, Chief Warden, Milwaukee.\\nOhio Division.\\nL. H. Reutinger, Chief Warden, Athens.\\nIllinois Division.\\nH. W. Loveday, Chief Warden, Schiller Building, Chicago.\\nMinnesota Division.\\nS. A. Smart, Chief Warden, G. N. Gen. Office, St. Paul.\\nApplications for membership and orders for badges should be ad-\\ndressed to Arthur F. Rice, Secretary, 19 West Twenty fourth street,\\nNew York. For a list of Local Wardens see Recreation.", "height": "4338", "width": "2722", "jp2-path": "ournativebirdsh00lang_0151.jp2"}, "152": {"fulltext": "136\\nOUR NATIVE BIRDS\\nExtracts from Mr. Hornaday s Report\\n1 Species Reported as Extinct, or l Becoming Extinct/\\nMammals.\\nThe larger quadrupeds, generally\\nBison; Buffalo (Bos americanus)\\nElk; Wapiti (Cervus canadensis)\\nMoose (A Ices americana)\\nVirginia, or White-tailed Deer (Cariacus virginianus)\\nMule Deer (Cariacus macrotis)\\nBlack-tailed Deer (Cariacus columbianus)\\nWoodland Caribou (Eangifer caribou)\\nProng-horned Antelope (Antilocapra americana)\\nMountain Sheep (Oris montana)\\nMountain Goat (Haploceros montanus)\\nBears, generally,\\nCalifornia Grizzly Bear (Ursus horribilis horriceus)\\nBlack Bear (JJrsus americanus)\\nJaguar (Felis onca)\\nPuma; Mountain Lion (Felis concolor)\\nRed Lynx (Lynx rufus)\\nOtter (Lutra canadensis)\\nBeaver (Castor canadensis)\\n6 reports.\\n15 reports.\\n22 reports.\\n7 reports.\\n32 reports.\\n3 reports.\\n1 report.\\n2 reports.\\n15 reports.\\n10 reports.\\n2 reports.\\n1 report.\\n2 reports.\\n15 reports.\\n1 report.\\n6 reports.\\n5 reports.\\n11 reports.\\n22 reports.\\nBirds.\\nAll birds, generally 3 reports.\\nGame birds, generally (meaning gallinaceous species) 5 reports.\\nShore birds, generally 5 reports.\\nGeese and ducks, generally .20 reports.\\nHerons and egrets, generally plume birds .12 reports.\\nHawks, generally 3 reports.\\nOwls, generally 4 reports.", "height": "4338", "width": "2722", "jp2-path": "ournativebirdsh00lang_0152.jp2"}, "153": {"fulltext": "GAME PROTECTION\\n137\\nWild Turkey (Meleagris gallopavo)\\nRuffed Grouse (Bonasa umbellus)\\nPinnated Grouse; Prairie Hen (Tympanuchus amerl\\ncanus)\\nHeath Hen (Tympaiuichns cupido)\\nPassenger Pigeon (Ectopistes ?nigratorius)\\nBluebird (Sialia sialis)\\nCarolina Paroquet (Cotiurus carolinensis)\\nWood Duck (Aix sponsd)\\nFlamingo (Phcenicopterus ruber)\\nRoseate Spoonbill {Ajaja ajaja)\\nWhite Heron (Ardea candidissimd)\\nIvory-billed Woodpecker (Campephilus principalis)\\nPileated Woodpecker (Ceophlceus pileatus)\\nCalifornia Vulture (Pseudogryphus calif or nianus)\\n30 reports.\\n20 reports.\\n13 reports.\\n1 report.\\n35 reports.\\n15 reports.\\n5 reports.\\n5 reports.\\n1 report.\\n3 reports.\\n10 reports.\\n1 reports.\\n4 reports.\\n1 report.\\nFrom a mucli larger number of birds and mammals\\nthan are included in the above lists, these have been\\nselected because there is good reason to believe that,\\nunder present conditions, they are all certain to become\\npractically extinct throughout the whole United States\\nwithin a few years. For the majority of the above,\\ntotal extinction which means the death of the last\\nindividual of a species or race probably is far away.\\nThe qualified term, practical extinction, now destined\\nto come into very general use, may properly be applied\\nto any species which has become so rare in a state of\\nnature that it is an impossibility to discover living\\nrepresentatives by seeking for them. The larger and\\nmore conspicuous the quadruped or bird, the more\\nquickly it is exterminated. All persons who have\\nany regard for the preservation of the few wild herds", "height": "4338", "width": "2722", "jp2-path": "ournativebirdsh00lang_0153.jp2"}, "154": {"fulltext": "lo8 OUR NATIVE BIRDS\\nof elk, antelope, deer, mountain sheep, and other c big\\ngame mammals that still exist in our country, should\\nbe warned by the fate of the great northern herd of\\nAmerican bison, and act in time. In 1880 it was esti-\\nmated by the hunters and fur-buyers of Montana that\\n4 the buffalo range of Montana, Wyoming, and west-\\nern Dakota contained five hundred thousand buffaloes\\nand I think the estimate was not over the mark. On\\nJune 1, 1883, less than four hundred individuals re-\\nmained and it was several years before the people of\\nthe United States awoke to a realization of the fact that\\nthe great buffalo herds were actually and absolutely\\ngone! With the fate of the buffalo before our eyes, it\\nrequires no seer to predict, with absolute certainty, that\\nunless thorough and drastic measures are immediately\\ntaken to preserve the remnants of our once splendid\\nherds of game quadrupeds, and flocks of game birds,\\na very few years more we will say ten for some and\\nfifteen for others will find our country without enough\\nwild representatives of those species to stock a zoologi-\\ncal garden.\\nConclusions Regarding Western Mammals.\\n1. Throughout the whole region west of the Missis-\\nsippi River, except in the Yellowstone Park and Colo-\\nrado, all the large quadrupeds, save gray wolves and\\ncoyotes, are being shot down several times faster than\\nthey multiply.\\n2. Under existing conditions, their general annihila-\\ntion within a few years time (save in the two localities\\nnoted) may be regarded as a certainty.", "height": "4338", "width": "2722", "jp2-path": "ournativebirdsh00lang_0154.jp2"}, "155": {"fulltext": "GAME PROTECTION 139\\n3. Outside of areas actually protected, the prong-\\nhorned antelope will be the next large species to disap-\\npear; and it will be closely followed by the mountain\\nsheep, mountain goat, California grizzly bear, beaver,\\nelk, and mule deer.\\n4. It should be accepted as a fixed fact that any\\nwestern state or territory so sparsely settled that large\\nquadrupeds can successfully hide and breed in its wil-\\nderness areas, is not financially able to employ a force of\\nsalaried game wardens large enough to maintain surveil-\\nlance over all persons who are inclined to kill game.\\n5. The professional guides and hunters, the ranch-\\nmen and other country residents of the Rocky Mountain\\nand Pacific Coast regions, are the only men who have it\\nwithin their poiver, or ivho ever ivill have it ivithin their\\npoiver, to save our noblest species of ivild game animals\\nfrom complete annihilation.\\n6. These men are the ones who will lose most, both\\nin money and in food, by the destruction of the game\\nanimals that now furnish them a valuable source of\\nrevenue.\\nRecommendations Regarding Mammals. 1. As a\\nmatter of duty to their own interests, the guides,\\nhunters, ranchmen, and sportsmen of the Eocky Moun-\\ntain and Pacific Coast regions should assemble and\\ndecide what restrictions shall be placed upon the kill-\\ning of large game as to the number of head per man\\nthat may be taken, license fees and fines, and as to the\\nnecessity of total prohibition for given periods.\\n2. Every state and territory now inhabited by large", "height": "4338", "width": "2722", "jp2-path": "ournativebirdsh00lang_0155.jp2"}, "156": {"fulltext": "140 OTIR NATIVE BIRDS\\ngame should immediately enact a law prohibiting the\\nkilling of any female hoofed animal, under any and all\\ncircumstances, and also prohibiting the killing of any\\nhoofed animal less than one year old.\\n3. Throughout every state and territory now in-\\nhabited b}^ them, the killing of antelope, mountain\\nsheep and mountain goats should be absolutely pro-\\nhibited for ten years and the possession of a fresh\\nskin or head should be regarded as prima facie evi-\\ndence of violation of law.\\n4. Henceforth every person visiting the Western\\nregions in quest of large game should regard it as his\\nduty to cooperate with state and territorial authorities\\nin the observance and enforcement of the game laws, to\\nkill sparingly at all times, and under no circumstances\\nto shoot female or yearling animals.\\n5. No guide should conduct a hunting party in\\nquest of game unless each member of it pledged him-\\nself to observe the rules of moderation in shooting that\\nnow are morally binding upon all.\\n6. In view of the alarming decrease of our large\\ngame animals, it is time for the adoption throughout\\nthe United States of an unwritten law that any man\\nwho kills a female hoofed animal is not to be considered\\na true and honorable sportsman.\\n7. Every state and territory containing large game\\nshould collect a license fee on each gun carried or used\\nin hunting and all funds derived from this source and\\nfrom fines should be used in payment of the salaries of\\ngame wardens.", "height": "4338", "width": "2722", "jp2-path": "ournativebirdsh00lang_0156.jp2"}, "157": {"fulltext": "GAME PROTECTION 141\\n8. The sale of dead game should be prohibited.\\nThere are few persons, intelligent or otherwise, who\\nwill deny the desirability of preserving from destruc-\\ntion the splendid vertebrate fauna which still inhabits\\nour country. Throughout the whole United States,\\nthe love of natural history, and -interest in zoological\\nstudies and their promotion is growing at a rapid\\nrate.\\nIf all the people of this country were assembled, and\\na rising vote taken on the question Are our birds\\nand mammals worth preserving? we believe nearly\\nevery man, woman and child would stand up to be\\ncounted. Even the worst destroyers believe in limit-\\ning the destructiveness of others Thanks to the\\nextent of our territory, and the diversity of its physical\\naspect, our mammalian and avian faunas are still ex-\\nceedingly rich and varied, as well as interesting and\\nvaluable. With the exception of a few noxious\\nspecies, our wild creatures are well worth preserving,\\nand their further annihilation would be nothing less\\nthan a national disgrace. And even though we of\\nto-day should feel little interest in the preservation of\\nthe animal life indigenous to North America, it must\\nbe remembered that we owe a ditty to succeeding gener-\\nations, and we have no right to rob those who come\\nafter us of the wealth of living forms that Nature has\\nso lavishly bestowed upon this continent, and main-\\ntained in great abundance until fifteen years ago. The\\nzoological estate now in our possession is not ours in\\nfee simple, but by inheritance under entail and it must", "height": "4338", "width": "2722", "jp2-path": "ournativebirdsh00lang_0157.jp2"}, "158": {"fulltext": "142 OUR NATIVE BIRDS\\nbe transmitted to those who come after us, in a good\\nstate of preservation.\\nBeyond all possibility of dispute, the time has now\\narrived when it is the duty of all American zoologists,\\nall our academies of science, zoological societies and\\nmuseums, and all our higher institutions of learning, to\\nunite and become actively and aggressively interested\\nin comprehensive measures for protection. In co-opera-\\ntion with the Audubon Society of the State of New\\nYork, the American Museum of Natural History,\\nthrough its President and through Dr. J. A. Allen and\\nMr. Frank M. Chapman, is already, and for the past\\nyear has been, actively engaged in measures designed\\nto save our remaining birds from annihilation. Dur-\\ning the last twelve months, the Audubon Society has\\nsent out 35,000 circulars, and solicited active assistance\\nfrom over 300 newspapers in this state.\\nIt seems to us that the United States Biological\\nSurvey, the Smithsonian Institution, the Philadelphia\\nAcademy of Sciences, the American Museum of Natural\\nHistory, the New York Zoological Society, Yale Uni-\\nversity, Harvard University, Cornell University, the\\nField Museum and the Leland Stanford University,\\neach should employ a competent man, provide him\\nwith a fair allowance for expenses, and instruct him to\\ndevote his entire time and energy to the business of\\nsecuring adequate protective laws throughout the whole\\nUnited States, and in furthering all legitimate measures\\nfor the protection of birds and mammals. It is reason-\\nable to believe that four good men could enter the", "height": "4338", "width": "2722", "jp2-path": "ournativebirdsh00lang_0158.jp2"}, "159": {"fulltext": "GAME PROTECTION 143\\nRocky Mountain region, bring together the guides and\\nranchmen, and in less than two years accomplish results\\nof great and lasting benefit.\\nWe believe that the time is ripe for a general rebel-\\nlion against the forces of destruction. We believe that\\nthe American people will yet rise to the seriousness of\\nthe situation, and bring about a complete revolution in\\nbehalf of the protection of our native animals, which\\nis one of the prime objects for which the New York\\nZoological Society was founded.", "height": "4338", "width": "2722", "jp2-path": "ournativebirdsh00lang_0159.jp2"}, "160": {"fulltext": "SECTION VIII\\nMISCELLANEOUS INFORMATION\\nI. Magazines\\n1. Recreation. Published by G. O. Shields, 19 West Twenty-\\nfourth street, New York. \u00c2\u00a71.00 a year. Monthly. The organ of\\nthe League of American Sportsmen. On the work and present\\nstatus of the League, see Recreation, April, 1899, and succeeding\\nnumbers.\\n2. Bird Lore. Published by The Macmillan Company, 66 Fifth\\navenue, Xew York. \u00c2\u00a71.00 a year. Bi-monthly. The magazine is\\ndevoted to Bird Protection and is the organ of The Audubon\\nSocieties.\\n3. The Auk. Published by L. S. Foster, Xew York City.\\nQuarterly. The organ of The American Ornithologists Union.\\nSee the report of a Committee on Bird Protection in the January\\nnumber of 1898.\\n4. Forest and Stream, Xew York City. Weekly. A paper\\nvaluable alike to the sportsman and the naturalist. See an inter-\\nesting report in Forest and Stream of February 19, 1898, on the\\nInterstate Game Wardens Convention held at Chicago in Febru-\\nary, 1898.\\n5. The Forester. Published by The American Forestry Asso-\\nciation, 45 Wyatt Building, Washington, D. C. Monthly. \u00c2\u00a71.00\\na year. The magazine is devoted to the care and use of forests,\\nforest trees and related subjects. It is a very valuable magazine,\\nwhich ought to be in every public and in every school library.\\nSee Volume IV, 1898, for a large number of interesting and instruc-\\ntive articles.\\n144", "height": "4338", "width": "2722", "jp2-path": "ournativebirdsh00lang_0160.jp2"}, "161": {"fulltext": "MISCELLANEOUS INFORMATION 145\\n6. Our Animal Friends. Published by the American Society\\nfor the Prevention of Cruelty to Animals, Madison avenue and\\nTwenty-sixth street, New York.\\n7. Our Dumb Animals. Published by the Massachusetts So-\\nciety for the Prevention of Cruelty to Animals, 19 Milk street,\\nBoston, Mass. The paper is also the organ of the American Hu-\\nmane Education Society and of the American Bands of Mercy.\\n8. The National Humane Educator, 216 West Fourth street,\\nCincinnati, O.\\nMost of these magazines will mail a free sample copy.\\nII. Societies\\n1. The Audubon Societies. See page 93. Correspondence\\nin regard to forming Audubon Societies or other Bird Protective\\nSocieties may be addressed to Mrs. Mabel Osgood Wright, Fair-\\nfield, Conn.\\n2. The League of American Sportsmen. See pages 132-135.\\n3. The Agassiz Association. For full information write to\\nMr. H. H. Ballard, Pittsfield, Mass., or see the Handbook of the\\nAgassiz Association\\n4. Society for the Protection of Birds. Mrs. F. E. Lemon,\\nSecretary, Hillcrest, Kedhill, England. Publishing Department,\\n326 High Holborn, W. C, England.\\n5. Bund der Yogelfreunde, Graz, Austria.\\n6. American Humane Education Society. Geo. P. Angell,\\nPresident, 19 Milk street, Boston, Mass.\\n7. Bands of Mercy, Geo. P. Angell, President, 19 Milk street,\\nBoston, Mass. These bands have been organized among the\\nschool children of many cities, towns, and country districts.\\n8. The Societies for the Prevention of Cruelty to Animals and\\nthe Humane Societies.\\nBesides the general humane work done by them,\\nsome of these societies have done very effective work\\nL", "height": "4338", "width": "2722", "jp2-path": "ournativebirdsh00lang_0161.jp2"}, "162": {"fulltext": "146 OUR NATIVE BIRDS\\nin bird protection. The society of St. Paul, Minn,\\nhas posted hundreds of the following placard\\n$5.00 REWARD\\nFor information which will lead to the arrest and conviction of\\nany person killing or attempting to kill any harmless birds, or\\nrobbing or destroying the nests thereof. Boys with rubber slings\\nor pop-guns are hereby warned.\\nHUM AXE SOdETY,\\nW. L. Wilsox, President.\\nMiss Axxa V. Weight, Secretary.\\nChamber of Commerce Building.\\nIn Our Dumb Animals of August, 1899, is found the\\nfollowing offer\\nPROTECTION OF BIRDS\\nI hereby offer twenty prizes of 810 each, and forty prizes of 85\\neach, for evidence by which our Massachusetts Society for the\\nPrevention of Cruelty to Animals shall convict persons of violating\\nthe laws of Massachusetts by killing any insect-eating bird or\\ntaking eggs from its nest.\\nGeo. T. Axgell, President.\\nI enclose a list of the most important of these socie-\\nties in the United States and Canada. In many states\\na number of local societies are organized. For these\\nand for information about similar societies in foreign\\ncountries the reader is referred to the report of 1899 of\\nthe American Society P. C. A., Madison avenue and\\nTwenty-sixth street, New York. The list here given\\nis taken from that report. Concerning the organization\\nand the work of local societies, information can be ob-\\ntained from the respective state society.", "height": "4338", "width": "2722", "jp2-path": "ournativebirdsh00lang_0162.jp2"}, "163": {"fulltext": "MISCELLANEOUS INFORMATION 147\\nHumane Societies in the United States and Canada\\nNew York. The American Society for the Prevention of Cruelty\\nto Animals. Madison avenue and Twenty-sixth street, New York.\\nAlabama. Mobile Society for the Prevention of Cruelty to\\nAnimals. 16 South Royal street, Mobile.\\nArizona. Society for the Prevention of Cruelty to Animals.\\nTucson.\\nArkansas. Humane Society. Little Rock.\\nCalifornia. The San Francisco Society for the Prevention of\\nCruelty to Animals. 403 Parrott Building, San Francisco.\\nColorado. Colorado Humane Society. 5 Jacobson Building,\\nDenver.\\nConnecticut. The Connecticut Humane Society. Hartford.\\nDelaware. Delaware Society for the Prevention of Cruelty to\\nAnimals. 606 Market street, Wilmington.\\nDistrict of Columbia. The Washington Humane Society.\\nRoom 10, Sun Building, Washington, D. C.\\nFlorida. St. Augustine Humane Society. St. Augustine.\\nGeorgia. Georgia Society for the Prevention of Cruelty to\\nAnimals. 1 Mcintosh street, Augusta.\\nIllinois. The Illinois Humane Society. 560 Wabash avenue,\\nChicago.\\nIndiana. The Indiana Humane Society. 42 Lombard Build-\\ning, Indianapolis.\\nIowa. The Iowa Humane Society. Des Moines.\\nKansas. The Kansas Humane Society. Wichita.\\nKentucky. Kentucky Humane Society for Prevention of\\nCruelty. Masonic Temple, 411 West Green street, Louisville.\\nLouisiana. Louisiana State Society for Prevention of Cruelty\\nto Animals. 606 Commercial place, New Orleans.\\nMaine. Maine State Society for the Protection of Animals.\\nPortland.\\nMaryland. The Maryland Society for the Prevention of\\nCruelty to Animals. 323 North Charles street, Baltimore.", "height": "4338", "width": "2722", "jp2-path": "ournativebirdsh00lang_0163.jp2"}, "164": {"fulltext": "148 OTJB, NATIVE BIRDS\\nMassachusetts. The Massachusetts Society for the Preven-\\ntion of Cruelty to Animals. 19 Milk street, Boston.\\nMichigan. Michigan Society for the Prevention of Cruelty to\\nAnimals. Detroit.\\nMinnesota. St. Paul Society for Prevention of Cruelty.\\nChamber of Commerce Building, St. Paul.\\nMississippi. The Mississippi Society for the Prevention of\\nCruelty to Animals. Natchez.\\nMissouri. The Humane Society of Missouri. 506 and 508\\nColumbia Building, Eighth and Locust streets, St. Louis.\\nNebraska. The Nebraska Humane Society. 15 Commercial\\nNational Bank Building, Omaha.\\nNew Hampshire. New Hampshire Society for the Prevention\\nof Cruelty to Animals. 1 Market street, Portsmouth.\\nNew Jersey. The New Jersey Society for the Prevention of\\nCruelty to Animals. 507 Prudential Building, Newark.\\nNew York. The Mohawk and Hudson River Humane Society.\\n287 State street, Albany.\\nNorth Carolina. The North Carolina Society for the Pre-\\nvention of Cruelty to Animals. 17 Paragon Building, Ashville.\\nOhio. The Ohio Humane Society. 24 East Ninth street, Cin-\\ncinnati.\\nOregon. The Oregon Humane Society. 72 Third street,\\nPortland.\\nPennsylvania. The Pennsylvania Society for the Prevention\\nof Cruelty to Animals. 1627 Chestnut street, Philadelphia.\\nRhode Island. Rhode Island Society for the Prevention of\\nCruelty to Animals. 61 Westminster street, Providence.\\nSouth Carolina. The South Carolina Society for the Pre-\\nvention of Cruelty to Animals. Charleston.\\nTennessee. Tennessee Society for the Prevention of Cruelty\\nto Animals and Children. 337 Mississippi avenue, Memphis.\\nTexas. The Galveston Society for the Prevention of Cruelty\\nto Animals. Galveston.\\nUtah. Utah Humane Society. Salt Lake City.", "height": "4338", "width": "2722", "jp2-path": "ournativebirdsh00lang_0164.jp2"}, "165": {"fulltext": "MISCELLANEOUS INFORMATION 149\\nVermont. The Vermont Humane Society. Chester.\\nVirginia. Society for the Prevention of Cruelty to Animals.\\n618 East Main street, Richmond.\\nWashington. Tacoma Society for the Prevention of Cruelty\\nto Animals. Chamber of Commerce Building, Tacoma.\\nWest Virginia. West Virginia Society for the Prevention of\\nCruelty to Animals. Wheeling.\\nWisconsin. The Wisconsin Humane Society. 495 Milwaukee\\nstreet, Milwaukee.\\nBritish North America. The Nova Scotia Society for the\\nPrevention of Cruelty. 79 Granville street, Halifax.\\nThe Canadian Society for the Prevention of Cruelty to Animals.\\n189 St. James street, Montreal.\\nOttawa Humane Society. 83 St. Peter street, Ottawa.\\nQuebec Society for the Prevention of Cruelty to Animals.\\nQuebec.\\nNew Brunswick Society for the Prevention of Cruelty to Ani-\\nmals. Ferry Building, Water street, St. John.\\nSt. John s Society for the Prevention of Cruelty to Animals. St.\\nJohn s, Newfoundland.\\nThe Winnipeg Society for the Prevention of Cruelty to Animals.\\nWinnipeg, Manitoba.\\nIII. The United States Department of Agriculture\\nThis department consists of the following divisions\\nDivision of Chemistry.\\nDivision of Entomology.\\nDivision of Botany.\\nDivision of Vegetable Physiology and Pathology.\\nDivision of Pomology.\\nBiological Survey.\\nDivision of Soils.\\nOffice of Experiment Stations.\\nDivision of Forestry.\\nDivision of Agrostology.", "height": "4338", "width": "2722", "jp2-path": "ournativebirdsh00lang_0165.jp2"}, "166": {"fulltext": "150 OUR NATIVE BIRDS\\nOffice of Road Inquiry.\\nExperimental Gardens and Grounds.\\nDivision of Publications.\\nThe Library.\\nOffice of Fibre Investigation.\\nBureau of Animal Industry.\\nDivision of Statistics.\\nSection of Foreign Markets.\\nThe Superintendent of Documents, Washington, D. C, furnishes\\nfree upon application:\\n1. A list of publications for sale at a nominal price.\\n2. A list of publications available for free distribution.\\n3. A monthly list of new publications.\\nAmong the most popular government publications are the Farm-\\ners Bulletins, a list of which is here given, but many other valuable\\npublications will be found in the three lists mentioned.\\nFarmers Bulletins\\nThese bulletins are sent free of charge to any address upon ap-\\nplication to the Secretary of Agriculture, Washington, D. C. Only\\nthe following are available for distribution\\nNo. 15. Some Destructive Potato Diseases What They Are and\\nHow to Prevent Them.\\nNo. 16. Leguminous Plants for Green Manuring and for Feed-\\ning.\\nNo. 18. Forage Plants for the South.\\nNo. 19. Important Insecticides Directions for Their Preparation\\nand Use.\\nNo. 21. Barnyard Manure.\\nNo. 22. Feeding Farm Animals.\\nNo. 23. Foods Nutritive Value and Cost.\\nNo. 24. Hog Cholera and Swine Plague.\\nNo. 25. Peanuts: Culture and Uses.\\nNo. 26. Sweet Potatoes Culture and Uses.", "height": "4338", "width": "2722", "jp2-path": "ournativebirdsh00lang_0166.jp2"}, "167": {"fulltext": "MISCELLANEOUS INFORMATION 151\\nNo. 27. Flax for Seed and Fiber.\\nNo. 28. Weeds: And How to Kill Them.\\nNo. 29. Souring of Milk, and Other Changes in Milk Products.\\nNo. 30. Grape Diseases on the Pacific Coast.\\nNo. 31. Alfalfa, or Lucern.\\nNo. 32. Silos and Silage.\\nNo. 33. Peach Growing for Market.\\nXo. 34. Meats Composition and Cooking.\\nNo. 35. Potato Culture.\\nNo. 36. Cotton Seed and Its Products.\\nNo. 37. Kafir Corn Characteristics, Culture, and Uses.\\nNo. 38. Spraying for Fruit Diseases.\\nXo. 39. Onion Culture.\\nNo. 40. Farm Drainage.\\nNo. 41. Folds Care and Feeding.\\nNo. 42. Facts About Milk.\\nNo. 43. Sewage Disposal on the Farm.\\nNo. 44. Commercial Fertilizers.\\nNo. 45. Some Insects Injurious to Stored Grain.\\nNo. 46. Irrigation in Humid Climates.\\nNo. 47. Insects Affecting the Cotton Plant.\\nNo. 48. The Manuring of Cotton.\\nNo. 49. Sheep Feeding.\\nXo. 50. Sorghum as a Forage Crop.\\nNo. 51. Standard Varieties of Chickens.\\nXo. 52. The Sugar Beet.\\nXo. 53. How to Grow Mushrooms.\\nXo. 54. Some Common Birds in Their Relation to Agriculture.\\nNo. 55. The Dairy Herd Its Formation and Management.\\nNo. 56. Experiment Station Work. Yol. I.\\nNo. 57. Butter Making on the Farm.\\nNo. 58. The Soy Bean as a Forage Crop.\\nXo. 59. Bee Keeping.\\nNo. 60. Methods of Curing Tobacco.\\nNo. 61. Asparagus Culture.", "height": "4338", "width": "2722", "jp2-path": "ournativebirdsh00lang_0167.jp2"}, "168": {"fulltext": "152 OUR NATIVE BIRDS\\nNo. 62. Marketing Farm Produce.\\nNo. 63. Care of Milk on the Farm.\\nNo. 64. Duels and Geese.\\nNo. 65. Experiment Station Work. Vol. II.\\nNo. 66. Meadows and Pastures.\\nNo. 67. Forestry f o?* Farmers.\\nNo. 68. The Black Rot of the Cabbage.\\nNo. 69. Experiment Station Work. Vol. III.\\nNo. 70. The Principal Insect Enemies of the Grape.\\nNo. 71. Some Essentials of Beef Production.\\nNo. 72. Cattle Ranges in the Southwest.\\nNo. 73. Experiment Station Work. Vol. IV.\\nNo. 74. Milk as Food.\\nNo. 75. The Grain Smuts.\\nNo. 76. Tomato Growing.\\nNo. 77. The Liming of Soils.\\nNo. 78. Experiment Station Work. Vol. V.\\nNo. 79. Experiment Station Work. Vol. VI.\\nNo. 80. The Peach Twig-borer an Important Enemy of Stone\\nFruits.\\nNo. 81. Corn Culture in the South.\\nNo. 82. The Culture of Tobacco.\\nNo. 83. Tobacco Soils.\\nNo. 84. Experiment Station Work. Vol. VIL\\nNo. 85. Fish as Food.\\nNo. 86. Thirty Poisonous Plants.\\nNo. 87. Experiment Station Work. Vol. VIII.\\nNo. 88. Alkali Lands.\\nNo. 89. Cowpeas.\\nNo. 90. The Manufacture of Sorghum Sirup.\\nNo. 91. Potato Diseases and Their Treatment.\\nNo. 93. Sugar as Food.\\nNo. 94. The Vegetable Garden.\\nNo. 95. Good Roads for Farmers.\\nNo. 96, Raising Sheep for Mutton.", "height": "4338", "width": "2722", "jp2-path": "ournativebirdsh00lang_0168.jp2"}, "169": {"fulltext": "MISCELLANEOUS INFORMATION\\n153\\nNo. 97. Experiment Station Work. Vol. X.\\nNo. 98. Suggestions to Southern Farmers.\\nNo. 99. Three Insect Enemies of Shade Trees.\\nIV. Agricultural Experiment Stations\\nThese stations are now scattered over the United States and\\nCanada, and similar stations have long been established in Europe\\nand elsewhere. They have published much that is of interest to in-\\ntelligent citizens, and will do more in the near future. Their publi-\\ncations generally refer to special sections of the country, and are\\nparticularly valuable for those sections.\\nList of Agricultural Experiment Stations in the\\nUnited States and Canada 1\\n(Address mail to them in the following manner Agricultural\\nExperiment Station, St. Anthony Park, Minn.).\\nUNITED STATES\\nState.\\nPost-office.\\nState.\\nPost-office.\\nAlabama (College)\\nAlabama\\n(Canebrake)\\nArizona\\nArkansas\\nCalifornia\\nColorado\\nxluburn.\\nUniontown.\\nTucson.\\nFayetteville.\\nBerkeley.\\nFort Collins.\\nConnecticut (State)\\nConnecticut (Storrs)\\nDelaware\\nFlorida\\nGeorgia\\nIdaho\\nIllinois\\nNew Haven.\\nStorrs.\\nNewark.\\nLake City.\\nExperiment.\\nMoscow.\\nUrbana.\\n1 A list of publications issued by the stations of the United States prior\\nto January 1, 1892, was published in the Experiment Station Record, Vol.\\nIll, p. 937 a list of those issued during 1892 and 1893 in Bulletin 19 of the\\nOffice of Experiment Stations, p. 61 a list of those issued during 1894 in\\nBulletin 23, p. 58; a list of those issued for 1895 in Bulletin 27, p. 59; a list\\nof those issued for 1896 in Bulletin 39, p. 58, and a list of those issued for\\n1897 in Bulletin 47, p. 57. For more information on these stations in the\\nUnited States and other countries, see Bulletin 59, office of Experiment\\nStations.", "height": "4338", "width": "2722", "jp2-path": "ournativebirdsh00lang_0169.jp2"}, "170": {"fulltext": "154\\nOUR NATIVE BIRDS\\nUNITED STATES\u00e2\u0080\u0094 Concluded\\nState.\\nIndiana\\nIowa\\nKansas\\nKentucky\\nLouisiana (Sugar)\\nLouisiana (State)\\nLouisiana (North)\\nMaine\\nMaryland\\nMassachusetts (State)\\nMassachusetts (Hatch)\\nMichigan\\nMinnesota\\nMississippi\\nMissouri\\nMontana\\nNebraska\\nNevada\\nNew Hampshire\\nNew Jersey (State)\\nPost-office.\\nLafayette.\\nAmes.\\nManhattan.\\nLexington.\\nNew Orleans.\\nBaton Rouge.\\nCalhoun.\\nOrono.\\nCollege Park.\\nAmherst.\\nAmherst.\\nAgricultural\\nCollege.\\nSt. Anthony\\nPark.\\nAgricultural\\nCollege.\\nColumbia.\\nBozeman.\\nLincoln.\\nReno.\\nDurham.\\nNew\\nBrunswick.\\nState.\\nNewjNIexico\\nNew York (State)\\nNew York (Cornell)\\nNorth Carolina\\nNorth Dakota\\nOhio\\nOklahoma\\nOregon\\nPennsylvania\\nRhode Island\\nSouth Carolina\\nSouth Dakota\\nTennessee\\nTexas\\nUtah\\nVermont\\nVirginia\\nWashington\\nWest Virginia\\nWisconsin\\nWyoming\\nPost-office.\\nMesilla Park.\\nGeneva.\\nIthaca.\\nRaleigh.\\nFargo.\\nWooster.\\nStillwater.\\nCorvallis.\\nState College.\\nKingston.\\nClemson\\nCollege.\\nBrookings.\\nKnoxville.\\nCollege\\nStation.\\nLogan.\\nBurlington.\\nBlacksburg.\\nPullman.\\nMorgantown.\\nMadison.\\nLaramie.\\nCANADA.\\nProvince.\\nPost-office.\\nProvince.\\nPost-office.\\nManitoba\\nN. W. Territory\\nBritish Columbia\\nBrandon.\\nIndian Head.\\nAgassiz.\\nNova Scotia\\nOntario\\nNappan.\\nOttawa.", "height": "4338", "width": "2722", "jp2-path": "ournativebirdsh00lang_0170.jp2"}, "171": {"fulltext": "MISCELLANEOUS INFORMATION 155\\nA Few Bird Books Helpful to the Beginner\\n1. Wright. Birdcraft. The Macmillan Company, New York.\\n2. Merriam. Birds of Village and Field. Houghton, Mifflin\\nCompany, Boston, Mass.\\n3. Grant. Our Common Birds and How to Know Them. Charles\\nScribner s Sons, New York.\\n4. Blanchan. Bird Neighbors, Doubleday McClurg Company,\\nBoston, Mass.\\n5. Blanchan. Birds that Hunt and are Hunted. Doubleday\\nMcClurg Company, Boston, Mass.\\n6. Wright. Citizen Bird. The Macmillan Company, New York.\\n7. Baskett. The Story of the Birds. D. Appleton Company,\\nXew York.\\n8. Jordan. Manual of the Vertebrates. A. C. McClurg Com-\\npany, Chicago. This book gives keys and brief descrip-\\ntions of all vertebrates known in the Northern United\\nStates. For other valuable but more expensive books\\non birds, see the catalogues and advertisements of\\npublishers.", "height": "4338", "width": "2722", "jp2-path": "ournativebirdsh00lang_0171.jp2"}, "172": {"fulltext": "156 OUR NATIVE BIRDS\\nGod made the country, and man made the town;\\nWhat wonder, then, that health and virtue, gifts\\nThat can alone make sweet the bitter draught\\nThat life holds out to all, should most abound\\nAnd least be threatened in the fields and groves.\\nWilliam Cowper.", "height": "4338", "width": "2722", "jp2-path": "ournativebirdsh00lang_0172.jp2"}, "173": {"fulltext": "INDEX\\n[Binomials are indexed twice. Publications mentioned in the text are indexed under\\nauthor and title, except those mentioned in foot-notes and under Miscellaneous\\nInformation, which are not indexed.]\\nA boy (verse), 107.\\nAdults, educating, 92.\\nAgricultural experiment stations,\\n153.\\nAgriculture, United States depart-\\nment of, 149.\\nAttracting song birds to our homes,\\n19.\\nAudubon societies, directory of, 93.\\nB\\nBailey. The Birds and I, 40.\\nBaltimore oriole (verses) 119.\\nBarb wire coil, tree trunk with\\n(figure), 36.\\nBasin, floating bird (figure), 45.\\nBasins, bathing and drinking, con-\\nstruction of, 43 floating, 44.\\nBathing fountains, 42.\\nBaths, dust, 62.\\nBird and arbor day law of Minne-\\nsota, 94.\\nBird basin, floating (figure), 45.\\nBird books, 155.\\nBird census, difficult to take, 5.\\nBird census of the United States, 1\\ncompiled by W. T. Hornaday, 1.\\nBird day in the schools, 98.\\nBird hunters, 85.\\nBird island at Giessen, 29.\\nBird Life, cause of decrease in, Hor-\\nnaday s report, 11.\\nBird Protection, Wild. Masefield, 40.\\nBird students, boys, and collectors,\\n8.\\nBirds and mammals, injurious, 10.\\nBirds and mammals extinct or be-\\ncoming extinct, Hornaday s report,\\n136.\\nBirds before Uncle Sam, 99-122.\\nBird s Christmas tree (figure), 57.\\nBirds, are the, decreasing, 1 con-\\nclusions regarding, Hornaday s\\nreport, 122; decrease of, in per\\ncent, 2 education and the, 92 es-\\ntimate of, for Minnesota, 3 feed-\\ning house for (figure) 60 feeding\\nin public parks, 61 feeding in\\nwinter, 46-61 game, the decrease\\nof, 13 list of, from Brattleboro,\\nVt., 53-55 list of, from Cheyenne,\\nWy., 79, 80; on hats, 9, 81; pro-\\ntecting the, against cats, 64-67;\\nprotecting the, from their natural\\nenemies, 64 recommendations re-\\ngarding, Hornaday s report, 123;\\ntree planting for, general sugges-\\ntions on, 28.\\nBirds, song, as food, 90; causes for\\nthe decrease of, 6 protecting\\nthem, etc., 19.\\nBirds, The, and I. Bailey, 40.\\nBittersweet, false (figure) 23.\\nBlack stork of Europe, 16.\\nBluebirds, nesting boxes for, 37;\\n(verse), 111.\\nBlue heron, great (verses), 113.\\nBlue jay (verses), 117.\\nBlue-winged or green-winged teal\\n(verse), 104.\\nBoards, elevated, 58.\\nBobolink (verses), 115.\\n157", "height": "4338", "width": "2722", "jp2-path": "ournativebirdsh00lang_0173.jp2"}, "174": {"fulltext": "158\\nINDEX\\nBond, Frank, on fighting the Eng-\\nlish sparrow, 75-77.\\nBooks, bird, 155.\\nBorggreve. Die Vogelschutzfrage,\\n63.\\nBotany, Manual of. Coulter, 22;\\nGray, 22.\\nBotany of California. Whitney and\\nWatson, 22.\\nBoxes, nesting provide, 33.\\nBoy, a (verse), 107.\\nBoys, collectors, and so-called bird\\nstudents, 8.\\nBracket shelves for swallows, 38.\\nBranching, species with copious, 24.\\nBritton and Brown. Illustrated\\nFlora, 22.\\nBrown, Britton and. Illustrated\\nFlora, 22.\\nBrown thrasher (verse), 107.\\nBuck, Parson and. The Wild Flow-\\ners of California, 22.\\nBulletins, farmers 150.\\nBurning-bush (figure) 31.\\nCalifornia, Botany of. Whitney and\\nWatson, 22; The Wild Flowers of.\\nParson and Buck, 22.\\nCamera, hunting with a, 131.\\nCanary, wild (verses), 109.\\nCarrion places, 59.\\nCatbird (verses), 109.\\nCat-proof fence (figure) 67.\\nCats causing decrease of birds, 8.\\nCats, protecting birds against, 64-67.\\nCauses for the decrease of song\\nbirds, 6.\\nCauses of decrease in bird life,\\nHornaday s report, 11.\\nCedar, red burning-bush and (fig-\\nure), 31.\\nCensus, bird difficult to take, 5 of\\nthe United States, 1.\\nChapman. Flora of the Southern\\nUnited States, 22.\\nCheyenne, Wy., list of birds from,\\n79, 80.\\nChickadee, child and (verses), 120.\\nChickadees, nesting boxes for, 36.\\nChild and chickadee (verses) 120.\\nChipmunks, squirrels and, 68.\\nChippie (verses), 113.\\nChristmas tree, birds (figure), 57.\\nCoil, tarred rope, VS.\\nCollectors, 84.\\nCollectors, boys, and so-called bird\\nstudents, 8.\\nConcluding remarks on nesting\\nboxes, 40.\\nConclusions regarding birds, Horna-\\nday s report, 122.\\nConclusions regarding Western\\nmammals, Hornaday s report,\\n138.\\nConstruction of bathing and drink-\\ning basins, 43.\\nCopious branching, species with, 24.\\nCoulter. Manual of Botany, 22.\\nCreepers, nesting boxes for, 37.\\nCrows, 70.\\nD\\nDana, Mrs. How to know the Wild\\nFlowers, 22.\\nDavenport, Mrs. Elizabeth B, on\\nfeeding birds in winter, 46-53.\\nDecrease, causes of in bird life,\\nHornaday s report, 11.\\nDecrease of birds, per cent of, 2.\\nDecrease of game birds, the, 13.\\nDecrease of song birds, causes for\\nthe, 6.\\nDense foliage and fruit, species of-\\nfering, 26.\\nDense foliage, species with, 24.\\nDepartment of agriculture, 149.\\nDesirable species; on account of\\nfruit, 25.\\nDirections, general, for nesting\\nboxes, 33.\\nDirectory of Audubon societies,\\n93, 94.\\nDogs, 67.\\nDrinking and bathing fountains,\\n42.\\nDuck, wood nesting boxes for, 39.", "height": "4338", "width": "2722", "jp2-path": "ournativebirdsh00lang_0174.jp2"}, "175": {"fulltext": "INDEX\\n159\\nDucks, wild (verses), 118.\\nDust baths, 02.\\nE\\nEducating adults, 92.\\nEducating the growing generation,\\n96.\\nEducation and the birds, 92.\\nElevated boards, 58.\\nEnemies, natural, protecting the\\nbirds from their, 6-i.\\nEnglish sparrow, the, 9.\\nEnglish sparrow kept in check at\\nCheyenne, Wy., 75-79.\\nEnglish sparrow question, 72-79.\\nEnglish sparrow (verses), 111.\\nEstimate of birds for Minnesota, 3.\\nEurope, black stork of, 16.\\nEvening grosbeaks eating snow, 43.\\nEvergreens, planting of, 20.\\nExperiment stations, agricultural,\\n153.\\nFalse bittersweet (figure) 23.\\nFarmers bulletins, 150.\\nFeeding birds in public parks, 61.\\nFeeding birds in winter, 46-61.\\nFeeding house for birds (figure), 60.\\nFeeding partridges, 59.\\nFeeding-places, special, 58.\\nFeeding prairie chickens, 59.\\nFeeding quail, 59.\\nFeeding ruffed grouse, 59.\\nFence, cat-proof (figure), 67.\\nFence of wire netting, 65.\\nField places, 58.\\nFish and hunt, is it right to, 126.\\nFloating basins, 44.\\nFloating bird basin (figure) 45.\\nFlora, Illustrated. Britton and\\nBrown, 22.\\nFlora of the Southern United States.\\nChapman, 22.\\nFlowers for hummingbirds, 27.\\nFlowers, Wild, How to know the.\\nMrs. Dana, 22; Wild, of Califor-\\nnia. Parson and Buck, 22.\\nFlycatchers, shelf and laths for, 38.\\nFoliage, dense, and fruit, species\\noffering, 26; species with dense,\\n24.\\nFood, song birds as, 90 the lack of,\\n9.\\nFountains, drinking and bathing, 42.\\nFoxes, 68.\\nFruit, species desirable on account\\nof, 25.\\nFruit and dense foliage, species offer-\\ning, 26.\\nFruit that ripens in summer or\\nautumn, 25.\\nFruit that ripens late in autumn, 25.\\nFurnishing trees, vines, and shrubs,\\n19.\\nFutterplatze fur Vogel im Winter.\\nLiebe, 63.\\nG\\nGame birds, the decrease of, 13.\\nGame protection from the nature\\nlover s point of view, 126.\\nGarten vogel, Unsere nutzlichen.\\nKobelt, 40.\\nGeneral directions for nesting boxes,\\n33.\\nGeneral suggestions on tree planting\\nfor birds, 28.\\nGeneration, educating the growing,\\n96.\\nGiessen, bird island at, 29.\\nGravel, 63.\\nGray. Manual of Botany, 22.\\nGreat blue heron (verses) 113.\\nGreen-winged teal, blue-winged or\\n(verse), 104.\\nGrosbeak, rose-breasted (verse) 104.\\nGrosbeaks, evening, eating snow, 43.\\nGrowing generation, educating the,\\n96.\\nGunners, ubiquitous, 87.\\nH\\nHats, birds on, 9, 81.\\nHawks, 68.\\nHeron, great blue (verses), 113;\\nsnowy (verses), 103.", "height": "4338", "width": "2722", "jp2-path": "ournativebirdsh00lang_0175.jp2"}, "176": {"fulltext": "160\\nINDEX\\nHomes, our, attracting birds to, 19.\\nHornaday s report, causes for de-\\ncrease in bird life, 11 conclusions\\nregarding birds, 122; conclusion\\nregarding Western mammals, 138\\nper cent of decrease in bird life, 2\\nquestions sent out, 1 recommen-\\ndations regarding birds, 123 rec-\\nommendations regarding Western\\nmammals, 139 species reported as\\nextinct or becoming extinct, 136.\\nHouse, feeding; for birds (figure),\\n60.\\nHouse sparrow, injury caused by, 76.\\nHumane Societies in the United\\nStates and Canada, directory of,\\n117.\\nHummingbird (verses), 108.\\nHummingbirds, flowers for, 27.\\nHunt and fish, is it right to, 126.\\nHunting with a camera, 131.\\nIllustrated Flora. Brltton and\\nBrown, 22.\\nInformation, miscellaneous, 144.\\nInjurious birds and mammals, 10.\\nInjury caused by the house sparrow,\\n76.\\nIs it right to hunt and fish? 126.\\nIsland, bird at Giessen, 29.\\nIslands, groves, parks, and woods,\\ncommemorative of noted ornithol-\\nogists, 95.\\nJay, blue (verses), 117.\\nJays, 70.\\nK\\nKobelt. Schutz den Vogeln, 40.\\nLack of food, the, 9.\\nLack of nesting places, 6.\\nLack of water, 7.\\nLake, Loon; in Minnesota, 13.\\nLark, meadow (verses), 118.\\nLeague of American Sportsmen,\\nConstitution, extract from, 133;\\ndirectory of officers, 134; purpose\\nand principles of, 132.\\nLiebe. Futterpliitze fur Vogel im\\nWinter, 63.\\nLiebe. Nistkasten fur Vogel, 40.\\nLime, 63.\\nList of birds from Brattleboro, Vt.,\\n53.\\nList of birds from Cheyenne, Wv.,\\n79.\\nLoon Lake in Minnesota, 13.\\nM\\nMagazines, 144.\\nMammals, injurious birds and, 10;\\nrecommendations regarding, Horn-\\naday s report, 139.\\nMammals and birds extinct, or be-\\ncoming extinct, Hornaday s re-\\nport, 136.\\nMartin, purple, nesting boxes for,\\n38.\\nMasefield. Wild Bird Protection, 40.\\nMaterial, nesting, 62.\\nMeadow lark (verses), 118.\\nMinks, 68.\\nMinnesota, bird and arbor day law\\nof, 94; estimate of birds for, 3;\\nLoon Lake in, 13.\\nMiscellaneous, 62.\\nMiscellaneous information, 144.\\nMockingbird (verses), 101.\\nN\\nNatural enemies, protecting the\\nbirds from their, 64.\\nNature, rural schools and, 30.\\nNature lover s point of view, game\\nprotection from, 126.\\nNesting boxes, concluding remarks\\non, 40; for bluebirds, 37; chicka-\\ndees, 36; creepers, 37; flycatchers,\\n38 nuthatches, 37 small owls,\\n38 swallows, 38 the purple mar-", "height": "4338", "width": "2722", "jp2-path": "ournativebirdsh00lang_0176.jp2"}, "177": {"fulltext": "INDEX\\n161\\ntin, 38; the wood duck, 39; tit-\\nmice, 36; woodpeckers, 37; wrens,\\n36; provide, 33.\\nNesting material, 62.\\nNesting places, lack of, 6.\\nNetting, wire; cut on the bias, 66;\\nfence of, 65.\\nNistkiisten fiir Vogel. Liebe, 40.\\nNoted ornithologists islands, groves,\\nparks, and woods commemorative\\nof, 95.\\nNuthatches, nesting boxes for, 37.\\nO\\nOfficers of the L. A. S., 134.\\nOrchard Oriole (verse), 106.\\nOriole, Baltimore (verses), 119; or-\\nchard (verse), 106.\\nOrnithologists, noted islands, groves,\\nparks, and woods commemorative\\nof, 95.\\nOur homes, attracting birds to them,\\n19.\\nOwl (verses), 117.\\nOwls, 68 nesting boxes for, 38.\\nParks, public, feeding birds in, 61.\\nParson and Buck. The Wild Flow-\\ners of California, 22.\\nPlaces, nesting, lack of, 6 carrion,\\n59; field, 58; waste, 30.\\nPlanting, time for, 20; tree, for\\nbirds, general suggestions on, 28.\\nPlanting of evergreens, 20.\\nPlant, what to, 19.\\nPlants, watering of, 20.\\nPoison, use of, in farming and gar-\\ndening, 9.\\nPrinciples, purpose and, of the L.\\nA. S., 132.\\nProtecting birds against cats, 64-67.\\nProtecting song birds, etc., 19.\\nProtecting the birds from their nat-\\nural enemies, 64.\\nProtection, game, from the nature\\nlover s point of view, 126.\\nProvide nesting boxes, 33.\\nPublic parks, feeding birds in, 61.\\nPurple martin, nesting boxes for, 38.\\nPurpose and principles of the L.\\nA. S., 132.\\nQuail (verse), 116.\\nQuestion, the English sparrow, 72-79.\\nR\\nRecommendations regarding birds,\\nHornaday s report, 123.\\nRecommendations regarding mam-\\nmals, Hornaday s report, 139.\\nRedbird, tanager and (verse), 116.\\nReel Cedar, burning-bush and (fig-\\nure), 31.\\nRed-headed woodpecker at St. Paul,\\n4.\\nRemarks, concluding, on nesting\\nboxes, 40.\\nRight, is it, to hunt and fish, 126.\\nRobin (verses), 108.\\nRope coil, tarred, 66.\\nRose-breasted grosbeak (verse) 104.\\nRural schools and nature, 30.\\nS\\nSam, Uncle, 101, 102, 103, 104, 106,\\n107, 121 the birds before, 99.\\nSchools, bird day in the, 98 rural,\\nand nature, 30.\\nSchutz den Vogeln. Kobelt, 40.\\nShelves, bracket; for swallows, 38.\\nShrubs, trees, and vines furnishing\\nthem to birds, 19.\\nSkunks, 68.\\nSnowy heron (verses) 103.\\nSocieties, 145 humane, in the United\\nStates and Canada, directory of,\\n147.\\nSong birds, as food, 90; causes for\\nthe decrease of, 6.\\nSource of stock, 20.\\nSouthern United States, Flora of\\nthe. Chapman, 22.", "height": "4338", "width": "2722", "jp2-path": "ournativebirdsh00lang_0177.jp2"}, "178": {"fulltext": "162\\nINDEX\\nSparrow, English, 0; kept in check\\nat Cheyenne, Wy., 75-79 (verses)\\n111 house injury caused by, 76.\\nSparrow question, the English, 72-\\n79.\\nSpecial feeding-places, 58.\\nSpecies desirable on account of\\nfruit, 25.\\nSpecies offering fruit and dense foli-\\nage, 26.\\nSpecies reported as extinct, or be-\\ncoming extinct, Hornaday s re-\\nport, 136.\\nSpecies with copious branching, 24.\\nSpecies with dense foliage, 24.\\nSquirrels and chipmunks, 68.\\nStock, source of, 20.\\nSt. Paul, red-headed woodpecker\\nat, 4.\\nStork, black of Europe, 16 white\\nin Germany, 15.\\nStudents, bird boys and collectors, 8.\\nSuggestions, general on tree plant-\\ning for birds, 28.\\nSwallows, bracket shelves for, 38;\\n(verses), 110.\\nTanager and redbird (verse) 116.\\nTarred rope coil, 66.\\nTeal, blue-winged or green-winged\\n(verse), 104.\\nThrasher, brown (verse) 107.\\nTime for planting, 20.\\nTitmice, nesting boxes for, 36.\\nTree, birds Christmas (figure), 57.\\nTree planting for birds, general sug-\\ngestions on, 28.\\nTree trunk with barb wire coil (fig-\\nure) 36.\\nTrees, vines, and shrubs furnishing\\nthem to birds, 19.\\nTwiners, 20.\\nU\\nUbiquitous gunners, 85.\\nUncle Sam, 101, 102, 103, 104, 106,\\n107, 121; the birds before, 99.\\nUnsere niitzlichen Garten vogel. Ko-\\nbelt, 40.\\nUse of poison in farming and gar-\\ndening, 9.\\nV\\nVines, trees, and shrubs; furnish-\\ning them to birds, 19.\\nVogel, Nistkasten fur. Liebe, 40.\\nVogeln, Schutz den. Kobelt, 40.\\nVogelschutzfrage, Die. Borggreve,\\n63.\\nVoigt. Unsere niitzlichen Garten-\\nvogel, 40.\\nW\\nWaste places, 30.\\nWater, lack of, 7.\\nWatering of plants, 20.\\nWatson, Whitney and. Botany of\\nCalifornia, 22.\\nWeasels, 68.\\nWestern mammals, conclusions re-\\ngarding, Hornaday s report, 138.\\nWhat to plant, 19.\\nW T hite stork in Germany, 15.\\nWhitney and Watson. Botany of\\nCalifornia, 22.\\nWild Bird Protection. Masefield, 40.\\nWild canary (verses) 109.\\nWild ducks (verses), 118.\\nAVild Flowers, How to know the.\\nMrs. Dana, 22; of California.\\nParson and Buck, 22.\\nWild yam vine (figure), 21.\\nWinter, feeding birds in, 46-61.\\nW T ire, barb, coil tree trunk with\\n(figure), 36.\\nWire netting, cut on the bias, 66;\\nfence of, 65.\\nWood duck, nesting boxes for, 39.\\nWoodpecker, red-headed, at St.\\nPaul, 4; (verse), 115.\\nWoodpeckers, nesting boxes for, 37.\\nWrens, nesting boxes for, 36.\\nYam vine, wild (figure), 21.", "height": "4338", "width": "2722", "jp2-path": "ournativebirdsh00lang_0178.jp2"}, "179": {"fulltext": "A HAND BOOK OF NATURE STUDY\\nBY\\nD. LANGE\\nAuthor of Our Native Birds\\nCloth. i2mo. $1.00, net.\\nPRESS COMMENTS\\nWisconsin Journal of Education\\nIt is based on the study of Nature as she presents her-\\nself in all her richness and variety, instead of a study of\\nclassified specimens such as is more commonly undertaken.\\nField and Stream\\nThe book, while intended to help teachers in graded and\\nungraded schools, may be profitably used as a text-book with\\nsomewhat maturer pupils. Altogether the book is an\\nadmirable one.\\nInland Educator\\nThe author has succeeded in making a very helpful, prac-\\ntically suggestive work for teachers. The topics treated, the\\nplans followed, and the illustrations, are all excellent.\\nTHE MACMILLAN COMPANY\\n66 FIFTH AVENUE, NEW YORK", "height": "4338", "width": "2722", "jp2-path": "ournativebirdsh00lang_0179.jp2"}, "180": {"fulltext": "CITIZEN BIRD\\nScenes from Bird-Life in Plain English for Beginners\\nBy MABEL 0. WRIGHT\\nAND\\nDR. ELLIOTT COUES\\nCloth. Cr. 8vo. $1.50, net\\nA Guide, in Narrative Form, to the Principal Species of North American\\nBirds, with Chapters on Their Anatomy, Economic Value, Habits, etc.\\nProfusely Illustrated by LOUIS AGASSIZ FUERTES\\nNew York Herald. Delightful and at the same time most instructive.\\nChicago Tribune. There is no other book in existence so well fitted for arousing\\nand directing the interest that all children feel toward the birds.\\nBIRDCRAFT\\nA Field-Book of Two Hundred Song, Game, and\\nWater Birds\\nBy MABEL OSGOOD WRIGHT\\nWITH\\nEighty Full=page Plates by LOUIS AGASSIZ FUERTES\\nSmall 4to. $2.50, net\\nThe Outlook. One of the most useful and beautiful books about nature which has\\nyet come from the press.\\nInter-Ocean. Its excellences have already won the commendation of all natur-\\nalists. Such fineness of truth, such accuracy of drawing, could only be the\\nwork of genius not genius which is simply the capacity for hard work, but genius\\nwhich is innate, heaven-commissioned, inbreathed by the life breather, by the maker\\nand teacher of men and nature alike.\\nChautauquan. One of the best books that amateurs in the study of ornithology can\\nfind direct, forcible, plain, and pleasing.\\nSaturday Evening Gazette, Boston. Of books on birds there are many, all more\\nor less valuable, but Birdcraft, by Mabel O. Wright, has peculiar merits that will\\nendear it to amateur ornithologists. A large number of excellent illustrations\\nthrow light on the text and help to make a book that will arouse the delight and win\\nthe gratitude of every lover of birds.\\nTHE MACMILLAN COMPANY\\n66 FIFTH AVENUE, NEW YORK", "height": "4338", "width": "2722", "jp2-path": "ournativebirdsh00lang_0180.jp2"}, "181": {"fulltext": "", "height": "4338", "width": "2722", "jp2-path": "ournativebirdsh00lang_0181.jp2"}, "182": {"fulltext": "2 1899", "height": "4338", "width": "2722", "jp2-path": "ournativebirdsh00lang_0182.jp2"}, "183": {"fulltext": "", "height": "4338", "width": "2722", "jp2-path": "ournativebirdsh00lang_0183.jp2"}, "184": {"fulltext": "", "height": "4632", "width": "3016", "jp2-path": "ournativebirdsh00lang_0184.jp2"}}