{"1": {"fulltext": "TX", "height": "3587", "width": "2268", "jp2-path": "costoflivingasmo00rich_0001.jp2"}, "2": {"fulltext": "LIBRARY OF CONGRESS.\\nChap.....!.: Copyright No\\nShelf.^B.52.\\nUNITED STATES OF AMERICA.", "height": "3456", "width": "2147", "jp2-path": "costoflivingasmo00rich_0002.jp2"}, "3": {"fulltext": "wi", "height": "3491", "width": "2081", "jp2-path": "costoflivingasmo00rich_0003.jp2"}, "4": {"fulltext": "", "height": "3526", "width": "2041", "jp2-path": "costoflivingasmo00rich_0004.jp2"}, "5": {"fulltext": "", "height": "3491", "width": "2081", "jp2-path": "costoflivingasmo00rich_0005.jp2"}, "6": {"fulltext": "", "height": "3456", "width": "2147", "jp2-path": "costoflivingasmo00rich_0006.jp2"}, "7": {"fulltext": "THE COST OF LIVING\\nAS MODIFIED BY\\nSANITARY SCIENCE.\\nELLEN H. RICHARDS,\\nInstructor in Sanitary Chemistry\\nin the Massachusetts Institute of Technology.\\nFIRS T EDITION.\\nFIRST THOUSAND.\\nNEW YORK\\nJOHN WILEY SONS.\\nLondon: CHAPMAN HALL, Limited.\\n1899.", "height": "3491", "width": "2081", "jp2-path": "costoflivingasmo00rich_0007.jp2"}, "8": {"fulltext": "TWO COPIES RECEIVED,\\nLibrary of Congress^\\nOffice of the A\\nft c\\nRegister of Copyright* K\\n48652\\nCopyright, 1899,\\nBY\\nELLEN H. RICHARDS.\\nSECOND COPY,\\nROBERT DRUMMOND, PRINTER, NEW YOKK.", "height": "3456", "width": "2147", "jp2-path": "costoflivingasmo00rich_0008.jp2"}, "9": {"fulltext": "TABLE OF CONTENTS.\\nCHAPTER I.\\nPAGE\\nStandards of Living i\\nCHAPTER II.\\nThe Service of Sanitary Science in Increasing Pro-\\nductive Life 16\\nCHAPTER III.\\nHousehold Expenditure. Division between Depart-\\nments ACCORDING TO IDEALS 28\\nCHAPTER IV.\\nThe House. Rent or Value and Furnishing 40\\nCHAPTER V.\\nOperating Expenses: Fuel, Light, Wages 50\\nCHAPTER VI.\\nFood 65\\nCHAPTER VII.\\nClothing in Relation to Health 82\\nCHAPTER VIII.\\nThe Emotional and Intellectual Life 89\\nCHAPTER IX.\\nThe Organization of the Houshold 100", "height": "3491", "width": "2081", "jp2-path": "costoflivingasmo00rich_0009.jp2"}, "10": {"fulltext": "", "height": "3456", "width": "2147", "jp2-path": "costoflivingasmo00rich_0010.jp2"}, "11": {"fulltext": "THE COST OF LIVING\\nAS MODIFIED BY SANITARY SCIENCE.\\nCHAPTER I.\\nSTANDARDS OF LIVING.\\nApart from religion, the end of man is to secure a plenty\\nof the good things of this world, with life, health, and peace to\\nenjoy them. John Locke, 1890.\\nEducation is that organizing of resources in the human\\nbeing, of powers and conduct, which shall fit him to his social\\nand physical world. William James, 1899.\\nIn these days of consolidation for the purpose of\\ncutting down expenses, days of close calculation of\\ncost, when everything is reduced to a money basis in\\nproduction, it is not surprising that discussion should\\nhave arisen over the great waste involved in the\\nkeeping up of fifty kitchen-fires to do the work that\\nfive would do; in the time given to the marketing\\nfor one family which might serve for fifty. Many\\nstudents of social questions have predicted the\\nspeedy appearance of a housekeeping trust, by which", "height": "3491", "width": "2081", "jp2-path": "costoflivingasmo00rich_0011.jp2"}, "12": {"fulltext": "2 THE COST OF LIVING.\\nliving is to be made more economical and less bur-\\ndensome.\\nIt must be acknowledged that for economy the\\nhome of the well-to-do cannot at present compete\\nwith the best-managed hotels and boarding-houses.\\nIt is worth while to examine the causes for this state\\nof things and to be prepared to accept such modifica-\\ntions as are inevitable.\\nIn the first place, a family in boarding occupies\\none half or one third the space it would require in a\\nhouse of its own. That means less rent.\\nIn the second place, most persons will put up with\\nless service in such quarters than they would expect\\nat home.\\nIn the third place, the cost of the food, its prep-\\naration and serving, is far less per person than in a\\nsmall family.\\nIn the fourth place, the economy of time in having\\nmost of the details of the daily routine cared for\\nwithout personal oversight and direction reconciles\\nmany persons to the hotel and boarding-house life.\\nWhile we acknowledge the attractive side of the\\ncare-free condition of the members of the Home\\ntrust, I think we also look forward with a secret\\ndread to the time when we may realize a Bellamy\\ndining-room or a Wells nursery.\\nIt is with the intention of starting a discussion of\\ncertain questions by the intelligent young people", "height": "3506", "width": "2207", "jp2-path": "costoflivingasmo00rich_0012.jp2"}, "13": {"fulltext": "STANDARDS OF LIVING. 3\\njust about to begin life on fifteen hundred to three\\nthousand dollars a year that these pages have been\\nwritten.\\nMuch investigation has been made of cost of exist-\\nence of those who earn four hundred to five hundred\\ndollars a year, and many accounts have been given\\nof those who spend ten thousand to fifty thousand\\ndollars a year on the family living, but the majority\\nof the most intelligent American families, students,\\nprofessors, business men, and professional men, are\\nobliged to do the best they can on from two thou-\\nsand to five thousand dollars a year. It is from this\\nclass that we may most confidently expect a great\\nadvance in the next generation in a knowledge of\\nhow to make the best use of life and how to get the\\ngreatest pleasure from the money expended.\\nThe discussions which have called public attention\\nto the status of housekeeping have assumed the\\nproblem to be one of economics, brought about by\\nthe industrial situation, and have looked for the solu-\\ntion along purely material lines. This is to consider\\nthe human being as a machine, as a passive object of\\nrevolutionary action, without power to direct his own\\ndestiny.\\nIt has been said: Natural progress and physical\\ncmd intellectual advancement are not the whole of\\nhuman progress. The real advancement of the race\\nis to be promoted by the cultivation of our emotional", "height": "3491", "width": "2081", "jp2-path": "costoflivingasmo00rich_0013.jp2"}, "14": {"fulltext": "4 THE COST OF LIVING.\\nand aesthetic nature, and altruism must replace\\negoism.\\nWhile granting the presence of the economic and\\nindustrial factors, the author holds that the ethical\\ndiscussion must precede any attempt to adjust these\\nfactors to the ideals of the twentieth century.\\nMan as an uplifting, compelling force in the world\\ndoes not live by bread alone, but in all ages has won\\nhis place by the ideals he has placed far ahead and\\nabove him and for which he has valiantly striven.\\nThe man without a conscious aim slowly but surely\\ndegenerates.\\nThe Englishman s house is not only his castle, it is\\na small world in itself; in its management he has\\nlearned to rule larger things: and it is conceded by so\\nable an observer as Edmond Demoulins that this is the\\nsecret of Anglo-Saxon superiority. The Englishman\\neasily leads because he has organizing ability. The\\nyoung boy who by his father s death becomes the\\nhead of the household, develops those qualities which\\nafterward show in statesmanship or in generalship or\\nin engineering professions.\\nWhen these daily affairs are conducted on prin-\\nciple, the experience gained in this small world of\\nhuman interests is the best preparation for the larger\\nworld of charity and of public work.\\nIf we accept the conclusion of the thoughtful\\nstudents of human evolution and assume that what is", "height": "3506", "width": "2207", "jp2-path": "costoflivingasmo00rich_0014.jp2"}, "15": {"fulltext": "STANDARDS OF LIVING. 5\\nrepresented by the term home is the germ of\\nAnglo-Saxon civilization, the unit of social progress;\\nthat no community rises above the average of its\\nindividual homes in intelligence, courage, honesty,\\nindustry, thrift, patriotism, or any other individual\\nor civic virtue; that the home is the nursery of the\\ncitizen; that nothing which church, school, or state\\ncan do will quite make up for the lack in the home,\\nthen we must acknowledge that no subject can be of\\ngreater importance than a discussion of the standards\\ninvolved in home life.\\nA clever writer has shown how often the family is\\na mere unorganized herd, with as little regard for\\nindividual rights, for privacy, for likes and dislikes,\\nas is shown by any crowd. Whenever this is the\\ncase it is because of wrong standards. A home\\nmeans a place that one can call one s own, into which\\nno one else can intrude. Each child, each member\\nof the family should have a room, or at least a\\nscreened corner where safety from interference may\\nbe counted upon. Even a chalk-line on the floor\\ncontented the two who were obliged to live in one\\nroom in the old ladies home.* Quiet hours have a\\ngreat influence in the development of character. A\\nlove of the crowd betrays a poverty of individual\\nresources. The constant presence of the nurse is,\\nCastles in Spain, by Alice Brown.", "height": "3491", "width": "2081", "jp2-path": "costoflivingasmo00rich_0015.jp2"}, "16": {"fulltext": "6 THE COST OF LIVING.\\nafter a certain age, bad for the child the constant\\ndirection to do this or that stultifies it.\\nIndependence of character, persoflal resourceful-\\nness, is what is at present needed in the social world\\nit is what the evolution of the past three or four\\ncenturies has been cultivating in the development of\\nthe individual, in freeing him from despotism and\\ntyranny, but it has been done within the home. Is\\nthe office of this nursery of character gone Do we\\nnot see signs of decadence in strength of purpose, in\\nthat which goes to make for the best citizenship as\\nthe power of the home wanes\\nIs it not time to ask ourselves What is life for\\nWhat is the office of the home Is not the pur-\\npose of the family edtication in all that makes for\\ncharacter, for citizenship; are not all the qualities\\nthat serve the highest purposes in the world developed\\nin the family life when it is taken seriously\\nWe admit that the very existence of the individual\\nhome cannot be justified on ordinary economic\\ngrounds. Trusts and combinations have wonderfully\\ncheapened the common articles in daily use. A\\nnursery trust would as wonderfully lessen the cost of\\nraising children. Mr. H. G. Wells* has given us a\\nvivid picture of such a nursery where one maid may\\nreplace ten.\\nWhen the Sleeper Wakes.", "height": "3506", "width": "2207", "jp2-path": "costoflivingasmo00rich_0016.jp2"}, "17": {"fulltext": "STANDARDS OF LIVING. 7\\nThe same economic tendency is going on in the\\npublic schools. They are doing by the wholesale\\nmuch of what the home did individually fifty years\\nago, and it must be acknowledged that on the surface\\nthey are doing it more cheaply because large classes\\nare taught at once, but there is less opportunity for\\nindividual development, and if this tendency is to\\nincrease and finally all men are to be placed on\\none level with no special individuality, where are the\\nleaders of the next century to come from\\nThe school has its place as a corrective of the\\ndeficiencies of the home. At any given time the\\nleaders of education should be able to foresee the\\nneeds of the future citizen, and by the school training\\nto influence quickly a whole generation. It is this\\nready adaptability to changing conditions which\\nmakes the school such a potent factor whenever it is\\nallowed to use its preventive power in doing away\\nwith the inconvenience of ignorance, as John Eliot\\nexpressed it. Conservatism has always opposed, and\\nis to-day opposing, the economic tendencies of the\\nschool. The early struggle came in 1817, when it\\nwas proposed to teach reading in the school instead\\nof requiring it for admission. Each new departure\\nhas been fought on the same ground that training of\\nall but the purely intellectural faculties was the busi-\\nness of the home, and that the school was usurping\\nits duties. The same battle is now going on over the", "height": "3491", "width": "2081", "jp2-path": "costoflivingasmo00rich_0017.jp2"}, "18": {"fulltext": "8 THE COST OF LIVING.\\nstill more evident home occupations, cooking and\\nsewing, but, as in 1 8 17, when reading was not taught\\nin the home, so now when cooking and sewing are\\nnot taught by the mother, the school must prepare\\nthe next generation to bring these arts* back or to\\nteach it the means of doing without them.\\nThe union of several persons in a group having a\\ncommon end, the welfare of the family, leads to a\\nconsideration of others, to suppression of gross selfish-\\nness, and offers a stimulus to that industry which will\\nadvance the common interest. Human life is so\\nshort and human endeavor so weak that the incentive\\nto provide for his own personal future would not be\\nsufficient to urge to the full capacity any man s\\npower. For his child, his grandchild, he will strive\\nand thus gain the reward that comes with striving;\\nfor it is not the possession of a given thing which\\nyields the most satisfaction; it is the contest which\\nprecedes possession.\\nOur premises are, then, that the individual family\\ngroup must be maintained, but in a manner consistent\\nwith modern progress. It is the ideal which is to be\\npreserved, not the mere shell.\\nAt first sight what could be more unlike the\\ndainty, gauze winged butterfly, dancing at will in the\\nsunlight, than the slow-creeping, clumsy and often\\nrepulsive caterpillar or the hard-shelled chrysalis\\nburied in the ground or idly swinging from a twig", "height": "3506", "width": "2207", "jp2-path": "costoflivingasmo00rich_0018.jp2"}, "19": {"fulltext": "STANDARDS OF LIVING. 9\\nAnd yet each form is only a stage in the life-history\\nof the same organism.\\nThe form of home life familiar in the early part of\\nthe nineteenth century, in which all industries were\\ncarried on under the collection of roofs called the\\nhomestead, and in which each member of the family\\ncontributed, by the daily work of his or her hands,\\nto the stock of linen, wool, implements, etc., which\\nhave been handed down even until now, may be\\nlikened to the caterpillar stage with its many feet, all\\ncontributing to the forward movement. The present\\ncondition may be considered the chrysalis stage, in\\nwhich the useless feet are being absorbed and the\\ninternal organs, even, are being transformed to suit\\nnew uses not yet recognized.\\nHome life at the close of the nineteenth century\\nhas lost nearly all the industries it once possessed; it\\nis no longer the progressive element in society; it no\\nlonger devours voraciously whatever offers in the way\\nof stimulus and development; it is stationary or even\\nretrograding in many ways. The family resides\\nnow here, now there; they hire a place, and the\\nchildren, instead of adding each day some improve-\\nment, hack the trees, if there are any, bang the\\nfurniture, tear the paper, and dig up the walk. No\\ncare or responsibility for property or for the future\\nseems to rest upon parents or children. So far has\\nthis gone that owners of property recognize it and", "height": "3491", "width": "2081", "jp2-path": "costoflivingasmo00rich_0019.jp2"}, "20": {"fulltext": "10 THE COST OF LIVING.\\neither refuse to rent to families where there are\\nchildren or charge a correspondingly higher rent.\\nWhat a commentary on the decadence of the ideal\\nof home life, and what a pitiful picture of the moral\\ndegradation which has gone with it! It is destruction\\nin the shortest possible time, not construction, bit\\nby bit, of that which is to last.\\nThe century-long struggle for personal freedom has\\ninvaded the home. The father feels no care for the\\nchild beyond paying the bills. The mother s respon-\\nsibility ends with food and clothes. Education is\\nleft to the school, and manners to the street. In the\\nrented house there is little sense of possession; fre-\\nquent movings render clothes more important than\\nfurniture, and cause books and pictures to be looked\\nupon as troublesome. It is easier to move than to\\nclean house. The result is social ferment and discon-\\ntent and family discord.\\nHousekeeping has become a burden and not a\\ndelight; every dollar spent on the home is grudged;\\nthe responsibilities of keeping up a separate family\\nabode are more and more irksome and are readily\\nthrown off the time and money so saved are frequently\\nspent in communal pleasure rather than in individual\\ndevelopment. This is a serious phase in American\\nsocial life and deseives the attention of all thoughtful\\npersons, especially since it is doubtful if health and\\npeace are increased by the so-called improvements.", "height": "3506", "width": "2207", "jp2-path": "costoflivingasmo00rich_0020.jp2"}, "21": {"fulltext": "STANDARDS OF LIVING. II\\nli Man advances when his comforts keep pace with\\nhis intelligence.\\nIt is customary to lay the blame on economic con-\\nditions and on them alone, but the whole trouble lies\\nin the lack of ideals and standards which should con-\\ntrol even social tendencies. Habits of life have been\\nallowed to lapse into those of savagery where the\\npresent only guides action.\\nThere are many elements entering into the forma-\\ntion of the required standards. At present the dis-\\ncussion will be limited to the influence of sanitary\\nknowledge and ideals upon the economic considera-\\ntions which are too apt to be unduly emphasized.\\nThis is only applying to home life the principles\\ngoverning public health.\\nIt is more economical, from a money point of view,\\nto discharge all wastes into the stream running\\nthrough a town and to take the water-supply from\\nthe same stream; but it is recognized that there is an\\neconomy of health as well as of wealth, and that it\\nactually pays in the end to spend thousands of dollars\\non sewers and reservoirs. Let the public once\\nbecome convinced that the economy of life in the\\nhome is to be measured, not by the cost in dollars and\\ncents, but by the product of this life, healthy,\\nhappy men and women, and we shall hear less\\ngrumbling over the cost of living.\\nMan is a gregarious animal, but in proportion as he", "height": "3491", "width": "2081", "jp2-path": "costoflivingasmo00rich_0021.jp2"}, "22": {"fulltext": "12 THE COST OF LIVING.,\\nbecomes a living soul is he capable of the highest\\njoys and the best individual development when he is\\nnot crowded and jostled and drawn along without his\\nown volition.\\nThe more communal pleasures increase and demand\\na greater share of the income, the more cheerless the\\nhome becomes and the more indifference is mani-\\nfested toward the joys of family life. The house\\nbecomes only a place of shelter and storage, to be\\nleft behind when real enjoyment is desired. With it\\nis associated only the drudgery of the daily routine,\\nnot the delight of living.\\nThis tendency is shown not only by the nightly\\ncrowds at all popular pleasure-resorts, but by the\\nequally large crowds of women seen daily on the\\nshopping streets. The estimation in which the home\\nis held by those who make the purchase of a twenty-\\nfive-cent collar an excuse for three trips to the city\\ncannot be very high.\\nIf there is to be an aristocracy in America, let it be\\nan expression of the real American character which,\\nas Hugo Miinsterberg has pointed out, is beginning\\nto be very evident to the student of history. Let it\\nbe shown in the higher ideals of living, in the stand-\\nards of health, of manners, and of aesthetic surround-\\nings. The material is at hand. Who will shape it\\nWho better fitted to mould it aright than the young\\nmen and young women trained, in the higher institu-", "height": "3506", "width": "2207", "jp2-path": "costoflivingasmo00rich_0022.jp2"}, "23": {"fulltext": "STANDARDS OF LIVING. 1 3\\ntions of learning, to separate the true from the false,\\nto appreciate the real and to disregard the sham If\\nthey cannot begin this work, then the colleges have\\nmissed the mark in the education they have given.\\nThe educated woman longs for a career, for an\\nopportunity to influence the world. Just now the\\ngreatest field offered to her is the elevation of the\\nhome into its place in American life. The home and\\nthe school are the two pillars upon which American\\ninstitutions stand. The proper correlation of these\\nis the work of the coming years if there is not to be\\na collapse of democratic institutions. The school\\ncan do much, but it cannot undo all the mischief done\\nin the home.\\nIf, as all recent writers on the subject of social\\neconomics seem to be agreed must be the aim of the\\ntwentieth century, the Anglo-Saxon ideal of home\\nlife is to be maintained, the housekeeper, man or\\nwoman, whichever it may be, must take the conscious\\ndirection of the home life and so order it as to secure\\nnot only the most economical but the most efficient\\nresults, not in lavish display, not in a large bank-\\naccount, but in the best-developed men and women,\\nthe product of that home.\\nNo words are more misunderstood or misused than\\nthrift and frugality. In popular estimation a thrifty\\nperson is stingy, a frugal man is a miser, whereas\\nhistory shows that these traits are those which are", "height": "3491", "width": "2081", "jp2-path": "costoflivingasmo00rich_0023.jp2"}, "24": {"fulltext": "14 THE COST OF LIVING.\\nessential to the preservation of the race. They are\\nthe reasonable restraints which make for health of\\nbody and mind.\\nWise expenditure of money, time, and energy in\\ndaily living, how shall it be determined The fol-\\nlowing pages offer no panacea for existing evils, only\\na few suggestions as a basis for future study.\\nThe need in household organization is for a com-\\nplete readjustment in accordance with modern condi-\\ntions, an adjustment which may be made without\\nlosing that which is essential if a serious study is\\nundertaken of the various elements which go to make\\nup the daily routine. Without this basis of knowl-\\nedge any effort will be likely to cause confusion.\\nI am well aware that it is useless to attempt to\\nchange a race tendency, but are we so sure that this\\nignoring of home duties, this attempt to bring the\\nhome into line with certain economic trend, is a true\\nprogress, or is it one of the retrogressions which\\naccompany all progress, and only a phase, a result of\\nunthinking imitation or of ignorant carelessness\\nCharles Kendall Adams in the Atlantic of August,\\n1899, writes: Education by the press, education\\nby the family, education by the church, education by\\nthe schools; it is by these institutions alone that the\\npeople are to be safely guided, for it is these alone\\nthat are the ever-burning lamps of accumulated wis-\\ndom that are able to light the pathway of progress.", "height": "3506", "width": "2207", "jp2-path": "costoflivingasmo00rich_0024.jp2"}, "25": {"fulltext": "STANDARDS OF LIVING. 1 5\\nIf, as Patten says, There is no tyrant like a\\nhome; nothing else demands such implicit obedi-\\nence, shall we throw off the yoke and so lapse into\\nanarchy, or can we modify the government of the\\nhome to suit the freedom within limits which the\\nsocial trend of the time recognizes as essential\\nThe home has survived the shock of losing most of\\nthe intellectual and religious education of the chil-\\ndren. Will it bear the amputation of the material\\nindustries represented by the kitchen We answer,\\nYes, if the home is that place of moral education\\nwhere the mother is, the mother to world-children, if\\nnot to those of her own flesh and blood. The home\\nstill means the perfection of the child-life for which\\nit exists. It is this ideal which will preserve the\\nAnglo-Saxon superiority if anything is able to do it.", "height": "3491", "width": "2081", "jp2-path": "costoflivingasmo00rich_0025.jp2"}, "26": {"fulltext": "CHAPTER II.\\nTHE SERVICE OF SANITARY SCIENCE IN\\nINCREASING PRODUCTIVE LIFE.\\nA tendency to underestimate the future remains as a relic\\nof savagery. Bullock.\\nThose nations that have attained the highest civilization\\nand wielded the greatest influence over their contemporaries\\nare those that have exercised the most careful guard over\\nhealth. Quoted by B. W. Richardson.\\nMan, whatever else he may be, is essentially and primor-\\ndially a practical being, whose mind is given him to aid in\\nadapting himself to his environment. William James, 1S99.\\nThe great complexity of modern life causes such a\\ndiversity of types that the old proverb What is one\\nman s meat is another s poison, is more than ever\\napplicable. Therefore, no rules for the expenditure\\nof the income can be given which will suit all condi-\\ntions; only certain principles may be stated along\\nthe lines of which each must work out his own rules\\nof conduct. The one fact standing out clearly is\\nthat if man is to be an efficient, productive being, an\\neconomic man and not a social debtor, then\\nhe must be in that condition of body and mind which\\n16", "height": "3506", "width": "2207", "jp2-path": "costoflivingasmo00rich_0026.jp2"}, "27": {"fulltext": "SANITARY SCIENCE AND PRODUCTIVE LIFE. 1 7\\nwill enable him to do his work in the world, whatever\\nthat may be.\\nInstead of a purely economic basis, let us consider\\nthe standards of living from the point of view of\\nhealth, both physical and moral of efficiency, not\\nonly as a mechanical machine, but as a creature with\\nintellectual and aesthetic possibilities, as the highest\\nproduct of civilization.\\nIt is most difficult to draw the line between those\\ncomforts in daily life which increase the uplifting\\ntendencies of civilization and those luxuries, those\\nforms of indulgence which degrade the soul and\\ndebilitate mind and body.\\nIncreased facilities for personal cleanliness, more\\ncomfortable beds, larger rooms, greater variety of\\nfood, better pictures on the walls, all help to raise the\\nlevel of daily life above mere animal wants and mere\\nexistence; but when an individual becomes so refined\\nand delicate that existence becomes impossible with-\\nout the luxurious surroundings common in modern\\ndays, he is in a fair way to become eliminated from\\nthe factors of race progress. Unless such persons go\\ninto camp life or yacht life for a few months each\\nyear, debility is sure to follow.\\nAgain, the introduction of running water, of sew-\\ning-machines, of servants, into the homes of hard-\\nworked women would seem to be an unmixed blessing,\\nbut typhoid fever and diphtheria, backaches and", "height": "3491", "width": "2081", "jp2-path": "costoflivingasmo00rich_0027.jp2"}, "28": {"fulltext": "18 THE COST OF LIVING.\\ninjured spines, soared dispositions and endless bicker-\\nings have resulted in a lower stage of civilization\\ninstead of a higher. What is the matter with the\\nso-called advance in life Why is it that better\\nwages, shorter hours, more physical comforts do not\\nlead to happiness or refinement Why is it that\\nsocial questions seem more hopeless than ever before,\\nso that the student of philanthropy dreads to awaken\\na happy, dirty, lazy family to the possibilities before\\nit, lest the last state shall be far worse than the first\\nBecause by thrusting the implements of the highest\\nculture into the hands of those not strong enough to\\nhold them safely, we have given sharp-edged tools to\\nchildren. When civilized man has more privileges\\nthan he deserves or requires, he lapses into practical\\nbarbarism.\\nThe so-called improvements are seized upon not\\nbecause of their value, but in imitation of others.\\nThe houses, furniture, food, ornaments of the great\\nmass of the people are chosen because some one else\\nhas them, not because of any need in one s own con-\\nsciousness which they satisfy.\\nIs not this trait of mere imitation without the use\\nof thought or reason a most serious menace to real\\nprogress Go through a great department store,\\nnote-book in hand, and check off the articles which\\nare valueless either for use or ornament and those\\nwhich, with a semblance of either, will lose the little", "height": "3506", "width": "2207", "jp2-path": "costoflivingasmo00rich_0028.jp2"}, "29": {"fulltext": "SANITARY SCIENCE AND PRODUCTIVE LIFE. 19\\nvalue they have with the first day of use; then go\\ninto the home for which the articles are destined and\\nnote the amount of money spent for these things in\\ncomparison with that spent for the essentials of good\\nliving and for the things which make for moral and\\nmental advancement.\\nThe only practicable remedy yet proposed is edu-\\ncation in true standards of living, in what constitutes\\nbetter homes, more comfortable conditions, and in a\\nclearer perception of those tendencies toward mere\\nimitation and luxury which lead to degeneration of\\nmind and body.\\nWhat better method of determining these standards\\nthan by measuring them with the measure of health\\ngained, physical, mental, spiritual health Any\\ncomfort, any expenditure of money which will increase\\nhealth is legitimate, for health is not only the work-\\nman s capital, it is the essential factor in the success\\nof the author, the business man, and the pleasure-\\nseeker. But it is equally true that all above what is\\nneeded for healthful development is luxury and tends\\nto debasement.\\nAn increased food-supply would be conducive to\\nthe health of the laborer, while the very abundance\\non the tables of those who take no thought in the\\nmatter may lead to over-indulgence and undermined\\nhealth.\\nRelief from daily drudgery will render the life of", "height": "3491", "width": "2081", "jp2-path": "costoflivingasmo00rich_0029.jp2"}, "30": {"fulltext": "20 THE COST OF LIVING.\\nmany a woman more tolerable, but when it only\\nresults in idleness, dissatisfaction, and a mania for\\nshopping and the bargain-counter, such relief is not\\nin the line of higher standards of living, but is in the\\nnature of luxury, which undermines the health of the\\nbody politic and leads to sure decay.\\nBut it must be borne in mind that standards are\\nnot the same for all; that which is luxury for one\\nfamily may be a necessity for another, so powerful is\\nhabit and education, but each should have only that\\nstandard which proves conducive to the best health,\\nand in this the development of sanitary science is of\\nthe greatest service. Standards of living should be\\nregulated, not by money spent, not by servile imita-\\ntion of others, but by that which will produce the\\nbest results in health of body and health of mind.\\nAt first sight this might seem to be pure material-\\nism, but nothing is better recognized to-day than that\\nhealth includes contentment of mind and serenity of\\nsoul; that an environment of pictures, books, and\\npleasant society will bring relish to the plainest food\\nand serve to maintain the highest ideals.\\nIt is, then, not in the material portion of the daily\\nliving that we are to look for improvement so much\\nas in the ideals, standards, aspirations, by which the\\nuses of the materials are governed. And it is just in\\nthis particular that most of the recent discussion of\\nhousehold economics and woman s work, and the", "height": "3506", "width": "2207", "jp2-path": "costoflivingasmo00rich_0030.jp2"}, "31": {"fulltext": "SANITARY SCIENCE AND PRODUCTIVE LIFE. 2 1\\nconditions of living, seem to fail. It is taken for\\ngranted that if the material conditions of the home\\nare ameliorated, if the kitchen is taken out of the\\nhouse, if the charwoman lives outside, if the artistic\\ndecorator has been allowed free scope in the drawing-\\nroom, if the school teaches cooking and sewing, if\\nthe college teaches business law and economics, or if\\nwomen receive the same wages as men and have the\\nright to say how taxes shall be spent, that when any-\\none or all of these things are obtained, then life will\\nbe all sweetness and light.\\nBut these material conditions, while having their\\nvalue, do not in themselves go to the root of the\\nmatter. Their chief function is in the influence they\\nhave on race ideals, on individuals or group standards.\\nIt is in the perfection of control of matter by mind\\nthat higher civilization consists. The savage is\\ndominated by nature; the man is civilized in propor-\\ntion as he dominates nature and bends hitherto un-\\nconquerable natural forces to minister to his needs.\\nThe housewife who is worried by her servants,\\ncheated by her tradesmen, and is helpless before her\\nfurnace and her cook, is still a savage, has not grasped\\nthe meaning of the ennvironment which we call home.\\nA certain degree of exertion, bodily and mental,\\nself-control and conscious direction of powers of\\nmind, are essential alike to bodily health and indi-\\nvidual development. When release from the necessity", "height": "3491", "width": "2081", "jp2-path": "costoflivingasmo00rich_0031.jp2"}, "32": {"fulltext": "22 THE COST OF LIVING.\\nof toil brings such bodily indolence and such mental\\nindulgence as to result in lack of stimulus to useful\\nactivity; when the throwing off of religious trammels\\nrenders moral questions difficult of decision, then this\\nfreedom tends to disease of body and mind. In\\nother words, the moment ease of living lowers vitality\\nand lessens resistance to disease, that moment the\\nboundary between comfort and luxury has been\\npassed.\\nTo have pleasure in living implies an ideal to live\\nfor, a goal to reach by striving. Where no incentive\\nnaturally exists, as is sometimes the case with those\\nwho have the traditional golden spoon, artificial prizes\\nare offered, tournaments, yacht-races, millions to be\\nmade, and for the women some hobby of collecting,\\nof travel, of self-culture.\\nIn humbler life, to gain a home for wife and chil-\\ndren, to secure an education for a loved son or\\ndaughter, is incentive sufficient to sweeten toil and\\nshorten long hours of labor.\\nTo rise in life, as indicated by size of house,\\nnumber of servants, or price of bric-a-bric, has been\\nthe unworthy motive of many a household, and in\\nthat way lies death to all the better ideals.\\nIt has been clearly brought out by several recent\\nwriters that the prevailing economic, political, and\\nsocial ideals have been profoundly influenced by the\\nacceptance of that law of evolution in the organic", "height": "3506", "width": "2207", "jp2-path": "costoflivingasmo00rich_0032.jp2"}, "33": {"fulltext": "SANITARY SCIENCE AND PRODUCTIVE LIFE. 2J\\nworld which counts the individual as nothing except\\nas a factor in race progress; which demonstrates that\\nonly the fittest survives; that through the strongest\\nare race characteristics passed on.\\nThe ideals governing the thought of intelligent\\npersons a century ago were development of the in-\\ndividual and protection of the weak. This indi-\\nviduality is now threatened by trusts and great\\ncorporations, crushing to the wall all weak competi-\\ntors. The methods of education, even, bring a whole\\nclass or school up to the same standard without refer-\\nence to individual preference, and both tend to reduce\\nto a communistic level all but the very few.\\nMoreover in family life, as in political, irresponsi-\\nbility has come in with the going out of the religious\\nideal. Self-sacrifice and menial toil are despised in\\nthe light of the economic ideal of the present. The\\nhome has ceased to be the glowing centre of produc-\\ntion from which radiate all desirable goods, and has\\nbecome but a pool toward which products made in\\nother places flow a place of consumption, not of\\nproduction.\\nInstead of a nursery of good citizens, teaching\\nobedience, thrift, self-denial, self-helpfulness, the\\nhome has become for many a place of selfish ease, of\\nfreedom amounting to license, a receiving all and\\ngiving nothing.\\nThe family as a unit stands between the socialist", "height": "3491", "width": "2081", "jp2-path": "costoflivingasmo00rich_0033.jp2"}, "34": {"fulltext": "24 THE COST OF LIVING.\\nideal of the individual as a unit and the economic\\nideal of the community as a unit.\\nSo long as the anticipated joys of a future world\\ncould sweeten daily toil and flavor daily bread; so\\nlong as the pleasure of giving to the missionary cause\\nmade an extra hour s labor pleasant; so long as saving\\nfor the children was a high ambition, little was heard\\nof housekeeping troubles or of overdrawn incomes.\\nWhen, however, the ethical and altruistic point of\\nview became changed and from childhood each one\\nconsidered his own wishes as of more consequence\\nthan those of the family, and when temptation was\\noffered in the form of unheard-of luxuries on the in-\\nstalment plan, and when food became abundant,\\nrepresenting high-class living, then a general reckless-\\nness possessed the household as well as the coal-miner\\nor the lumberman. The housewife has but followed\\ntheir example and paralleled the waste of small-coal\\nin the mining region and the wholesale destruction of\\nforests, by her garbage-pail and overfurnished rooms.\\nShe is not primarily to blame for the fact that average\\nAmerican housekeeping costs twice as much as is\\nnecessary; it is due to the general reckless extrava-\\ngance in the air.\\nIt becomes important to ask, What are the stand-\\nards, not of bare existence, but of good living of\\nphysical comfort, mental health, and spiritual satis-\\nfaction", "height": "3506", "width": "2207", "jp2-path": "costoflivingasmo00rich_0034.jp2"}, "35": {"fulltext": "SANITARY SCIENCE AND PRODUCTIVE LIFE. 2$\\nIf your ideal, gentle reader, is that of the sleek\\ntabby cat, plenty of food and sleep, the softest\\ncorner and no duties, then we have no message for\\nyou. To live is to appreciate the joy of being a part\\nof the world of action, to share in the joy of work,\\nand work for mankind; this joy includes an appre-\\nhension of the possible meaning of it all.\\nMost human actions are prompted by the desire to\\nescape pain or to procure pleasure. These efforts\\nwill be successful in proportion as knowledge controls\\nthese actions.\\nHuman welfare includes health of mind as well as\\nhealth of body, and sanitary science, in its broadest\\nsense, includes all that relates to either. It is a\\nknowledge of the practical standard of sound health\\nfor the community and of the means of securing it.\\nSanitary science not only teaches the means of in-\\ncreasing the productive power of the wage-earner by\\nlessening his days of sickness, by so nourishing his\\nbody that it may serve him longer and with more\\nefficiency, but it also furnishes the rules of conduct\\nwhich make any man capable of the highest enjoy-\\nment of life by teaching him self-control in the use\\nof all that goes to make up the sum of human happi-\\nness.\\nChildren are workers in preparation, are future\\ncitizens. The state cannot afford to allow them to\\ngrow up inefficient. Therefore public welfare", "height": "3491", "width": "2081", "jp2-path": "costoflivingasmo00rich_0035.jp2"}, "36": {"fulltext": "26 THE COST OF LIVING.\\ndemands that the home life shall be governed by the\\nbest knowledge which science has been able to gather\\nwith reference to health and efficiency.\\nIt is man only who has the power to see beyond\\nthe present and by resistance to its alluring tempta-\\ntions to secure future gain.\\nEach human being has a money value to the state in\\nproportion as he is a productive individual with either\\nhands or brain. Not only death but sickness lessens\\nthe usefulness of an individual, since the care of one\\nsick person means loss of work to others, expense for\\ndrugs and physicians, and it means even more loss by\\nthe weakening effect of sorrow and anxiety.\\nThe higher the standard of living, the more costly\\ndo the accessories of sickness become and the greater\\nthe blighting effect upon the higher intellectual facul-\\nties.\\nIt has been estimated that on an average each\\ndeath in a community means 720 days of sickness with\\nits attendant cost in money and anxiety.\\nFor the standard of income we are now chiefly con-\\nsidering this may bring an actual expense amounting\\nto even five thousand dollars. It may mean the\\ncrippling of the family as to the children s education,\\nperhaps loss of position of the father, perhaps years\\nof wearing invalidism for the mother, and a loss to\\nsociety of the benefit which an efficient family always\\nconfers.", "height": "3506", "width": "2207", "jp2-path": "costoflivingasmo00rich_0036.jp2"}, "37": {"fulltext": "SANITARY SCIENCE AND PRODUCTIVE LIFE. 2J\\nWhen it is considered that the death-rate in\\nAmerica is nearly double that which is estimated as\\nnecessary, and that ten in every thousand needlessly\\ndie, half of them perhaps in the prime of life, that\\nfor a city of one hundred thousand this means five\\nhundred deaths annually of persons who are most\\nvaluable to the community, it will be seen why the\\nstudy of sanitary science is so strongly urged and\\nwhy the cost of the various departments of household\\nexpenditure should be considered not only in the\\nlight of economics and aesthetics, but of hygiene.\\nIf the requirements for healthful living can be once\\nunderstood and an ideal held up to the young student\\nwhile his habits are yet plastic, a great advance is\\npossible in the pleasures of life and especially in the\\nbeauty of living in conscious obedience to the laws of\\nlife.", "height": "3532", "width": "2162", "jp2-path": "costoflivingasmo00rich_0037.jp2"}, "38": {"fulltext": "CHAPTER III.\\nHOUSEHOLD EXPENDITURE. DIVISION BETWEEN\\nDEPARTMENTS ACCORDING TO IDEALS.\\nNational prosperity depends less upon the amount of wealth\\nthan upon the utilization of the national possessions in deriv-\\ning the annual income. Bullock.\\nEconomy of time, effort, and materials, and therefore of\\nexpense, is in essence scientific.\\nWith a progressive people, the satisfaction of existence\\nwants serves merely to arouse new desires and to stimulate\\nmen to satisfy them.\\nTHE sum of ten billions of dollars, more or less, is\\nspent in the United States for household expenses,\\nand yet very little attention has been paid to the\\nrational division of the annual income between the\\ndifferent departments. The business man has found\\nit easier to make money than to save it; the econo-\\nmist has been fully occupied in finding out how\\nmoney was made.\\nThat the results of this outlay are not satisfactory\\nthere is abundant evidence. That the money is not\\neconomically used is seen in the rapid changes in\\nhabits of living due to economic pressure.\\n28", "height": "3506", "width": "2207", "jp2-path": "costoflivingasmo00rich_0038.jp2"}, "39": {"fulltext": "HOUSEHOLD EXPENDITURE. 29\\nHence, before it is too late, a careful study of the\\nconditions of life affecting the household expenditure\\nshould be made.\\nThe cost of living in any given case depends upon\\nthe ideas and standards of the person spending the\\nmoney; that is, it is a mental rather than a material\\nlimitation; a result of education rather than of loca-\\ntion.\\nIn America the typical family of the economist, of\\nfather, mother, and three children under the earning\\nage, can live very comfortably on ten dollars a week\\nor five hundred dollars a year for the necessities of\\nmaterial existence. Moreover, if its members will\\navail themselves of the education of the libraries, of\\nthe art museums, of the lectures and classes, of the\\nbaths and parks, pleasure-grounds, the non-material\\npleasures, and of the opportunities provided for the\\nchildren at the public expense in most cities, their\\nactual income is equivalent to double that sum.\\nThe real struggle in living comes in the case of\\nthose whose character and principles demand that\\nthey shall pay for the pleasures as well as the neces-\\nsities of life, and in whom the desire for ownership\\ndemands the personal possession of books, and\\npictures, for which they are willing to deny them-\\nselves even comforts. An income of sixteen dollars\\na week or eight hundred dollars a year admits of\\nthis gratification in a fair degree provided that the", "height": "3532", "width": "2162", "jp2-path": "costoflivingasmo00rich_0039.jp2"}, "40": {"fulltext": "30 THE COST OF LIVING.\\nfines exacted for the disobedience of nature s laws are\\nnot too heavy.\\nTherefore, for the sake of argument, we may say\\nthat our present discussion begins with that sum, or\\nthe lower limit of choice, and from that to an upper\\nlimit of four or five thousand dollars since above\\nthat sum, as a rule, quite different elements enter;\\ni.e., either much is given in charity or in the sus-\\ntaining of public institutions, clubs, societies, or in\\ncollecting books, pictures, etc., or in promoting sport\\nor industries. While the same general and high-\\nminded ideals should govern the expenditure of the\\nlarger income, there is not that need of close calcula-\\ntion on some points; also, in general, there is a far\\nbetter business management of the larger in-\\ncome.\\nIn the present condition of American society prob-\\nably the greatest difficulty is felt by those who have\\nfrom fifteen hundred to twenty-five hundred dollars\\na year for all expenses, because their tastes are edu-\\ncated and their habits acquired in such a way that\\ntwice that amount would be needed to make any\\napproach to satisfaction, for each step only opens the\\ndoor to another want, and also because they are\\nrarely skilled in the use of money.\\nA writer in the Fortnightly Review* has cleverly\\nJoseph Jacobs, Fortnightly Review, 1899.", "height": "3506", "width": "2207", "jp2-path": "costoflivingasmo00rich_0040.jp2"}, "41": {"fulltext": "HOUSEHOLD EXPENDITURE. 3 I\\nsketched the mean Englishman as distinguished\\nfrom the average of the economist. This man\\nearns about six dollars a week. The mean\\nAmerican will earn at least ten dollars a week, and\\nwith the rapid rise made possible by better industrial\\nconditions and the greater opportunities for earning\\nmoney the il mean American family should have\\nfifteen dollars a week, with twenty in sight as a stim-\\nulus to exertion. From this class of intelligent, self-\\nrespecting, self-supporting, industrious persons rises,\\nin the very next generation, thanks to free schools\\nand democratic plasticity, a group which are typical\\nAmericans whatever their grandfathers were. These\\nare the educated persons in the community, young\\ncollege graduates in business, professors and teachers\\nin schools and colleges, clerks, small tradesmen, and\\nskilled workmen. And the income of this typical\\nfamily is from fifteen hundred to three thousand\\ndollars a year. Such are the possibilities in the in-\\ndustrial conditions of America that it is not uncommon\\nfor it to rise to thirty thousand dollars before the\\nchildren are grown.\\nUnder the pressure of nineteenth-century condi-\\ntions, it has been found that the home as at present\\nconducted is not managed on an economical basis so\\nfar as money value or outward semblance of luxury\\nis concerned. That it fails in the more important\\nessentials of comfort is proved by the great increase", "height": "3532", "width": "2162", "jp2-path": "costoflivingasmo00rich_0041.jp2"}, "42": {"fulltext": "32 THE COST OF LIVING.\\nof clubs and of hotel life. On what grounds, there-\\nfore, can the justification of individual homes be\\nbased Only on the conceded fact before stated\\nthat the home is the germ of Anglo-Saxon civiliza-\\ntion. If the income is to be used so as to give the\\nfullest satisfaction of human wants, there must be\\nclassification of those wants in order of importance\\nand some restraint of unreasoning impulse. Style\\nin living has no standards, no basis in morals,\\nreligion, or economics. The fashion of the day or\\nthe whim of the moment is indulged without a\\nthought of the consequences to the next generation.\\nThis absence of safeguards, this letting down of\\nethical barriers brings countless temptations to ex-\\ntravagance.\\nTo reconcile the uplifting tendency of the struggle\\nto better one s condition with the degrading\\nresult of striving to seem richer than one really is and\\nto avoid the debilitating effect of luxuries is America s\\nproblem for the twentieth century. As has already\\nbeen said, it is for those educated persons with one\\nthousand to three thousand dollars annual income to\\nlead the way in the studies necessary to be under-\\ntaken before any authoritative statements can be\\nmade, and to show what the public ought to have; not\\nalways to cater to what the public likes.\\nThe cost of living should be so balanced as to\\nsecure the greatest comfort and convenience possible", "height": "3506", "width": "2207", "jp2-path": "costoflivingasmo00rich_0042.jp2"}, "43": {"fulltext": "HOUSEHOLD EXPENDITURE. 33\\nwithout sacrificing anything necessary for health,\\nphysical, mental, or moral.\\nA few examples of actual budgets will be instruc-\\ntive as illustrative of methods of attacking the\\nproblem. That very little variation is allowable until\\nthe lower limit of choice is reached is seen in a com-\\nparison of the expenditure of the mean English-\\nman and of a New York family in about the same\\nwalk in life.\\nNos. I to 5 illustrate the variety of choice. One\\nfamily economizes on rent, another on clothes,\\nanother on other expenses. No 4 is, it is to be\\nfeared, a very common American budget. No. 5 in\\nthe table shows what may be done by a thrifty family\\nwho will do their own work, and live in the suburbs\\nwhere the garden reduces the food expense. No. 6\\nshows how many families of women economize. A\\nwidow, with a mother and two children, is a dress-\\nmaker and has her noon meal and most of the cloth-\\ning for the family from her customers.\\nNos. 7 and 8 are most instructive as showing types\\nin different localities, but illustrating what must be\\npaid for the necessities of life. It is doubtful if\\neither family could safely cut down on food.\\nDr. Engel has formulated four laws confirmed daily\\nmore and more. As Dr. Nitti says: Laws of which,\\nin all the family budgets I have examined, I have\\nmyself been able to prove the absolute exactness.", "height": "3532", "width": "2162", "jp2-path": "costoflivingasmo00rich_0043.jp2"}, "44": {"fulltext": "34\\nTHE COST OF LIVING.\\nTYPICAL BUDGETS.\\nFamily Income,\\n$3098, three adults, two chil-\\ndren\\n$2500 (Mass.), three adults, no\\nchildren\\n$2500 (Mass.), two adults, one\\nchild, much company\\n$1980 (St. Louis), four adults,\\ntwo children\\n$950 (Mass.), two adults, three\\nchildren\\nPercentage for\\n$600 (Boston), two adults, two\\nchildren\\n$535 (N. Y.), two adults, three\\nchildren\\n$312, mean Englishman:\\ntwo adults, three children\\n$300, Dr. Engel s estimates.\\na o\\nus\\n27 5 21. 1\\n25\\n32\\n36-3\\n20\\n23\\n55.2\\n55-2\\n62\\n25\\n18\\n24.2\\n19\\n26\\n22.4\\n15-5\\n12\\n16.8\\n13\\n18\\n20.9\\n16\\n5-3\\n8.9\\n5\\nJ So\\nu c\\nTV rt\\niS\\n5-\\n9.4\\n13. 1\\n16\\n24.6\\n25\\n22\\n60\\n30\\n26.1\\nof O)\\nIT.\\n1) C -a\\ng.H c a\\n\u00c2\u00a310 \u00c2\u00abc/3\\n15-9\\n7.7\\n7-3\\n5-o\\nThe first law is that the proportion between ex-\\npenditure and nutriment grows in geometric progres-\\nsion in an inverse ratio to well-being; in other words,\\nthe higher the income the smaller is the percentage\\nof cost of subsistence. The second is that clothing\\nassumes and keeps a distinctly constant proportion in\\nthe whole. The third is that lodging, warming, and", "height": "3506", "width": "2207", "jp2-path": "costoflivingasmo00rich_0044.jp2"}, "45": {"fulltext": "HOUSEHOLD EXPENDITURE. 35\\nlighting have an invariable proportion whatever the\\nincome. The fourth is that the more the income\\nincreases the greater is the proportion of the dif-\\nferent expenses which express the degree of well-\\nbeing.\\nThe less a worker gains the more he invests in\\nfood, renouncing out of necessity all other desires.\\n{Bull, de V Institut International dc Statist. 1887, PP-\\n50, 55, 57.)\\nFrom the examination of various budgets and from\\nobservation of many families, as well as from twenty-\\nfive years experience in housekeeping, I am con-\\nvinced that the tendency to extravagance in the\\nAmerican household comes in the two columns Food\\nand Operating Expenses if the latter include the\\nincidentals or sundries and unexpected outgoes, which\\ncount up very fast. Individual extravagance may\\nfrequently occur in clothes.\\nIn food I believe the trouble is largely one of\\nwaste. Twice as much is ordered as is really neces-\\nsary, and in small families where there is no separate\\nservants table, unless very great care is taken, large\\nportions of the most expensive food are left to be\\nserved in the kitchen, so that the total cost of food is\\nvery high. If the ordering is left to the cook, this is\\nsure to be so. It is for the interest of the grocer and\\nbutcher to have the bills large, and the tips they give\\nto secure this would astonish many a man who now", "height": "3532", "width": "2162", "jp2-path": "costoflivingasmo00rich_0045.jp2"}, "46": {"fulltext": "36 THE COST OF LIVING.\\nwonders at the size of his bills. Only an accurate\\nknowledge of how much is really needed, and a close\\nwatch over the amounts ordered, can keep the food\\ncost down. It is policy to allow the common, in-\\nexpensive articles such as flour and sugar and potatoes\\nto be used freely, but the quantities of meats, high-\\npriced vegetables, and confections should be carefully\\ncalculated. One remedy for the extravagance and\\nconsequent debt resulting from this excess of expen-\\nditure in one or more directions may be found in a\\nsystem of strict account-keeping as a check to the\\nimpulse to purchase which is often repented of when\\ntoo late.\\nIn order to render the accounts of value there must\\nbe certain recognized standards of possible attainment\\nto serve as a guide to the young people in establish-\\ning the traditions of the new home.\\nThe following table showing a theoretical division\\nof the several incomes may be helpful in some cases\\nand may stimulate the family provider to keep\\naccounts so systematically as to be able to give the\\nseveral percentages along these division lines.\\nI hear the protest arising from three fourths of my\\nreaders that life would not be worth living under\\nthese circumstances; it would be bondage. I reply,\\nnot after the habit is once formed. Bagehot said,\\nThere is no pain like the pain of a new idea but\\non the other hand Mark Twain wrote, You cannot", "height": "3506", "width": "2207", "jp2-path": "costoflivingasmo00rich_0046.jp2"}, "47": {"fulltext": "HOUSEHOLD EXPENDITURE. 37\\nSUGGESTED BUDGETS.\\nFamily Income.\\nTwo adults and two or three\\nchildren (equal to four\\nadults)\\nIdeal division\\n$2000 to $4000\\n$800 to $1000\\n$500 to $800\\nUnder $500\\nPercentage for\\n2;,\\n25\\nSO\\n45\\n60\\n20\\n20\\n20\\n15\\n15\\nbe\\nbe\\n15\\n15\\nIO\\nIO\\n5\\njxjs be\\no o c\\n15\\n20\\n15\\n10\\n10\\n25\\n20\\n25\\n20\\n10\\nthrow habit out of the window; it must be coaxed\\ndown-stairs one step at a time. New habits may\\nbe difficult to establish, but once fixed they maintain\\nthemselves. The moral of which is that it will pay\\nin the end to establish a custom of looking after the\\nsmall details which will cease to be a burden after a\\nfew months. This is especially necessary if the help\\nis constantly changing. Let the rules of the house\\nbe known when engaging any servant, then there will\\nbe no difficulty. Much of the confusion so prevalent\\narises because there are no rules no accounts.\\nAgain, the temptation to spend for things pleasant\\nbut not needful, or even beautiful, either for the\\nhousehold or for personal gratification are many, and", "height": "3532", "width": "2162", "jp2-path": "costoflivingasmo00rich_0047.jp2"}, "48": {"fulltext": "$6 THE COST OF LIVING.\\nit requires some moral support, such as an account-\\nbook or some great ideal to strive for, to keep the\\npocketbook closed. What the liquor saloon is to the\\ndrinking man the bargain-counter is to the aimless\\nwoman.\\nThe reason a young man fears to marry is not\\nbecause of the present cost of a house, but because\\nhe cannot estimate the future cost of running it. He\\nhas no rule to go by.\\nIn most newly established homes there is no gov-\\nerning principle at the foundation to which both man\\nand wife are committed and for which both are will-\\ning to make sacrifices.\\nHow far shall be carried the habit of saving, of life-\\ninsurance, etc., is an open question. Certainly each\\nfamily should be able to take care of itself under all\\ncircumstances, such as sickness, lack of work for a\\nreasonable time, etc.\\nThe best investment is in the education of the\\nchildren to be self-supporting, and all should try to\\nbetter themselves as the phrase goes, because the\\nwhole community will rise with the elevation of indi-\\nvidual homes. That a certain amount should be put\\nby each year for an emergency fund goes without\\nsaying; how much depends upon circumstances. If\\nlife-insurance is the best, then in that; if saving-\\nbanks or bonds, or if in small amounts of cash, then\\nin them. This question will bear study; but in all", "height": "3506", "width": "2207", "jp2-path": "costoflivingasmo00rich_0048.jp2"}, "49": {"fulltext": "HOUSEHOLD EXPENDITURE. 39\\ncases each child of rich or poor should be so devel-\\noped mentally and physically as to be capable of tak-\\ning care of himself if he is ever called upon so to do.\\nIf a family has learned to lead a dignified, comfort-\\nable life on fifteen hundred dollars, it will not be\\ndifficult to spend more. It is only when the life has\\nbeen badly adjusted that increase of income brings\\nwith it no answering response.\\nIf, on the other hand, the socialist limit of eight\\nhundred dollars a year is to prevail, then the family\\nthat has had fifteen hundred or two thousand dollars\\nhas a better chance of being happy than the one that\\nhas felt pinched on ten thousand dollars.\\nIt must be said for tho-e who advocate the eight-\\nhundred-dollar limit that they assume that much of\\npleasure, that all of the education, and many of the\\nexpenses now borne by private means will then be\\nprovided for by the state.\\nAt present we may, I think, take eight hundred\\ndollars as the limit below which a family can only\\ntake care of its physical needs, rent, food, clothes,\\nlife-insurance, etc. For amusement, recreation, edu-\\ncation, instruction, it turns to the means provided at\\npublic expense.", "height": "3532", "width": "2162", "jp2-path": "costoflivingasmo00rich_0049.jp2"}, "50": {"fulltext": "CHAPTER IV.\\nTHE HOUSE. RENT OR VALUE AND FURNISHING.\\nScience has little power to alter national thought by direct\\nmeans, but it has great power in creating new economic con-\\nditions, and these modify national thought. S. N. Patten.\\nPublic opinion is changed by economic conditions not\\nby creeds. S. N. Patten.\\nThe most judicious use of money is to form for one s self\\nfirst of all as pleasant and comfortable a home as is consistent\\nwith one s means. Money thus spent is money salely in-\\nvested. Edmond Demoulins.\\nThe factors governing the per cent of the income\\npaid for housing are:\\n1. Sanitary requirements.\\n2. Social requirement; location; architectural ap-\\npearance.\\n3. Standards of living.\\nThe house is one of the most serious difficulties in\\nthe way of ideal living, for we have inherited the sins\\nof our ancestors in tangible form and, in addition,\\nthose of conscienceless contractors and greedy cap-\\nitalists.\\nThe family whose needs we are considering one\\n40", "height": "3506", "width": "2207", "jp2-path": "costoflivingasmo00rich_0050.jp2"}, "51": {"fulltext": "THE HOUSE. RENT OR VALUE AND FURNISHING. 41\\nwith an annual income of fifteen hundred to three\\nthousand dollars finds the greatest difficulty in secur-\\ning the conditions given above either for purchase or\\nrent. Neglect of sanitary precautions by the owners\\nof houses has been so flagrant that the expense of\\nputting a place in condition to live in is often nearly\\nequal to that required to build anew. The rapid,\\nirresponsible growth of many of our towns, whole\\nstreets being built up before any system of grading\\nor of sewerage has been established, has done much\\nto keep the death-rate high. The frequent changes\\nin streets or section due to the putting in of railroads\\nor factories or to the intrusion of business neces-\\nsitates as frequent removal, and to this is largely due\\nthe habit our typical family has acquired of renting\\ninstead of owning a house.\\nThe rent is a definite and certain expense, and a\\nplace of one s own is, in the shifting condition of the\\nmodern town, a most uncertain asset and not the safe\\ninvestment it has formerly been, and besides it is a\\ncontinual source of unexpected expense. For in-\\nstance, a change in the city regulations as to plumb-\\ning may entail an expense equal to a year s rent.\\nAt present this feature of the cost of living cannot\\nbe ignored, but must be reckoned with in any discus-\\nsion of family expenses. It must be acknowledged\\nthat although some families do suffer exceeding dis-\\ncomfort in order that, judged by the house they live", "height": "3532", "width": "2162", "jp2-path": "costoflivingasmo00rich_0051.jp2"}, "52": {"fulltext": "42 THE COST OF LIVING.\\nin, they may be supposed to have reached a higher\\nrank, yet an increasing proportion of intelligent\\nyoung people are looking for better sanitary condi-\\ntions as well as for social standing.\\nNevertheless the instability of the material home,\\nthe fact of renting instead of owning an abode, has\\nmade possible much of the retrograde movement in\\nhome manners and customs. While there should be\\nan ideal which is independent of the mere material\\nsurroundings, as a fact results seem to show that it is\\nlacking to a deplorable degree.\\nIt is for this ideal, this sense of the sanitary and\\neducational value of the home cosmos, that education\\nis demanded, that public sentiment needs to be\\ncreated. An insistent demand would soon produce a\\nvariety of house better suited to the wholesome living\\nwhich sanitary science demands.\\nA home means four walls and, in this climate, a\\nroof, into however many compartments the space so\\nenclosed may be divided. Sanitary rules say that\\nthe space for each person should be not less than\\n300 cubic feet; that light and air shall have access\\nfreely; that water shall be freely supplied and quickly\\nremoved when used; that the soil on which the\\nstructure stands shall be clean, dry, and porous.\\nThese requirements must be met at whatever cost of\\nmoney is necessary to procure them, and yet how\\nmany of the thousands of house-hunters in the cities", "height": "3506", "width": "2207", "jp2-path": "costoflivingasmo00rich_0052.jp2"}, "53": {"fulltext": "THE HOUSE. RENT OR VALUE AND FURNISHING. 43\\nand towns ever think of these things, or, if they do,\\nweigh them in the balance with the style of the porch,\\nthe number of bay windows, or with fashion as to\\nstreet It is not only in the slums that there is in-\\nsufficient air-space. So long as ignorant men and\\nwomen will rent these closets under the name of\\nrooms, so long builders will put them up. So long\\nas the dining-room is of less consequence than the\\nfront hall, so long will the showy part of the house be\\nemphasized.\\nEconomy of labor has not been thought of in the\\nconstruction of houses. In what other business would\\nthe coal-supply be dumped on the sidewalk to be\\nshovelled and wheeled into the cellar, only to be\\nbrought up again; the ashes carried down, only to be\\nagain brought up and carted away? How few of the\\nreally valuable mechanical appliances are found in a\\nhouse! How little attention is paid to the saving of\\nlabor! The heaviest kettles are always on the lowest\\nshelf, and articles of daily use are so placed as to\\nrequire miles of travel. House-architecture is fifty\\nyears behind shop-building and factory-construction.\\nIt goes without saying that the ignorance of the\\nhousewife as to what is possible, and her traditional\\nconservatism, are the causes for this state of things.\\nThe attention of students of social science should\\nnot be wholly absorbed in the so-called tenement-\\nhouse problem the needs of the higher-class wage-\\ny", "height": "3532", "width": "2162", "jp2-path": "costoflivingasmo00rich_0053.jp2"}, "54": {"fulltext": "44 THE COST OF LIVING.\\nearner should be considered, and by this means the\\nother object will be soonest accomplished. Example\\nis more powerful than precept.\\nI can think of no greater missionary work possible\\nthan that some philanthropic individual should offer\\na competition in house-architecture which should\\nillustrate the possibilities of modern science, unless it\\nmight be the offering of a prize for the best essay on\\nthe living in such a house to be written by a college\\nwoman of five years experience in housekeeping.\\nA house should be comfortable inside, capable of\\npleasing arrangements, and so planned *as not to re-\\nquire excess of work to care for it. Here is true\\neconomy. The ideals and standards of life are what\\nshould rule.\\nA home must mean more than four walls and food:\\nit must stand for one s self; it must be an outer\\ngarment as it were, showing the taste and cultivation\\nof its occupants.\\nExclusive of land, the cost of housing with the\\ndemands of modern life, water-supply, drainage, hard\\nfinish, etc., is about one thousand dollars per person,\\nor four thousand dollars for the typical family of five.\\nIt may be halved or it may be doubled in many\\ninstances without serious difficulty, except in respect\\nto location. It may be quartered or it may be\\nquadrupled, but these are the two extremes of re-\\nquirement. One thousand dollars will build only", "height": "3506", "width": "2207", "jp2-path": "costoflivingasmo00rich_0054.jp2"}, "55": {"fulltext": "THE HOUSE. RENT OR VALUE AND FURNISHING. 45\\ntwo rooms (renting for ten dollars a month, one\\nhundred and twenty dollars a year) of a tenement, or\\nfive rooms of a suburban cottage, giving a minimum\\nof light and air. Sixteen thousand dollars should\\nbuild all that any family could use for themselves\\nalone, so far as essentials go. Of course sentiment\\nenters into rent, desirable locality, and the reverse,\\nbut too often cheapness means lack of water and air\\nand cleanness, and dearness means bad taste in orna-\\nment or lavish expenditure for mere show. Our\\nhouses in America are mere extension of clothes,\\nthey are not built for the next generation. Our\\nneeds change so rapidly that it is not desirable. It\\nis far better to spend less for the mere house and\\nmore for what goes on in it the real life.\\nCertain questions should be considered by each\\nfamily. First, what is the object of the house\\nWhat are its essential features There is great need\\nof economic and domestic education among architects.\\nIt would be possible to add beauty to most family\\nresidences without detracting from their utility.\\nSecond, what proportion of the income should be\\npaid for rent Sufficient to secure the requirements\\nof health, even to half the income. This is not\\nnecessary if the family will avoid fictitious values due\\nto supposed superiority of neighborhood or to mere\\npretension in building. Without heat and light,\\ntwenty per cent of any income between five hundred", "height": "3532", "width": "2162", "jp2-path": "costoflivingasmo00rich_0055.jp2"}, "56": {"fulltext": "46 THE COST OF LIVING.\\nand five thousand dollars a year should secure safe\\nshelter for a family. If it does not, there is work for\\na social-reform club in that community as well as for\\nthe board of health. The fact that many families\\npay twenty-five per cent is the first evidence of\\nunsound economic policy, but it may often be inter-\\npreted as a tribute to higher ideals provided the\\nincrease here is met by a decrease elsewhere so that\\nthe sum total shall keep its proportion.\\nThe needs of the family should be carefully set\\ndown and the plan of life in the house made out\\nbefore it is rented or built. Some measure of privacy\\nshould be secured to each one, and yet there should\\nbe one common meeting-place. The pretentious\\ncustom of a large drawing-room furnished for show,\\noccupied only when receiving callers and consequently\\nin which hostess and visitors alike feel the chill of\\ndead things, not the warmth of daily emotions, is\\nresponsible for much of the housekeeping misery of\\nthe time. Unless the family is large enough and\\nwith a combined income amply sufficient to entertain\\nfrequently, this habit of keeping a large room for a\\npossible wedding or a funeral is a vicious one. The\\nspace may be utilized for the comfort of the family\\nin many other ways, either in separate sleeping-rooms\\nor in a large living-room.\\nAll the mechanical arrangements of this shelter\\nmust be under control, that is, they must be under-", "height": "3506", "width": "2207", "jp2-path": "costoflivingasmo00rich_0056.jp2"}, "57": {"fulltext": "THE HOUSE. RENT OR VALUE AND FURNISHING. 47\\nstood by the one in charge of the house in order that\\nthe cost of living in the house may not be in great\\nexcess of the comfort and health resulting. This is\\njust as essential as a knowledge of the machinery he\\nis to run is for the engineer who is obliged by law to\\nhave a license. If each householder were obliged to\\npass an examination on the mechanical arrangements\\nof his or her house and show a knowledge of furnace,\\nbattery, and flue before being allowed to occupy it, a\\ncry of state interference with private rights would be\\nat once raised; but in that day when it is clear that\\nthe carelessness of men threatens to extinguish the\\nrace it will doubtless be done.\\nThe office of the house is not only as shelter from\\nthe elements, not only as shelter from the curiosity\\nand interference of the outside world, but as an ex-\\npression of the persons in it of their ideals, tastes,\\neducation, and needs of soul as well as of body.\\nBesides the number, size, and arrangement of the\\nrooms, there is to be considered the color of the\\nwalls, the harmony of decoration, the arrangement of\\nthe furniture and pictures. This is not a matter of\\nlittle consequence or of outside taste. A home is an\\nexpression of family ideals, else the place is a board-\\ning-house. That women who are nominally at the\\nhead of households take the ready-made plans of\\nlandlords and decorators and only stipulate that all\\nshall be as stylish as Mrs. So-and-So s is proof of", "height": "3532", "width": "2162", "jp2-path": "costoflivingasmo00rich_0057.jp2"}, "58": {"fulltext": "48 THE COST OF LIVING.\\ntheir low ideals of what a home means and of their\\nunfitness to preside therein. Ignorance and in-\\nefficiency in the home are not good recommendations\\nfor the opposite characteristics in the business life for\\nwhich they long.\\nIn no one item of expenditure is there so much\\nroom for the exercise of ideals, for the development\\nof character, as in this one of providing the best sur-\\nroundings for the family life. In no department are\\nknowledge and taste of so much money value for it\\nis not the most expensive but the most appropriate\\nand harmonious article which is the best. The\\nbeauty of cleanliness is not sufficiently appreciated\\nby the ordinary purchaser. Here again it is what\\nothers buy and not what appeals to one s own need\\nthat leads to the spending of money for a multitude\\nof articles which catch dust and become grimy or else\\nrequire an undue proportion of time in a vain at-\\ntempt to keep clean.\\nIt is certainly wiser to pay higher rent for a modern\\nhouse than to spend much on furnishing an old one;\\nand if the house is so finished as to need little care,\\nthere is an additional gain: less paint to clean, fewer\\nstairs to go over, gas instead of coal, all these things\\nare to be considered in the total of this part of the\\nliving expenses.\\nIf the rent of a given house is low compared with\\nothers, one of three things is the probable cause", "height": "3506", "width": "2207", "jp2-path": "costoflivingasmo00rich_0058.jp2"}, "59": {"fulltext": "THE HOUSE. RBTNT OR VALUE AND FURNISHING. 49\\nundesirable neighborhood, an old house out of repair,\\nor simply cheap construction.\\nThe householder must balance well the different\\nelements of the problem.\\nFashion should not be allowed to rule only sani-\\ntary conditions and moral health of the children.\\nThe following are some of the questions which\\nshould be propounded by every householder:\\nIs the soil dry\\nIs the cellar dry and light\\nAre the drain-pipes in sight\\nAre the drain-pipes sound\\nDoes the furnace or the steam-boiler warm the\\nhouse\\nHas the bath-room an outside window for sunlight\\nand a double door\\nHas every room some means of cross-ventilation\\nWill it be possible to keep the rooms clean without\\ninordinate work Is there much cut, painted, or\\nornamented woodwork, etc. Are there many stairs,\\nand inconvenient ones\\nHow many servants, if any, will be needed for the\\ncare of the house", "height": "3532", "width": "2162", "jp2-path": "costoflivingasmo00rich_0059.jp2"}, "60": {"fulltext": "CHAPTER V.\\nOPERATING EXPENSES: FUEL, LIGHT, WAGES,\\nAND INCIDENTALS.\\nFew women when they assume the care of a household\\nknow the exact value of the household plant; the amount to\\nbe deducted each year for wear and tear; the relative propor-\\ntions expended annually for rent, fuel, food, clothing, and\\nservice; the number of meals served and the approximate cost\\nof each the amount of profit, waste, or unproductiveness that\\nresults from all expenditures made. Lucy M. Salmon.\\nEnjoyment depends on state of mind, comfort on habits.\\nThe complaint of one s assistants is a boomerang. It writes\\nthe complainant down id large letters as himself poorly fitted\\nfor his responsibilities.\\nHaving secured a comfortable, healthful house in\\na satisfactory locality, the daily life is to be estab-\\nlished in it. It is to be warmed, lighted, and kept\\nclean and in repair. In short, it is to be operated for,\\nthe benefit of the family as a railroad is for the bene-\\nfit of the public; and the same far-sighted business\\nsense should govern these expenses if the family is\\nto find profit in the life such as the stockholders of a\\nwell-managed railroad secure as a result of their\\nknowledge.\\n50", "height": "3506", "width": "2207", "jp2-path": "costoflivingasmo00rich_0060.jp2"}, "61": {"fulltext": "OPERATING EXPENSES. 5 1\\nThe ideal of health and comfort, mental as well as\\nbodily, should be held constantly before the eye of the\\nhousehold manager, and no ignorance or parsimony\\nought to peril either. A maximum of efficiency\\nmust be maintained at a minimum of cost.\\nThe compartment of the family purse from which\\nthese expenses are paid is usually like a sieve, retain-\\ning nothing for emergencies. No portion of the\\nincome can bring so much comfort, and none is so\\ndifficult to expend. Waste of money elsewhere is\\ncompensated by crowding down the wages or by\\ncutting off items small in themselves but affecting the\\nfamily happiness.\\nThis department also suffers from the lack of care\\nin details which is required to keep any business at\\nits maximum efficiency.\\nThe present only is considered nothing is used as\\nif it were to be needed again. The common habit\\nof handing down to the next generation valuable\\nheirlooms having been lost, with it has gone that\\nforethought in small daily duties which preserves for\\none s own use one s belongings, personal or house-\\nhold.\\nIt is this carelessness extending to children and\\nservants which causes so large an outlay for the\\nrunning expenses of the house.\\nBefore a purchase is made, the labor involved in\\ncaring for it, or in cooking it, should be considered.", "height": "3532", "width": "2162", "jp2-path": "costoflivingasmo00rich_0061.jp2"}, "62": {"fulltext": "52 THE COST OF LIVING.\\nWhen a standard of living is once set, the cost of\\nmaintaining that standard should be considered. At\\nthis point our modern housekeeping is weakest.\\nHow much does it cost to keep a house of eight or\\nof fourteen rooms\\nHow many hours of efficient service are needed for\\na family of five\\nHow much fuel should suffice for a suburban house\\nof twelve rooms or a city house of the same cubic\\ncontents with fourteen rooms\\nThe reader will at once raise the question, is this\\nnot just that individual freedom, that variety of\\nchoice for which the earlier pages plead Are we to\\nbrine all our methods to one measure, and is each to\\npattern after the same standards? By no means;\\nonly each must have his own standard and ideal to\\naim for, and must not live from hand to mouth as do\\nsavages, or servilely copy one s neighbor all unknow-\\ning of the exact conditions.\\nBecause we acknowledge that there is more than\\nbusiness in the idea of home, let us not make the\\nmistake of assuming that there is no business side to\\nhousehold affairs.\\nNo man in his senses will set up any other manu-\\nfacturing establishment with as little regard to the\\npurpose of it all and to the future success of its\\noperation as he will allow in the inauguration of his\\nhousehold.", "height": "3506", "width": "2207", "jp2-path": "costoflivingasmo00rich_0062.jp2"}, "63": {"fulltext": "OPERATING EXPENSES. 53\\nLight should be regulated on hygienic principles\\nas far as possible, and should not, as is often the case,\\nbe allowed to vitiate the air beyond reason.\\nThe way in which ignorance on the part of house-\\nkeepers blocks social progress is seen in the difference\\nbetween the development of electric transportation\\nand domestic gas consumption. The use of gas for\\nfuel was proposed before the trolley line was devel-\\noped, but at each step in the introduction of gas\\nobstacles due to ignorance of the relations of heat\\nand of the management of mechanical apparatus have\\nso far prevented the extension of this convenient and\\neconomical fuel. The manufacturers of domestic\\nutensils have not shown that grasp of scientific prin-\\nciples which is expected of other trades, and small\\nwonder that it is words, not deeds, upon which they\\nrely to catch their ignorant customers.\\nThe opportunity for the application of business\\nprinciples to household management lies in the strict\\naccount-keeping which will check unrestricted expen-\\nditure on unessentials to the detriment of the funda-\\nmental needs. The engineer may design and put up\\nan entirely satisfactory pumping-engine, but if an\\nincompetent man is put in charge of it, or a com-\\npetent man is allowed too little time to look after it,\\nthe machine rapidly deteriorates and finally breaks\\ndown.\\nIt is a common experience that after an occupation", "height": "3532", "width": "2162", "jp2-path": "costoflivingasmo00rich_0063.jp2"}, "64": {"fulltext": "54 THE COST OF LIVING.\\nof a year or two a house becomes unsanitary, battered,\\nsaturated with odors of cooking, or that on trial it\\nproves to be inconvenient for the family life.\\nIf all the complex collocation which we call living\\ngave real and lasting happiness, we might say that it\\nwas in the line of evolutionary progress. Since it\\nfrequently does not, but, on the contrary, is produc-\\ntive of discomfort and early death, why should we not\\nconsider the possibility of greater happiness through\\nsimplicity and consequent perfection; of greater sat-\\nisfaction through the assurance that we have used\\nour resources to the best of our ability\\nI am told that the people of culture in New\\nEngland fifty years ago paid one third their income\\nfor rent, but the annual expenses of the establishment\\nwere not in proportion what they are now. Life was\\nmuch simpler, and the actual amount of work done\\nwas far less. The sanitary requirements of to-day\\nwere unknown. The handsome, simple furniture was\\nmore easily cleaned; the dust-catching bric-a-bric was\\nabsent; the laundry work was far less; and while the\\nservice of the table was dignified, it was not so\\nelaborate as now.\\nThere were no telephones, no gas, no lamps (most\\ntime-consuming in care), fewer callers, more true\\nhospitality, few brass pipes to clean, on the whole less\\nsickness. We have gained in conveniences, but have\\nlost in real ease and comfort of life. It is true cer-", "height": "3506", "width": "2207", "jp2-path": "costoflivingasmo00rich_0064.jp2"}, "65": {"fulltext": "OPERATING EXPENSES. 55\\ntain comforts have greatly increased: soft rugs have\\nreplaced the sanded floors; easy chairs, the straight-\\nbacked settle. But the knocker which announced the\\nentrance of the visitor directly into the living-room is\\nreplaced by the electric bell, which calls a maid up\\none flight of stairs to the door, only to send her up\\nanother flight to announce the caller.\\nHas any one ever calculated the foot-pounds of\\nenergy and the time consumed in answering the door-\\nbell and the telephone in a modern house Has\\nany housekeeper taken into account her increased\\ndemands as, year by year, these calls increase\\nThere is a constantly growing temptation to un-\\nnecessary expenditure for things small in themselves\\nand pleasant enough, but not worth while, as would\\nbe seen if any effort were needed to obtain them.\\nOne of the gravest objections to the telephone in a\\nhouse is the atrophy of all forethought which it per-\\nmits. Why should careful account of the larder or\\nwork-basket be taken each morning if a yeast-cake or\\na spool of thread may be ordered by telephone\\nRefinement of living has benefited by the intro-\\nduction of courses at meals instead of serving all the\\nfood at once, but the cost in time has been increased\\nby more than the number of courses. Yet the\\naverage housewife will maintain that the expense is\\nno more.\\nLet us try a readjustment of the different house-", "height": "3532", "width": "2162", "jp2-path": "costoflivingasmo00rich_0065.jp2"}, "66": {"fulltext": "56 THE COST OF LIVING.\\nhold expenses before we give up the maintenance of\\nthe individual home.\\nTo-day it would be suicidal for a young couple of\\nthe professional class or of any class to pay one third\\nof any income between fifteen hundred and three\\nthousand dollars for rent, because the accompanying\\nexpenses of those things that make modern life are\\nso much greater than they were fifty years ago.\\nThere is so much more moving about than formerly.\\nCar-fares count up. The woman goes shopping\\ndaily; the family go to the park to see the fireworks.\\nThe ice; the tax on hose and faucets; the cleaning\\nof the furnace; the cleaning of sidewalks, all swell\\nthe monthly bills.\\nThere is no mystery about the increasing popu-\\nlarity of the apartment house. The trouble of\\nestimating these expenses and of making repairs is\\nshifted to the business man s shoulders, and the\\nwoman has so much the less money to be responsible\\nfor. For those who are busy with other duties, who\\ntravel or who are getting on in years and who can\\nafford to pay for relief from care, a well-built apart-\\nment house may be a blessing, but as a family home\\nfor children it is a most extravagant luxury, and like\\nother luxuries causes deterioration in the race.\\nPerhaps we shall be obliged to give up the family\\nhome for a time in order to find out how much it is\\nworth, but it would be better for a few intelligent", "height": "3506", "width": "2207", "jp2-path": "costoflivingasmo00rich_0066.jp2"}, "67": {"fulltext": "OPERATING EXPENSES. 57\\nwomen to first experiment scientifically, in order to\\nput the subject on a practical basis, and then to\\npublish their results for others to study. A social\\nsettlement for the study of the domestic questions\\npertaining to the life of those whose incomes are\\nthree thousand dollars a year would, I believe, be\\nmore valuable than one for the study of the annual\\nexpenditure of three hundred dollars.\\nThe reader will say it all depends on standards.\\nTrue; but sanitary standards cannot be so far different\\nfor different towns.\\nOne railroad does not differ so widely from another\\nin cost of running its cars that no estimates can be\\nmade from known facts.\\nHow long should it take to clean a chamber or to\\ndo the chamber-work of the family of three or five\\nIt would not be difficult to settle this if women were\\namenable to reason or if they had any training in\\nmechanics, so that they could tell whether the person\\nwere wasting time and strength in passing to and fro\\nten times where once would serve.\\nThe following estimates are given for the purpose\\nof a definite point of departure for the study, which\\nthe writer hopes and believes will come.\\nFor instance, with an annual expenditure of $3000,\\n$500 for rent, $500 for wages, $500 for operation,\\n$700 for food, $300 for clothes, $500 for the higher\\nlife may be allotted. If this does not prove to be", "height": "3532", "width": "2162", "jp2-path": "costoflivingasmo00rich_0067.jp2"}, "68": {"fulltext": "58 THE COST OF LIVING.\\nenough, then either wages or food or clothes must be\\ncut down or a cheaper house taken. In deciding\\nthese problems, there is ample variety to keep up\\ninterest in life and to prevent all persons from falling\\nto a dead level.\\nIf two teachers, clerks, artists, desire an independ-\\nent home life, a place of their own to come to after\\nthe day s work, it is quite possible to secure it in the\\nfollowing manner:\\nAssume the income of each to be $750 a year.\\n$1500 will be the sum to be expended. Set aside for\\nrent $300, for food $375, for service $150 (since there\\nare no children and each will take care not to make\\nunnecessary work), for clothes $250, for savings or\\nemergency fund $200; leaving for travel, books,\\nchurch, charity, lectures, and amusement $225. The\\nlast three items, amounting to $337.5 dollars each or\\n45 per cent of the total income, may be varied\\naccording to the individual choice without affecting\\nthe other items.\\nThe insistence on each family living within its\\nincome and saving enough to prevent it from becom-\\ning a state burden is an ideal or a standard which\\nmust be cultivated. The happy-go-lucky way brings\\ndebt, disgrace, and that dependence which is debas-\\ning.\\nThe ratio between rent and wages must be made a\\nstudy in economics interpreted in the light of sanitary", "height": "3506", "width": "2207", "jp2-path": "costoflivingasmo00rich_0068.jp2"}, "69": {"fulltext": "OPERATING EXPENSES. 59\\nscience before a rational settlement of the service\\nquestion can be secured. And no great advance in\\nhousekeeping can take place until this is done.\\nAgricultural labor suffers because when a boy is\\nman-grown he receives man s wages whatever the\\nquality of his work. There is no opportunity for dis-\\ncrimination in values and for rise of wages.\\nSo in house service good work is not appreciated\\nor rewarded, and the same wages are paid to a slow\\nor slovenly maid as are offered to a quick, neat worker.\\nNo reward in the way of release from duty is offered\\nfor the quicker work, but only more and often un-\\nnecessary work is added in order to fill the time, in\\nthe same spirit in which the hotel guest tries to get\\nhis money s worth by eating through the bill of fare.\\nWhen the stage-coach carried its passengers and\\nthe mails over dangerous roads the driver was per-\\nforce a man of energy and resolution, of shrewd\\nobservation.\\nThe horse-car with its guiding rails required less of\\nits driver, and the position fell to those who could do\\nlittle else.\\nNow the electric motor has changed the require-\\nments, and in the suburban motorman we find many\\nan old stage-driver and the same type of quick-to-act,\\ncapable man.\\nThe moral is plain: change the requirements of\\nhousehold service by inventions and arrangements", "height": "3532", "width": "2162", "jp2-path": "costoflivingasmo00rich_0069.jp2"}, "70": {"fulltext": "60 THE COST OF LIVING.\\nwhich demand skilled labor, and the labor will come\\nto it.\\nThe unexpected forms a large part of life, the\\nlarger, the more complicated it becomes. No good\\nmanager is without a fund to draw upon for emergen-\\ncies. In the household, debt usually comes because\\nthe fund has not been reserved. This one principle\\nif insisted upon would lessen the nervous wear of\\nhousekeeping by an incalculable amount.\\nIn many respects the average housewife is yet a\\nsavage, instead of the up-to-date woman she thinks\\nherself, but in none more than in this failure to\\nestimate correctly the future possibilities in the small\\nhousehold expenses.\\nDr. Munsterberg maintains that the one thing an\\nAmerican does not economize is time, and as regards\\nthe household I think he is right.\\nThere is rarely any system by which the maids are\\ntaught to carry out one thing when they go for\\nanother, to do the thing first upon which all the rest\\ndepends, to accomplish the most for a given number\\nof steps.\\nIt will be at once said, But they do not wish to be\\ntold, they like to spend time in trifling. Possibly;\\nbut it is human nature to enjoy results, to see some-\\nthing done and not forever doing.\\nMy point is that the cost of living is greatly in-\\ncreased by the neglect of the householder to estimate", "height": "3506", "width": "2207", "jp2-path": "costoflivingasmo00rich_0070.jp2"}, "71": {"fulltext": "OPERATING EXPENSES. 6 1\\ncarefully the amount of time it should require to\\naccomplish the end arrived at and the waste at every\\nstep of the day s work. Until better habits, business\\nhabits, are brought into the household we must allow\\nabout twenty per cent excess over a rational estimate\\nin actual labor, and at least as much more for in-\\nefficient labor.\\nFor the ordinary city household where cosmopoli-\\ntan standards are adhered to, and where there are\\nchildren and social duties, it is estimated that the sum\\npaid for wages should be one half that paid for rent\\nor what would be paid if the house were not owned.\\nIn many cases, in fact in a majority of houses renting\\nfor three hundred to eight hundred dollars per year,\\ntwo thirds the rent is usual; and if the mistress does\\nnothing herself and is not a systematic business\\nwoman, the rule should be that the wages paid for all\\nthe work about the place, temporary as well as per-\\nmanent, should be equal to the rent. This may be\\nlessened in two ways by greater simplicity, or by\\nthe members of the family sharing in the duties.\\nIt is hoped that statistics may be gathered on this\\npoint as a basis of confirmation or refutation of the\\ncharge that too much of the income is spent on furni-\\nture and bric-a-bric and too little on the care of\\nthem.\\nSanitary science demands freedom from dust, quick\\nremoval of all refuse, and absolute cleanliness. This", "height": "3532", "width": "2162", "jp2-path": "costoflivingasmo00rich_0071.jp2"}, "72": {"fulltext": "62 THE COST OF LIVING.\\nmeans time and strength as well as constant watchful-\\nness.\\nThe other operating expenses, fuel, lights, ex-\\npress business, fares, stationery, water-tax, and news-\\npapers, those things that are not permanent, but go\\nto make the comforts of life, should be kept in\\namount equal to wages, -for the more servants there are\\nthe more some of these expenses will increase without\\ncorresponding increase in satisfaction. A large part\\nof the present cost of this class of household expendi-\\nture is due to an increased speed in running. In the\\ntest of the new British cruiser Highflyer it was\\nfound that with a speed of 12 J knots per hour 2135\\nhorse-power was required, but when she was run at\\n20.1 knots the horse-power was 10,344, or nearly\\nfive times for an increase of less than two times.\\nThe greater the speed the more rapid the increase.\\nFor instance, it required more coal to drive the\\ncruiser 20.1 from 19.4 knots, an increase of only .7,\\nthan to drive her the steady rate of 12J knots. In\\nour household life we are living at the rate of 20\\nknots an hour, with the consequent wear and tear on\\nthe machinery and without realizing the necessity of\\nincreased outlay if the machine is to be kept effi-\\ncient.\\nMuch of the expense complained of in modern\\nplumbing is caused by the neglect of the most\\nobvious precautions,", "height": "3506", "width": "2207", "jp2-path": "costoflivingasmo00rich_0072.jp2"}, "73": {"fulltext": "OPERATING EXPENSES. 63\\nIn no other department of household life than -in\\nthe care of details is the contrast greater between the\\nold-fashioned housewife and the mistress of the\\nmodern apartment, and in no other line is there so\\ngreat need of applied science, that science which\\ncannot be learned from books, but which women must\\nacquire or resign their position.\\nIn engineering science a careful study is given to\\nreducing friction in order that a given amount of\\npower may yield the calculated force. In the house-\\nhold the (i running of the house is the place where\\nthe friction is greatest and where it will pay most to\\ngive thought to the reduction of the wear and tear.\\nIn regard to fuel the sanitary view must be the\\nfirst to be taken. The house must be so evenly and\\nthoroughly heated as to preserve the health of its\\ninmates; and since their circumstances vary as to age,\\nhabits, occupations, clothing, etc., each must be\\ngoverned by these requirements, only there must be\\na recognition of these needs and not an ignoring of\\nthem. The heating-plant is the heart of the house\\nfor eight or nine months of the year, and must be\\nlooked after by the most intelligent and responsible\\nperson in the house, one who understands the chem-\\nistry of combustion and the mechanics of draft. The\\ncoal-bill might be reduced by one half in most house-\\nholds and the health doubly secured under these cir-\\ncumstances.", "height": "3532", "width": "2162", "jp2-path": "costoflivingasmo00rich_0073.jp2"}, "74": {"fulltext": "64 THE COST OF LIVING.\\nOne hundred dollars should be ample for heating\\na house which rents for a thousand dollars, and two\\nthirds that sum for one which rents for five hundred\\ndollars. The tenement at twenty dollars a month\\nshould be made comfortable with twenty-five dollars\\na year.", "height": "3506", "width": "2207", "jp2-path": "costoflivingasmo00rich_0074.jp2"}, "75": {"fulltext": "CHAPTER VI.\\nFOOD.\\nHalf the cost of life is the price of food. Atkinson.\\nWherefore do ye spend money for that which is not bread,\\nand your labor for that which satisfieth not \u00e2\u0080\u0094Isaiah lv. 2.\\nCourage, cheerfulness, and a desire to work depends mostly\\non good nutrition. Moleschott.\\nThe removal of the predisposition to disease is the most\\nthorough-going way of making all infectious disease impos-\\nsible. Hueppe.\\nNOT all other influences put together can equal\\nin profound effect upon the welfare of the household\\nthat exercised by food and the attitude of mind\\nregarding it. The well-nourished child is a happy,\\nstrong little animal, making brain and muscle and\\nnerve for future use. The well-nourished adult is a\\nhearty, efficient member of society, contributing his\\nshare to the common stock of public good as well as\\nenjoying his own work and pleasure. There is little\\nfear of disease for either child or man, since the best\\nprophylactic is a generous store of blood-corpuscles\\nboth red and white. The human body in normal\\ncondition has a well-drilled army of phagocytes\\n(white blood-corpuscles or leucocytes) to which the\\n65", "height": "3532", "width": "2162", "jp2-path": "costoflivingasmo00rich_0075.jp2"}, "76": {"fulltext": "66 THE COST OF LIVING.\\nman needs to give no directions. But if he neglects\\nto take suitable food or to keep himself warm, if he\\nbecomes frightened or takes drugs, his faithful aimy\\nis paralyzed and the enemy finds easy entrance. The\\ncondition of this army, like that of any other, depends\\non its commisariat. If the food-supply is just right,\\nthe soldiers are vigorous; if it is wrong in any partic-\\nular, they are weakened. Nothing can take the place\\nof food in the human economy. Therefore the poor\\nman is justified in spending two thirds of his income,\\nif need be, for food. But over-nutrition is as danger-\\nous as under-nutrition. The protecting army may\\nbe incapacitated by indulgence in food, may be\\npoisoned by ptomaines or narcotized by alcohol or\\ntobacco. The body tissues may become weakened\\nunder the strain of excess, and irritability, disease, and\\ndeath may follow. Food habits should be formed by-\\nyoung children under careful guidance. Until there\\nis a generation which is well trained in this matter\\nvery little progress in the use of food as a means of\\nsecuring human efficiency can be made. So long as\\nfood is looked upon either as a disagreeable necessity\\nor as a means of merely sensuous pleasure the child\\nwill grow up with whims and fancies which will pre-\\nvent the best physical development.\\nFor the human race as a whole it has been shown\\nthat at least half the cost of life is the cost of food.\\nFood is the essential condition of life, and the race", "height": "3506", "width": "2207", "jp2-path": "costoflivingasmo00rich_0076.jp2"}, "77": {"fulltext": "FOOD. 67\\ninstincts in regard to it are so fundamental that as a\\nrule only stress of circumstances affects any sudden\\nchange. The growth of new food habits is a gradual,\\nalmost an imperceptible one in all nationalities, be-\\ncause of that instinct of self-preservation by avoidance\\nof the unknown which was essential in the early stages\\nof race development. Only since knowledge has\\nreplaced instinct, and readiness of adaptation to\\nenvironment has produced cosmopolitan man, can\\nthere be said to exist a science of nutrition which has\\nbeen founded on a study of the food habits of a great\\nvariety of peoples under a great variety of circum-\\nstances and on the results of experimental feeding of\\nanimals.\\nAs a result of these studies it may be briefly stated\\nthat a condition of complete nutrition should be\\naimed at but not overstepped. It is the belief of\\nmost students of economics and sociology that it\\nis the overfed among the nine tenths not sub-\\nmerged who are being eliminated by the various dis-\\neases of modern life, apoplexy, heart-disease,\\nBright s disease, etc., and that the sterility of the\\nbetter-placed portion of the community is largely due\\nto the plethora of food and drink which induces\\nthe eating of more than the system can stand and\\nvitality is consequently reduced. Our appetites\\nare stronger than they need to be under existing con-\\nditions.", "height": "3532", "width": "2162", "jp2-path": "costoflivingasmo00rich_0077.jp2"}, "78": {"fulltext": "68 THE COST OF LIVING.\\nUnless some form of restraint is imposed in place\\nof that asceticism and frugality with which religious\\nideals safeguarded the more intelligent classes in the\\npast, the present type is likely to die out and a\\nmore primitive man will come forward to try anew\\nto solve the problem of the highest civilization.\\nSelf-evident propositions may be stated as follows:\\nFood is that which supplies the body with such\\nsubstances as are necessary to preserve it in health\\nand to supply it with energy for daily work or play.\\nFood materials as a whole should contain those\\nsubstances in sufficient quantities and in suitable\\nproportions.\\nFood materials should not contain anything in-\\njurious, nor be so prepared as to develop any injurious\\nqualities.\\nFood materials should not be so stored or packed\\nas to produce by their decomposition any secondary\\nsubstances which are in the least degree detrimental.*\\nGood health is essential to efficient production of\\nenergy and to the enjoyment of the good things of\\nthis world.\\nStandards of living must include the idea of effi-\\nciency if man is to live up to his opportunities.\\nFood is not only the workingman s capital, it is\\nthe cultivated man s bank-account.\\nIn addition, the mode of preparation, combination, and serv-\\ning should be such as to increase the enjoyment of the food with-\\nout rendering it less suitable for its purpose.", "height": "3506", "width": "2207", "jp2-path": "costoflivingasmo00rich_0078.jp2"}, "79": {"fulltext": "FOOD. 69\\nIt is because I believe in the possibility of control\\nof even economic conditions by ideals firmly held by\\na sufficient number of fathers and mothers (who alone,\\naccording to Patten, count for much in race progress)\\nthat I urge so strongly the dissemination of what\\nscientific knowledge we have, and the importance of\\ngaining yet more facts about food and its part in\\nhuman welfare\\nThe moment when a family is released from the\\nbondage of race instincts and habits as to food, in\\nthat moment danger begins for them. Unrestrained\\nappetite in this as in other directions leads to loss of\\nefficiency; therefore education must come to the\\nrescue.\\nIf the proper study of mankind is man, then the\\nstudy of that which makes him a capable, efficient\\nmember of society and not a wretched dyspeptic or a\\nshell of walking contagion is worthy a place in any\\ncurriculum.\\nIn no other department of household expenditure\\nis there so great an opportunity for the exercise of\\nknowledge and skill with so good results for pocket\\nand health. No item of expense is so fully under\\nindividual control. The house stands out for every\\none to see. Clothes are scrutinized and commented\\nupon; if attempt is made to economize in fuel, light,\\nand wages, it is sure to leak out and be put down to\\na niggardly soul. But in most families there is ample", "height": "3532", "width": "2162", "jp2-path": "costoflivingasmo00rich_0079.jp2"}, "80": {"fulltext": "70 THE COST OF LIVING.\\nmargin in food from which to take a respectable slice\\nwithout harming any one. If the family is a close\\ncorporation, no one will be the wiser for the time and\\nthought which the mistress puts into an aesthetic as\\nwell as nutritious table. If the typical servant is\\nrequired to follow the same plan, she will probably\\nrebel and give warning rather than live with a mistress\\nwho measures the sugar and counts the potatoes, so\\nhopelessly wasteful have our habits become.\\nIt is not the food actually eaten that costs so ex-\\ncessively, it is that zvastcd by poor cooking, by exces-\\nsive quantity, and by purchase out of season when\\nthe price is out of all proportion to its value. Good\\njudgment as to the amounts to be prepared, as to the\\nharmony of the meal, the blend of flavor; as to the\\nright appetizers; and good humor and cheerful con-\\nversation, with the most attractive setting and perfect\\nserving, will cut down the cost of almost any table one\\nhalf. Many seem to hold the idea that hospitality\\nrequires the setting of a double portion before the\\nguests, and this alone doubles the cost of food in some\\nfamilies. It may be rightly said that the knowledge\\nof this perfect table involves expensive training on\\nthe part of the mother or mistress, and that it will be\\ncheaper for the family to go to a hotel where the\\nchef is paid to do this for a thousand people. True,\\nthis is what a large number of American citizens\\nthink, and if it were not for the increased death-rate", "height": "3506", "width": "2207", "jp2-path": "costoflivingasmo00rich_0080.jp2"}, "81": {"fulltext": "FOOD. ^1\\nand the alarming prevalence of nervous breakdowns\\nand insanity we might allow the mere economic con-\\nditions to rule. But there is another side: fancies\\nand flavors and combinations may be better provided\\nfor by one who has had long experience of the tastes\\nof the family than by the chef v^ho suits the average\\nof a thousand. Also the health and manners of\\nchildren may be more carefully watched at home.\\nAnd if bright faces and merry hearts gather about\\nthe home table in fresh cool air, sweet with the\\nfavorite flowers, will not the quiet, the restful atmos-\\nphere soothe the tired nerves more than the strange\\nfaces, the glare of lights, the rattle of dishes of the\\nrestaurant or well-ordered hote- even though the\\nnoise is drowned in music\\nIn sociological work is it not considered a great\\nstep when a family is persuaded to gather as a unit\\nabout the table instead of each taking from the\\nbakeshop or the cupboard that which will serve to\\nkeep soul and body together No other symbol of\\ncomfort and well-being has been so universal as the\\nfamily table, and yet many intelligent women are\\nadvocating a reversion to primitive ways, thus doing\\naway with a civilizing agency.\\nThe home cannot be looked upon as an eating-\\nhouse, as a laundry, as a sleeping-place; it is the\\nschool of life, and anything which renders it more\\nefficient is worth paying for. The cost in money or", "height": "3532", "width": "2162", "jp2-path": "costoflivingasmo00rich_0081.jp2"}, "82": {"fulltext": "?2 THE COST OF LIVING.\\ntime is not to be for a moment grudgingly cut down.\\nWhat if the parents spend all they can earn, is it not\\nwell invested in the next generation The cost of\\nliving must be measured by the results in flesh and\\nblood and brain, not in houses and lands. Hence we\\nsay: the ideals toward which the family is striving\\ncome first into discussion before the expenditure can\\nbe rightly judged. The home is for the children, not\\nmerely for their nutrition, but for development of\\ncharacter; and that must be the only criterion of its\\ntrue economic value, not in dollars and cents, but in\\nthe character of the men and women which are the\\nproduct of the homes just as truly as the cloth is of\\nthe loom. And it is this point of view which must\\njustify the maintenance of the small group, which we\\ncall the family, as the unit of the social state.\\nEverything about the home must be judged by its\\nbearing on character. An experienced charity-worker\\nobjected to the New England Kitchen on the ground\\nthat she could not replace the educational and dis-\\nciplinary value of cooking for her poor women.\\nIt is in the deeper meaning that excuse must be\\nfound for keeping up the custom of eating at home,\\nfor it cannot be justified on economic grounds. The\\nfamily table is an educational factor of greatest im-\\nportance to the children. There, as nowhere else,\\nare inculcated the virtues of self-control, self-denial,\\nregard for others, good temper, good manners, pleas-", "height": "3506", "width": "2207", "jp2-path": "costoflivingasmo00rich_0082.jp2"}, "83": {"fulltext": "food. 73\\nant speech. The children s table presided over by\\nthe ignorant maid and the hurried service of the\\nadult has much to answer for in modern life.\\nWhatever it may cost, however uneconomic it may\\nseem, in the wider view of the aim of all living, let\\nus keep the family table even if much that is set upon\\nit comes from outside; enough should remain to\\npermit of its educational, aesthetic, and ethical value.\\nWhen housekeeping is reorganized on a business\\nbasis the present waste and drudgery and dirt in the\\nhouse-kitchen will be abolished, and along with the\\nsoap-making will go the soup- and bread-making\\nthe heavy kettles and greasy dishes. The cleaning\\nof fowls, the trimming of vegetables will be done out\\nof the house, and that bete noir the garbage-pail will\\nbe reduced to manageable dimensions. More refined\\nways of doing the necessary tasks will make the work\\na pleasure and yet, as I believe, will keep the family\\ncircle intact.\\nI do not wish to be understood as relegating food\\nto the realm of mere necessities, but I do maintain\\nthat the relation of the food-supply to health must\\nnot be overlooked or thrust out of sight.\\nThe difference between food as an animal need and\\nas a source of pleasure as well may be likened to that\\nother process of combustion and source of heat, the\\nfire on the hearth. The black air-tight stove gave\\nthe necessary heat and was more economical of fuel", "height": "3532", "width": "2162", "jp2-path": "costoflivingasmo00rich_0083.jp2"}, "84": {"fulltext": "74 THE COST OF LIVING.\\nthan the wood-fire against the chimney-back, but with\\nthe latter comes a sense of cheer, of companionship,\\nof worship, that is worth all it costs.\\nIt is this same sense of pleasurable comfort, of an\\nactual accession of strength, which is given by a suit-\\nable meal in a harmonious setting.\\nAs the useful heat of the fire is not wanting, how-\\never great its beauty, so the useful fuel-value of the\\nfood must be considered under all the accessories.\\nThere is here the additional variable, the power of the\\nbody to utilize the bountiful gift. The very charm\\nof the surroundings helps to this provided there is\\nnot positive harm in the ingredients or their com-\\nbination.\\nMuch of the present cost of food is in the exceed-\\ning cleanliness necessary in dealing with the animal\\nfoods which are so liable to harmful changes.\\nThe right attitude of mind toward food will make\\nits choice, preparation, and serving that which in\\nearlier times it was a worship, and the office that\\nof a priestess. It was not by chance that so many\\nreligious rites were connected with eating.\\nIt served to impress the importance of the right\\nview of food upon primitive peoples.\\nIt is just as wrong to ignore food or to hold it of\\nlittle value as to consider it too much. The health\\nof the human body means sufficient food if the indi-\\nvidual is to do his or her work in the world.", "height": "3506", "width": "2207", "jp2-path": "costoflivingasmo00rich_0084.jp2"}, "85": {"fulltext": "FOOD. 75\\nMrs. Bosanquet writes: Women are supposed to\\nbe able to live on a much less wage than men of the\\nsame social standing, and this is largely because they\\naccept a much lower standard of living. That is,\\nthey are content with less food, less comfort, narrower\\ninterests, and less recreation; and this reacts through\\ntheir impaired vitality by making them less efficient.\\nThe woman needs less it is always argued as a\\nreason for woman s lower wages, but she needs less\\nonly in the sense that it costs less to maintain a low\\nphysical standard than a high one.\\nBullock* says there are five ways in which fully\\none fifth the money expended for food is absolutely\\nwasted, while the expenditure often fails to provide\\nadequate nutriment. In this manner ten per cent of\\nthe income is squandered in\u00e2\u0080\u0094\\ni. Needlessly expensive material, providing little\\nnutrition.\\n2. A great deal thrown away.\\n3. Bad preparation.\\n4. Failure to select rightly according to season.\\n5. Badly constructed ovens.\\nThis waste if checked would give an increase of\\nincome which would appreciably lift the family to a\\nhigher plane of efficient life.\\nI am so often asked for definite menus and for a\\nlist of articles of food which can serve a family for a\\nEconomics*", "height": "3532", "width": "2162", "jp2-path": "costoflivingasmo00rich_0085.jp2"}, "86": {"fulltext": "j6 THE COST OF LIVING.\\ngiven sum that I am forced to the conclusion that\\nthere is very little knowledge as to what good food is\\nor what it costs; that the decision as to what to\\nfurnish to the table rests upon what other persons are\\nknown to buy rather than on any individual judg-\\nment. This is either childish imitation or foolish\\nfollowing of fashion.\\nEven the writers of cook-books and teachers of cook-\\ning have too often followed instead of led the public.\\nScientific investigation is needed in this respect as\\nmuch as in any other. Before we can make definite\\nstatements we must have definite knowledge. Most\\nof the work done by the United States Government\\nhas been among those supposed to waste most in food\\nmaterials, those with an income less than five hundred\\ndollars. What is more needed is information as to\\nwhat it costs to live well for a family with fifteen\\nhundred to three thousand dollars a year; for health-\\nful, appetizing food at a sum not exceeding twenty-\\nfive per cent of the income.\\nWhen we get budgets from a large number of these\\nfamilies we shall be able to formulate much better\\nthan now the rules for the expenditure of this part of\\nthe income.\\nExtensive studies of the composition of food ma-\\nterials and of the amounts consumed by man under\\nwidely differing conditions show that sufficient raw\\nfood material for health and production of energy", "height": "3506", "width": "2207", "jp2-path": "costoflivingasmo00rich_0086.jp2"}, "87": {"fulltext": "FOOD. 77\\nmay be secured anywhere in America within reach of\\na railroad for nine to ten cents per day per person,\\nprovided the appetite is strong and natural and not\\ninfluenced by whimsical fancies. Thirteen to fifteen\\ncents furnishes good fare for intelligent workmen\\nwhose wives understand both buying and cooking, and\\nalso serves for large establishments kept at public\\nexpense, such as prisons and almshouses.\\nEighteen to twenty-five cents per day per person\\nis the most which, according to our estimates in\\nChapter III, should be spent by those whose incomes\\nare one thousand to fifteen hundred dollars per year.\\nAnd the knowledge now available for the housewife\\nwill allow her to do this satisfactorily, provided\\nthat the aims of the family rise above the pleasures\\nof the palate.\\nThis sum is sufficient for collections of three\\nhundred to five hundred persons under one roof,\\nschools, hospitals, and institutions supported by\\ncharity, again provided that the right spirit of\\ncooperation exists and that a scientific attitude of\\nmind can be maintained.\\nTwenty-eight to thirty cents is the maximum limit\\nfor such institutions and for families who are eager\\nfor the higher pleasures of living and have not money\\nenough for both.\\nThirty-five to forty cents spent with discretion is\\nample for colleges, paying hospitals, private schools,", "height": "3532", "width": "2162", "jp2-path": "costoflivingasmo00rich_0087.jp2"}, "88": {"fulltext": "78 THE COST OF LIVING.\\nand private families if the purveyor, cook, and serv-\\ning maid, each and all, do their duty after they are\\nfurnished with the proper appliances.\\nOnly when the income of a family of five indi-\\nviduals, including servants, rises above four thousand\\ndollars a year should an expenditure of fifty cents\\nper day per person for raw food materials be looked\\nupon with complacency, unless the momentary pleas-\\nures of the palate are preferred to the lasting pleasure\\nof health and the satisfaction of the higher nature.\\nFrom what has been said it will be seen that the\\naesthetic value of the table cannot be realized unless\\nthe highest intelligence in the house makes it his or\\nher care. I must say that some of the most perfect\\nexamples I know are those in which the man of the\\nhouse puts his mind on it. I believe it would be\\ngreatly to the advantage of the health and happiness\\nof the world if this part of the housekeeping were for\\na time done by men, for then they would systematize\\nit as they have systematized the various industrial\\npursuits which were once household occupations.\\nThe difficulty would be that they would not be\\nsatisfied with the economic waste of using as much\\neffort and time to prepare food for four as is needed\\nfor fourteen or forty, and the common dining-room\\nwould prevail.\\nThe American woman has been much slower than\\nthe American man to grasp the meaning of the", "height": "3506", "width": "2207", "jp2-path": "costoflivingasmo00rich_0088.jp2"}, "89": {"fulltext": "FOOD. 79\\nproper setting by which to increase the enjoyment of\\nfood. The club table is often a model feast, while,\\nsince she no longer cooks the meal herself, the house-\\nwife has washed her hands of all care for the essentials\\nand wasted her energy on the foolish abundance of\\nentrees, sweets, and bon-bons; she has not learned\\nto keep the air of her dining-room cool and fresh and\\nhas not taken pains to make the meal an intelligent\\nfeast; above all, she has not trained the children to\\neat for life and health, but allowed them to sacrifice\\nboth to mere habit and whim. As a result her ex-\\npenses are large, her health poor, her children peevish,\\nher husband makes any excuse to dine at his club,\\nand she longs to give up housekeeping and board.\\nMost of the women who have written upon house-\\nhold economics have shown how smoothly life would\\nrun if there were no kitchens, and have advocated\\ncaravansaries where a common dining-room should\\nserve as an amusement-hall.\\nIf it were only the drudgery of preparing the three\\nmeals a day, this would be a safe solution, but the\\nefficiency of the individual depends almost entirely\\non his food. It matters little whether his house has\\na Gothic window or a Mansard roof, whether the\\nlining of his coat is of silk or of cotton, as to the\\nnumber of miles he can walk or ride, or the business\\nhe can transact, but it does matter whether he is able to\\nextract the full number of calories from his breakfast.", "height": "3532", "width": "2162", "jp2-path": "costoflivingasmo00rich_0089.jp2"}, "90": {"fulltext": "80 THE COST OF LIVING.\\nLet food and Its accessories be once established on\\na standard of health which means latent power, and\\nnot upon fashion, and the college president will be\\nno longer able to include cooking with millinery in\\nthe same ignoble category.\\nThe dressmaker and the milliner are chosen with\\ngreat care, and many visits are made to the shops to\\nselect fabrics and trimmings; but the cook who is\\nresponsible for the upbuilding and preservation of the\\nbody is chosen haphazard and the food ordered by\\ntelephone.\\nNot until it is generally known how much the food\\nhas to do with human welfare will it receive the\\nattention it merits.\\nLet the housewife once grasp this idea and she will\\nfit herself to carry it out.\\nLet the young woman who has longed for a career\\nin medicine turn her attention to keeping sickness\\naway, and so devote herself to bringing up the sum\\ntotal of human happiness.\\nPatten says: We now have a fair chance to test\\nthe theory of the dominant influence of scientific\\nhabits of thought on public opinion. Dyspepsia is\\nbecoming prevalent. A dyspeptic is in the same un-\\ncertainty with regard to the effect of what he eats\\nthat the primitive man was in regard to his ability to\\nget something to eat. The result is the same a\\nvictim of superstitious fancies and a user of nostrums.", "height": "3506", "width": "2207", "jp2-path": "costoflivingasmo00rich_0090.jp2"}, "91": {"fulltext": "FOOD.\\n8l\\nIf all men became dyspeptics, superstition would be\\nas rife as it was in the middle ages. The race is to\\nbe helped, not by argument, but by a relief from dis-\\nease, and this sanitary science is trying to accomplish\\neven against the will of the victims.\\nThe following table taken from No. 16 of the\\nRumford Kitchen Leaflets may be helpful to those\\ndesiring to study the cost of food.\\nNitrogen.\\nCheese\\nBeans\\nPeas\\nEggs\\nMeats\\nMilk\\nStay\\nRice\\nWheat\\nCorn\\nOats\\nBarley-\\nRye\\nBeans\\nPeas\\nPotatoes\\nTABLE I.\\nFOOD SUBSTANCES\\nRICH IN\\nSalts,\\nh. Fat.\\nSugars.\\nAcids, Flavors.\\nCheese\\nMolasses\\nVegetables\\nt Meats\\nSyrups\\nFruits\\nEggs\\nPreserves\\nGreen Relishes\\nMilk\\nFruits\\nCondiments\\nCorn\\nOats\\nWheat\\nRye\\nBarley\\nTABLE II.\\nFOOD MATERIALS IN RELATION TO COST.\\nFor 5 to is cents Per\\nperson, daily, the food\\nmay be chosen from\\nPotatoes\\nRye Meal\\nCorn Meal\\nWheat Flour\\nBarley\\nOats\\nPeas\\nBeans\\nSalt Codfish\\nHalibut Nape\\nFor is to jo cents per For 30 to 100 cents f er\\nperson, daily, the food person, daily, the food\\nmay be chosen frotn\\nBeef and Mutton or any\\nmeat not over 25 cents\\nper pound\\nWheat Bread (purchased\\nat the baker s)\\nSuet\\nButter\\nWhole Milk\\nCheese\\nDried Fruits\\nAny meat with little bone, Cabbage and other vege- Coffee\\nat 5 cents per pound tables in their season\\nOleomargarine Sugar\\nSkimmed Milk Fish\\nBacon\\nSome Fruits in their season\\nmay be chosen from\\nChoice cuts of Beef, Mut-\\nton, or other meats\\nChickens\\nGreen Vegetables, Garden\\nStuff, and Vegetables out\\nof season\\nPreserves\\nConfections\\nCakes\\nTea", "height": "3532", "width": "2162", "jp2-path": "costoflivingasmo00rich_0091.jp2"}, "92": {"fulltext": "CHAPTER VII.\\nCLOTHING IN RELATION TO HEALTH.\\nThe pursuit of things fashionable for the sole reason that\\nthey are fashionable is not an exalted occupation and is, indeed,\\nI think a somewhat sheeplike attribute.\u00e2\u0080\u0094 Frederick Treves.\\nOne of the strongest human wants is the society of one s\\nfellows. Bullock.\\nThe cost of the clothing, like that of the house,\\ndepends more often upon what impression it is\\ndesired to make upon the outside world than upon\\nthe true office of clothing, namely, to preserve the\\nhealth by protecting the body from sudden changes\\nof temperature. Whatever may be the cut and color\\nof the outside layer, the real garments should fulfil\\nthis requirement, and the money necessary to secure\\nthis should not be used for other purposes.\\nIn our present views as to the nature and causes of\\ndisease, temperature plays an important role.\\nWe believe that a well-nourished body kept at its\\nnormal temperature is exceedingly resistent to if not\\nproof against ordinary forms of disease. Bodily\\ntemperature is chiefly maintained by food and cloth-\\n82", "height": "3506", "width": "2207", "jp2-path": "costoflivingasmo00rich_0092.jp2"}, "93": {"fulltext": "CLOTHING IN RELATION TO HEALTH. 83\\ning, and the one supplements the other. The one\\nfurnishes fuel, and the other saves it.\\nInsufficient food or insufficient clothing may permit\\nof a lowering of the temperature of a part or all of\\nthe body so that disease may gain a foothold.\\nThe first office of clothing, hygienically speaking,\\nis to furnish an outer layer over the body skin which\\nshall protect that organ, made delicate by generations\\nof protection, from sudden changes of temperature,\\nso sudden as not to give the stored food-supply time\\nto respond to the stimulus. It is evident that this\\nlayer should be spread evenly over the skin, and so\\nlightly as not to interfere with free bodily movement,\\nand that it should be quite pervious to air, since the\\nskin is more than covering and has offices to perform\\nin the body economy akin to those of lungs and\\nkidneys. It is not the insufficiently dressed person\\nwho catches cold, but the superabundantly dressed.\\nAnd yet direct access of cold air should be pre-\\nvented upon such exposed blood-vessels as occur at\\nwrists and knees.\\nRecent experiments indicate that several layers of\\ndifferent substances and a loosely woven texture are\\nmost advantageous.\\nLove of display, of that color which will attract\\nattention, is an instinct inherited from our savage\\nancestors. An attribute of the early man, it has in\\nthe course of evolution reached the woman. As was", "height": "3553", "width": "2213", "jp2-path": "costoflivingasmo00rich_0093.jp2"}, "94": {"fulltext": "84 THE COST OF LIVING.\\nnatural when women were left without the home\\nindustries which served as absorbing occupations for\\nthem, they began to turn their attention to themselves\\nand to allow free play to an untrained fancy in the\\nclothing of themselves and their families. With the\\nfactory cheapening fabrics and becoming unscrupulous\\nin the use cf evanescent dyes, nearly all articles of\\nclothing used for outside display have degenerated,\\nand waste of money in this direction by those who\\nneed it for other things has become shocking. No\\nother form of sense gratification seems such a mania\\nwith women their freedom from household occupa-\\ntion has certainly not been well used for the most\\npart. It is not uncommon to find a woman who has\\nsacrificed the well-being of herself and her family to\\na love of display.\\nHere again the school must come to the rescue and\\nprevent the next generation from making the same\\nmistake.\\nThe argument is used that it makes business to\\ncater to this mania; but it were better that business\\nshould not be made for the aggrandizement of the\\nfew than that the many should have their ideals\\ndebased.\\nWhatever may be said of the morality of a factory\\nfor the making of idols for sale in the East, or of\\nprinting cloths of barbarous designs and color for\\nsavage islanders under the pleas that they want them", "height": "3506", "width": "2207", "jp2-path": "costoflivingasmo00rich_0094.jp2"}, "95": {"fulltext": "CLOTHING IN RELATION TO HEALTH. 85\\nand will have no other, in a civilized country those\\nwho cater to the wants of its own citizens should be\\nforced by public opinion to use their capital and their\\nskill in ways which will elevate and not degrade the\\nideals of the people for whom they work.\\nNo great or sudden revolution can be expected, but\\na strong pressure can be exerted if intelligent persons\\nwill give time and thought to the study of these\\nthings.\\nProtection by clothing from the rigors of climate is\\na distinct advance, as it enables more energy to be\\nused for other purposes; but excess of clothing leads\\nto tenderness of skin and delicacy of appetite, which\\nill prepare the individual to surmount the obstacles\\nnature has interposed.\\nClothing in excess of physical needs must meet\\nsesthetical needs which are as real; when a garment\\ndoes neither, but is a source of discomfort to the\\nwearer and displeasure to the observer, it may be said\\nto have little value.\\nThe habit of balancing the various utilities of\\nclothing would save many a weary hour of stitching\\nand shopping.\\nThis is not a treatise on hygiene, but a discussion\\nof certain points in sanitary science which bear on\\ncost of living; and in the cost of clothing we must\\ninclude the aesthetic side, just as was done in the case\\nof house-furnishing and of food. In this there is an", "height": "3553", "width": "2213", "jp2-path": "costoflivingasmo00rich_0095.jp2"}, "96": {"fulltext": "86 THE COST OF LIVING.\\nunlimited range of possibility, and only certain ideals\\nrigidly held will save the exchequer from being\\nunduly depleted on this account.\\nEach family has ample room for choice which\\naesthetic sense shall be gratified after the hygienic\\nessentials are satisfied.\\nIt may be clothes, it may be food, it may be\\npictures, it may be furniture, it may be travel, but in\\nour families it cannot be all of them. When this\\nchoice is guided by principle and not by fashion the\\nfamily will rest secure in their reasons for a given\\naction, and not be troubled by outside opinion.\\nWith increase of knowledge it will be possible to\\ncombine the requisite of health and beauty in such a\\nway as to lead to economy of time and money.\\nThe proportion of the income which is due to this\\npart of life may be estimated at from five to fifteen\\nper cent for the wage-earner whose income is ten to\\ntwelve dollars per week (six hundred dollars). Thirty\\ndollars will go a long way in providing raw material\\nfor the family if it is made up at home and if a wise\\nselection is made of durable materials of true bargain\\nor mark-down sales. For the clerk or teacher on a\\nsalary of twelve hundred dollars ten per cent will keep\\nthe family in tidy condition for school and church\\nand holidays.\\nThe most difficult case is that of the family who\\nare striving to keep in society and who must spend", "height": "3506", "width": "2207", "jp2-path": "costoflivingasmo00rich_0096.jp2"}, "97": {"fulltext": "CLOTHING IN RELATION TO HEALTH.\\nfor gloves, carriages, and the costly trifles which\\nmake solely for appearance and the absence of which\\nis not forgiven. Unless the income rises above\\ntwenty-five hundred dollars, fifteen per cent will go\\nwith the greatest rapidity, and home-made clothing\\nwill not pass muster. Nothing is more humiliating\\nthan to be obliged to stay away from a pleasant\\noccasion because no suitable clothes are on hand.\\nHere again knowledge pays; for if there is an\\naesthetic touch, a personal atmosphere, an ideal, not a\\nslavish following of fashion, a person may be well\\ndressed with very small expense. Fashion herself\\nwill approve, and society not shrug her shoulders. It\\nis the thoughtless dowdy she disapproves, or the\\npurchased, ready-made air. It is not money but\\nknowledge and care which tells. One color is not\\nmuch more expensive than another, and one style\\ndoes not require much more cloth than another. It\\nis the perfection of detail, the fit, the perfect work,\\nthe care far more than the money-cost which shows\\ntaste. The decadence of the use of the needle, the\\nlack of comprehension of what makes dress an\\nornament, result in the hideous combinations seen on\\nour streets, and in a waste of money which might be\\nspent on better things.\\nClothing from the standpoint of health is shelter,\\nprotection from heat and cold, and is a corollary to\\nfood. In cold climates the warmer the clothing the", "height": "3553", "width": "2213", "jp2-path": "costoflivingasmo00rich_0097.jp2"}, "98": {"fulltext": "88 THE COST OF LIVING.\\nless food is required. A layer light in weight spread\\nevenly over the body so as to protect, not impede, so\\nloose in texture as not to prevent free circulation of\\nair, soft enough not to irritate the skin several layers\\nof different rather than of the same materials, will\\naccomplish the purpose.\\nThese are the essentials which the devotee of\\nhygiene will secure first. Outside is the layer which\\nwe show to the world with an idea of enhancing our\\nattraction to others. We can add pleasure to use by\\nappearing in harmonious colors and graceful forms,\\nand we can by the right selection add to our appear-\\nance. This is right and proper if, as is the case in\\nthe architecture of the house, it does not cripple the\\nmore important life of the soul.\\nBut worse than all else in its effect on the morals\\nis the same lack of care in preservation of material\\nand garments which is seen in furniture and food.\\nThe tendency is to use everything as if this were the\\nonly time it would be needed.", "height": "3506", "width": "2207", "jp2-path": "costoflivingasmo00rich_0098.jp2"}, "99": {"fulltext": "CHAPTER VIII.\\nTHE INTELLECTUAL AND EMOTIONAL LIFE; SAT-\\nISFACTION OF OTHER THAN MATERIAL WANTS.\\nThe education of the near future will focus upon the feel-\\nings, sentiments, emotions, and try to do something for the\\nheart, out of which are the issues of life. It is this side of our\\nnature which represents the human race. G. Stanley Hall.\\nIt is not what we lack that makes us discontented, but\\nwhat others have. Horace Annesley Vachel.\\nThe intellectual and emotional life includes the\\nexercise of those faculties which distinguish man, and\\nthe cultivation of which is held to advance what is\\nknown as civilization.\\nThe barbarian sees mountain and stream, the ten-\\nder green of spring, the rich red of autumn, but he is\\nnot moved to action by the emotions they excite.\\nThe holiday crowd in a picture-gallery sees the colors\\nand forms on the canvas, but the meaning so clear to\\nthe art-lover is not for them.\\nGreat thoughts of great men have power to move\\nonly those in whom there is an answering vibration.\\nIf the tendency to wider separation of the extremes", "height": "3553", "width": "2213", "jp2-path": "costoflivingasmo00rich_0099.jp2"}, "100": {"fulltext": "90 THE COST OF LIVING.\\nof society is to be checked, and a more general diffu-\\nsion of comfort and aesthetic ideals is to be seen, the\\nadvance must come from that portion of society which\\nwe are considering, those to whom the treasures of\\npast ages are more valuable than present luxury; to\\nwhom the possible ideals of the human race are\\ndearer than probable wealth for their children.\\nWhen money ceases to be the most valuable pos-\\nsession, its baleful power will be gone and it will\\nbecome only a means of satisfying the needs of the\\nemotional and intellectual nature, instead of minister-\\ning to base passions and ignoble desires.\\nThe fixed determination to set aside one quarter\\nof the income for the satisfaction of the needs of\\nman s higher nature, either in the present or in the\\nimmediate future, would go far toward cutting off the\\narms of the octopus which threatens to squeeze the\\nlife out of the American republic.\\nIf only the college, the university, the school, will\\ngive the right direction to this movement and not\\nremain so hypnotized by the past as to neglect the\\npresent opportunity!\\nThe intellectual and more refined expressions of\\nthe emotional nature are those most in need of culti-\\nvation in America to-day; a more truly American art\\nand literature, more refined living, with more thought\\ngiven to the meaning of life, to the object for which\\nall exertion should tend, more thought for the manner", "height": "3506", "width": "2207", "jp2-path": "costoflivingasmo00rich_0100.jp2"}, "101": {"fulltext": "THE INTELLECTUAL AND EMOTIONAL LIFE. 91\\nof accomplishing a given result, less for the money\\nvalue of it.\\nFor an ideal, any sacrifice is pleasure. For an\\nideal, men will strive and win success, when otherwise\\nthey will sink into inaction. Ideals, then, men must\\nhave, and in the division of the income a place must\\nbe given to them and a portion set apart to minister\\nto that side of human nature.\\nOne great advantage of this recognition is that the\\nyoung couple, whose interests we are considering\\nwill pause, before buying an ornament, or a picture,\\nor a piece of furniture; and will have a chance for\\ndecision as to the permanent value of the object and\\nits meaning to them. Anything purchased with\\nthought and care and placed to meet a need of the\\nperson has a value, even if better taste and wider\\nknowledge would have discarded it.\\nIt is the caterer to these blind instincts who should\\nbe the object of our wrath, the man who, to make\\nmoney, deliberately manufactures frail articles, flimsy\\nimitations, not worth the carrying home. If some\\nwave of reform could cover this class of goods and\\nremove temptation, an immediate improvement in the\\ncondition of the masses would be seen.\\nTo those who should know better, whose college\\neducation should have (alas, how seldom it has!)\\ntaught them to know the best, we must appeal to\\nspend this part of their income on principle, no", "height": "3553", "width": "2213", "jp2-path": "costoflivingasmo00rich_0101.jp2"}, "102": {"fulltext": "92 The cost of living.\\nmatter what the object may be: books, pictures,\\nornaments, church or charity, let it be a conscious\\neffort toward a higher and a fuller life, toward what\\nwe believe may be the highest civilization.\\nEntire freedom of choice should rule in this as in\\nother departments, only let it be choice and not drift.\\nLet it be what we desire with conscious longing and\\nnot what we happen to see in the possession of others\\nthat animates our endeavor.\\nIt is the attitude of mind toward the objects with\\nwhich we surround ourselves, rather than the objects\\nthemselves, which makes or mars our welfare. For\\nthis reason, the teaching in the public schools should\\ninclude right ideals of life from the material point of\\nview and right notions as to values. A whole genera-\\ntion could be elevated with one concerted effort\\nthrough this powerful agency.\\nIf we read the history of the rocks and seas aright,\\neach animal race has risen to a culmination when the\\nfcod-supply and general environment became such as\\nto permit of it and then has declined and passed\\naway.\\nThe conditions under which the human race are at\\npresent living lead us to ask most seriously if such is\\nto be its fate. There is, however, one difference\\nbetween animals and men. Men have a power of\\nchoice, of looking into the future, to which reference\\nhas so many times been made. There is a possibility", "height": "3506", "width": "2207", "jp2-path": "costoflivingasmo00rich_0102.jp2"}, "103": {"fulltext": "THE INTELLECTUAL AND EMOTIONAL LIFE. 93\\nthat by this power of conscious choice, of present\\nrestraint for future good, man may rise to a greater\\nheight and persist for a longer time.\\nEvolution,* therefore, seems to be under better\\ncontrol in regard to the human race. No longer is\\nenvironment everything, it is now dominated largely\\nby intelligence and choice, and this appears the only\\nhope that man may escape the fate that has so far\\nbefallen each dominant species which has left foot-\\nprints on the sands of time. This faculty of\\nchoice may enable us to resist the appetites and in-\\nclinations which, although raising us in the animal\\nscale, tend to bring us to the brink from which we\\nshall fall.\\nThe feeling of oneness, the altruistic movement so\\nevident all over the English-speaking world, is evi-\\ndence of the check upon the selfishness of individual\\nfreedom and that the time has come for a larger race\\ndevelopment. Therefore this portion of the income\\nmust have a larger share in the twentieth century\\nthan in the nineteenth.\\nIt is true that the same element of conscious choice\\nlies in all the other directions of expenditure; never-\\ntheless this division is made for the purpose of em-\\nphasizing and calling attention to the importance of\\nrecognizing it. Certain it is that selfish gratification\\nbrings its own punishment even if it is not immediate.\\nEvolution and Effort, by Edmond Kelly, pp. 270-280.", "height": "3553", "width": "2213", "jp2-path": "costoflivingasmo00rich_0103.jp2"}, "104": {"fulltext": "94 THE COST OF LIVIiMG.\\nOne of the moral advantages of the family life is that\\nof suppressing this one-sided development. The\\nfreedom of the individual has its bounds set by the\\ngood of the race.\\nAltruistic instincts, the possibility of giving of\\none s own to others, can only be satisfied when the\\nincome yields more than enough for bare existence.\\nAs in nutrition and all other factors of living, there\\nis the golden mean if we can only find it. Saving for\\nno purpose is niggardly; saving for a possible future\\nand pinching in a real present is unwise and unpro-\\ngressive; but saving to be independent of charity is\\nessential to true manliness of character, and furnishes\\nthe incentive which keeps two thirds of mankind\\nalive. This saving may not be in the form of stocks\\nand bonds and a bank-account. It may be in the\\nform of valuable works of art, of which the enjoyment\\nmay be taken as the days fly by; of investment in\\nhouse and furniture, if only that which is truly valu-\\nable is chosen, and not that which is sham and flimsy\\nin construction or of passing fashion.\\nThe best investment any family can make is in the\\nhealth and education of the children; in surrounding\\nthem at the impressionable age with those forms and\\ncolors and objects which shall lead them to choose\\nthe best things life has to offer, in making possible\\nfor them a better life than the parents have had.\\nAt the same time there is danger that the incen-", "height": "3506", "width": "2207", "jp2-path": "costoflivingasmo00rich_0104.jp2"}, "105": {"fulltext": "THE INTELLECTUAL AND EMOTIONAL LIFE. 95\\ntive to effort will be withdrawn; and one clear fact\\nstands out through all ages of organic evolution\\nthat through effort alone has progress been made.\\nThe massing of the population in cities has made\\npossible the provision for communistic amusement\\nand recreation to an extent somewhat startling to the\\nmoralist. Each suburban trolley-line has its park or\\nlake with vaudeville attractions. The things which\\nmake for the satisfaction of the aesthetic, the sensu-\\nous, the ethical education or enjoyment of the\\nmasses, are now provided in nearly all cities by muni-\\ncipal appropriation or private benefaction. Parks,\\nlibraries, picture-galleries, museums, music, baths,\\nhave all been added to schools, free classes, and\\npublic lectures.\\nThe difficulty is to arouse an appreciation of the\\nadvantages given, to educate the taste of the people\\nso that they will use aright the things provided.\\nJudged by the amount of money spent, the mass\\nof people have far more of what stands to them for\\ncomfort and the good things of this world than ever\\nbefore, but it is questionable if health and peace to\\nenjoy them have correspondingly increased. But\\nthey take both their ordinary life and their pleasure\\nin large groups, after the fashion of the primitive\\ncommunities; they follow the crowd; even when the\\nincome permits wider choice, the attraction of num-\\nbers is not lost.", "height": "3553", "width": "2213", "jp2-path": "costoflivingasmo00rich_0105.jp2"}, "106": {"fulltext": "g6 THE COST OF LIVING.\\nFor a large number of men and women who are\\nnot devoid of taste and who are capable of serious\\nthought, the first necessity of life is not to think, but\\nto live. The pleasure of looking at a play is one of\\nthe secondary pleasures; the pleasure of going to it\\none of the primary. The pleasures on which\\nthey spend the most money are not those which they\\nthink the highest, but they are certainly the pleasures\\nwhich they practically feel to be the most neces-\\nsary.\\nThe question confronting us is, shall the same con-\\nditions of receiving the pleasures of life from the\\nhands of the state be carried on into the more pros-\\nperous families, or is there a good and sufficient\\nreason why each family should retain in its own con-\\ntrol the needs of the intellectual life as well as of the\\nanimal Why is it, indeed, that it is held so essen-\\ntial that the unintelligent masses should have certain\\npleasures, even though they may not be able to\\nprovide them Is it not that through them they\\nmay be roused to greater exertion, to a desire for\\nmore than it is in the power of the state to give,\\nor than it is for the welfare of the citizen that it\\nshould give\\nWhat then is the something behind it all Is\\nit not possession, individual ownership, which in all\\nThe Incongruities of Expenditure, fron Saturday Review,\\nin Littell s, June 24, 1899.", "height": "3506", "width": "2207", "jp2-path": "costoflivingasmo00rich_0106.jp2"}, "107": {"fulltext": "THE INTELLECTUAL AND EMOTIONAL LIFE. 9;\\nraces marks an advance mine to do with as I will\\nMine if I will work hard enough to get it mine own\\nhome, mine to control, to experiment with, mine for\\nsuccess or failure This individual ownership seems\\nto have been the incentive which has led to the\\nbuilding up of our civilization; are we to throw it\\naway and go back to the communal life of primitive\\npeoples\\nThat it is a fundamental race instinct is shown by\\nits appearance in the second year of every child s life.\\nIt is the dawn of the higher intelligence to be followed\\nby imagination as to what may be done with the\\nthings possessed. As soon, therefore, as the family\\nincome reaches eight hundred dollars a year, if not\\nbefore, the principle of paying for pleasure and edu\\ncation and comforts should be made a rule if for no\\nother reason than because of the value of necessary\\ncultivation of choice, of self-denial in one direction,\\nof gratification in another.\\nSo wide is the range that there is ample oppor-\\ntunity for the cultivation of all the faculties possessed\\nby man.\\nHealth of mind depends upon conscious effort just\\nas truly as health of body. Children should be\\ntrained early in this direction, and in their purchases\\nbe made to feel that objects contribute to the fund\\nof mental enjoyment.\\nLife-insurance and savings may well come in this", "height": "3553", "width": "2213", "jp2-path": "costoflivingasmo00rich_0107.jp2"}, "108": {"fulltext": "98 THE COST OF LIVING.\\nportion of the income, since they are the means of\\nthat sense of independence which the race has been\\nstriving for; only let not the mania for saving go so\\nfar as to cripple the present life; let that fund grow\\nfrom the unexpected surplus. A nest-egg should be\\nalways retained if a sense of security and that peace\\nof mind which John Locke was thinking of is to be\\ncontinued.\\nThe spirit of helpfulness toward a less fortunate\\nneighbor belongs in this class and has existed in\\nvarious forms, religious, charitable, and just simple\\nhelp which one poor family gives to another. This\\nspirit of true altruism exists far more than one who\\nhas not been brought into contact with it would\\nbelieve.\\nA family with troubles enough of its own will help\\na friend to the extent of its last dollar. I am more\\noften called upon to advance money to my employes\\nto help some other person in distress than for their\\nown needs. Nor do I grudge the bicycle to the boy\\nwho had much better walk, according to my notion\\nnor even the piano to the girl who should be doing\\nhousework. It is all a part of the evolution of a love\\nof the beautiful and the pleasing, which can be rightly\\ncultivated under wise direction.\\nI do feel, however, that those who have learned to\\nbe wise owe it to their less fortunate neighbors to\\ngive them the means of education, which can best be", "height": "3506", "width": "2207", "jp2-path": "costoflivingasmo00rich_0108.jp2"}, "109": {"fulltext": "THE INTELLECTUAL AND EMOTIONAL LIFE. 99\\ndone in the public schools. These buildings should\\nbe models in form, in color of walls, in decoration, in\\npictures and casts, and copies of these should be\\nmade available for the homes to which the children\\ngo-\\nAbove all, the beauty of cleanliness, the most\\ncostly of all beauty, should be exemplified in school-\\nhouses, and the means for attaining it fully shown.\\nEach householder has a duty in this respect also\\nto the employe under his roof. Space and oppor-\\ntunity should be given and requirements made which\\ncan be carried out in the humbler households which\\nthey will eventually form. Only no special method\\nof personal gratification must be forced allow them\\nto choose, but guide the choice. The school is,\\nhowever, the agent of the first consequence in exert-\\ning a profound influence upon the homes of the next\\ngeneration.", "height": "3553", "width": "2213", "jp2-path": "costoflivingasmo00rich_0109.jp2"}, "110": {"fulltext": "CHAPTER IX.\\nTHE ORGANIZATION OF THE HOUSEHOLD.\\nIt is the present duty of the economist to magnify the office\\nof the wealth-expender, to accompany her to the very threshold\\nof the home, that he may point out with untiring vigilance its\\nwoful defects, its emptiness caused not so much by lack of in-\\ncome as by lack of knowledge of how to spend it wisely.\\nEdward Devine.\\nA woman has courage in great things and fails in small\\ncrises. Katherine De Forest.\\nThe greatest of all obstacles to social progress is lack of\\ndirective intelligence, of skill in management. LUCY M.\\nSalmon.\\nEducation is no doubt a process both long and toilsome-\\nbut it is withal a hopeful process and forms the basis of mod-\\nern democracy. A. F. Weber.\\nThe great industrial and economic questions of the\\ntwentieth century centre about household manage-\\nment, and the expenditure of half the income is a\\nvast sum to be in the hands of any one class of per-\\nsons. Just as soon as the home is raised to its proper\\nposition and is recognized as a business, its director\\nwill be required to have knowledge and skill in some\\nmeasure commensurate with the interests at stake.", "height": "3506", "width": "2207", "jp2-path": "costoflivingasmo00rich_0110.jp2"}, "111": {"fulltext": "THE ORGANIZATION OF THE HOUSEHOLD. IOI\\nThe higher purposes of home life must come into\\nsight and be the dominating factors unless the present\\ncivilization is to pass away and to give place to a very\\ndifferent order of things.\\nCertain it is that if the full effect of the present\\nlines of human development is to be seen the wave\\nof progress must lift the household out of the slough\\nof despond into which it has sunk, and put it upon a\\nlevel with the other elements of progressive civiliza-\\ntion.\\nBefore the ethical development can take place a\\nmaterial advance must come. None of the higher\\nvirtues can thrive in an atmosphere of so much\\nwrangle, worry, and disorder as the house-roofs cover\\nbut do not hide, any more than fine physical bodies\\ncan be produced by such carelessly prepared food and\\nsuch selfish indulgence of momentary impulses as are\\nseen at most tables.\\nThe maintenance of the household demands money\\nfor rent, food, and clothes, time and intelligence for\\nthe decision of how that money shall be spent and in\\nwhat form the goods shall be presented and a spirit\\nof unity and helpfulness in all directions to make the\\nwhole successful.\\nIf there is a common aim in the life of the group,\\none sufficiently strong to bind them together, the\\nsmall self-denials necessary will not be irksome.\\nEach will do his part toward the attainment of this", "height": "3553", "width": "2213", "jp2-path": "costoflivingasmo00rich_0111.jp2"}, "112": {"fulltext": "102 THE COST OF LIVING.\\ncommon end and not try to make as much work as\\npossible for the other members or to frustrate their\\nendeavors.\\nIt is this loss of unity of purpose which has per-\\nmitted the family to fall apart and has caused the\\ncollection of individuals under one roof to assume the\\ncharacter of a boarding-house in which each member\\nfeels at liberty to complain of every other and to\\nexact service of every other without giving in return.\\nIf there is not to be found some ideal which will\\nagain serve for the binding cord, then we may as well\\ntake up life in single cells or in huge caravans.\\nIf women are unwilling to acquire that knowledge\\nof scientific and business principles needful for the\\norganization of the twentieth-century household, then\\nthe extension of the apartment house where the men\\ndo most of the real housekeeping (the janitor, the\\nchoreman, the elevator-boy) is inevitable, and possi-\\nbly, when the woman becomes quite passive, engineers\\nwill turn their attention from bridges to stairways,\\nfrom tunnels to cellars; the chemists from patent\\nmedicines to food; the architects will think less of\\nmere outside ornament and more of inside arrange-\\nments for useful purposes.\\nThen the work of the household will be a knowable\\nquantity and can be planned for. The housewife\\nnow says it cannot be known, that it is the emergen-\\ncies, the unexpected, which cannot be counted upon,", "height": "3506", "width": "2207", "jp2-path": "costoflivingasmo00rich_0112.jp2"}, "113": {"fulltext": "THE ORGANIZATION OF THE HOUSEHOLD. 103\\nbut I maintain that the unexpected happens in all\\nmundane affairs, and that the most substantial struc-\\nture, the most intricate factory, takes it into account.\\nThere is no way out except the frank acknowledg-\\nment that the present household is for the most part\\nrun on an antiquated plan where there is any plan.\\nThe burning question is, where is the Moses who\\nwill lead us from this wilderness into the promised\\nland where no one shall slave all day that others may\\neat and drink, where those who plan and those who\\nexecute shall at least understand each other, and\\nwhere the efforts of all shall bring health and joy\\ninstead of misery and death\\nHousekeeping no longer means washing dishes,\\nscrubbing floors, making soap and candles; it means\\nspending a given amount of money for a great variety\\nof ready-prepared articles and so using the commodi-\\nties as to produce the greatest satisfaction and the\\nbest possible mental, moral, and physical results.\\nThe very variety of choice is a danger unless knowl-\\nedge comes with liberty. The ease with which\\nmoney can be spent, and the habits of living for\\nto-day which that fact fosters, have taken away the\\nincentive to thoughtful foresight and have blinded\\nthe purse-holders to the inevitable consequences of\\nsavage-like recklessness.\\nThe economic changes which took all interesting\\noccupations out of the home came too rapidly for a", "height": "3553", "width": "2213", "jp2-path": "costoflivingasmo00rich_0113.jp2"}, "114": {"fulltext": "104 THE C0ST 0F LIVING.\\nreadjustment of habits; women were freed too sud-\\ndenly and have not yet recovered a proper balance.\\nIt has been said, until it seems not worth saying\\nagain, that the reason why the routine of daily living\\nhas become so distasteful is because it consists of\\nclearing away debris with no constructive work; that\\nthere is nothing to show at the end of the day for all\\nthe labor expended. Consider for a moment the\\nwork in an ordinary house. Some one rises at half-\\npast five or at six, builds a fire if there is no gas-stove,\\nand proceeds to get the breakfast. Other mem-\\nbers rise at various times; perhaps the parlor and\\ndining-room are dusted and put to rights before\\nbreakfast, which drags on until nine o clock; then\\ndishes are washed, beds made, sweeping and dusting,\\nwashing and cleaning and cooking until afternoon at\\nbest it is eight or ten hours before the house is\\npresentable, and then comes dinner or supper, as the\\ncase may be, and more work for dining-room and\\nkitchen, and what is there to show for it Only\\nhealthy, happy lives! Fortunate indeed if that is\\nthe net result; but how often, alas, does disease or\\nrestless fretfulness reward the workers\\nIn the golden age of household occupation the\\nserving maids as well as the mistress had the pleasure\\nof seeing piles of snowy linen and wool or stores of\\nyarn and candles attest their industry, besides the\\nmere food and cleanliness. The pleasure of seeing", "height": "3506", "width": "2207", "jp2-path": "costoflivingasmo00rich_0114.jp2"}, "115": {"fulltext": "THE ORGANIZATION OF THE HOUSEHOLD. 105\\nthe work of their hands was added to the pleasure\\nof action. As the farmer has his barn of hay, the\\nmanufacturer his goods, his money in the till, so they\\nhad tangible material.\\nNot enough account has been taken of this differ-\\nence in result in the discussion of the reasons why\\nhousework is distasteful in the end of the nineteenth\\ncentury; only those who can appreciate the value of\\ncleanliness and who can look upon a swept floor or a\\nwashed dish as a result worth while, who can feel\\nthat a meal well digested is of more value than a reel\\nof yarn, can come to feel the interest and delight of\\nthe daily routine.\\nIt is like the case of the child at school who will\\nwork harder on that which he is to carry home to\\nshow than on something which goes into the waste-\\nbasket. It is only when childish things are put away\\nand men can look toward the goal and think abstractly,\\nnot considering to-day s result, that this element is\\novercome.\\nIf we could examine into the lives of the house-\\nholders we know, I believe we should find that those\\nwhich have contented workers are those in which some\\nresults remain of the day s work fruit put up, aprons\\nmade, new curtains, etc., and in which the spirit of\\nthe mistress has made the cleaning of the brasses, the\\nwashing of the windows a fine action, a sort of\\nreligion, a step in the conquering of evil, for dirt is", "height": "3553", "width": "2213", "jp2-path": "costoflivingasmo00rich_0115.jp2"}, "116": {"fulltext": "106 THE COST OF LIVING.\\nsin. The households where constant change and dis-\\ncontent rule are those in which this spirit of fighting\\nan enemy and laying up stores for the future does\\nnot exist. Can we spare the educational, nay, the\\nethical value of work done in the house\\nNot unless we can place our women in the advanced\\nclass where they may be able to put aside the merely\\nchildish way of looking at things and see the end to\\nbe attained as a sufficient incentive. That is why we\\nplead for the right education of the housewife; not\\nthat she shall dust her house, but that she shall know\\nhow to infuse into the work that interest and en-\\nthusiasm which it has lost owing to circumstances\\nover which she has no control. What must be her\\naim is the health and happiness of those in her care,\\nfor happiness means health.\\nDirt means disease, therefore the warfare with dirt\\nis incessant. Our wise housekeeper will make this\\nfight as surely successful as possible. Instead of\\nfrankly accepting the situation and furnishing with\\nwashable material and easily cleansed furniture the\\nhousewife in a dusty smoky city is in the habit of\\nusing heavy draperies and deeply carved wood as\\nfreely as she would if she lived in a clean city. She\\nlooks upon plush and velvet as fabrics and not as\\ncatch-alls for dust. It is not business economy to put\\nobstacles in the way for the sake of overcoming them.\\nNo thought of the end, of clean wholesome living", "height": "3506", "width": "2207", "jp2-path": "costoflivingasmo00rich_0116.jp2"}, "117": {"fulltext": "THE ORGANIZATION OF THE HOUSEHOLD. IOJ\\nto dignify the work, no care for the things one has\\nused! A chair mended by one s own hands has far\\nmore value than one from the shop. The old furni-\\nture of which we are justly so fond bears the essence\\nof many loving hours in its grain.\\nHuman labor, human thought leaves an impress on\\ninanimate things. Unless one can put this loving\\ntouch upon the house, and can breathe into the\\notherwise dry bones this breath of life, one should not\\ncross the threshold, but betake one s self to a caravan-\\nsary boarding-house where one can grumble to one s\\nself or to the boarding mistress who is paid to hear\\nit, and not make five or six people suffer for one s\\nown ignorance and criminal negligence.\\nIt is not what we do but what we find pleasure in\\ndoing that makes or mars our days; hence if some one\\ncan devise a means of giving to the housewife an\\ninterest in the daily ordering of her household, that\\none will confer a benefit upon humanity. That was\\nwhat Count Rumford essayed one hundred years ago.\\nWomen must take their places as organizers and\\nsuperintendents of the economic consumption of\\nwealth, for when the household ceased to be a manu-\\nfacturing centre it became a focus of consumption.\\nThe factory acquired an economic organization and\\nemployed not only day-laborers but highly paid\\nsuperintendents. The house in losing its industrial\\nimportance has degenerated into an unorganized", "height": "3553", "width": "2213", "jp2-path": "costoflivingasmo00rich_0117.jp2"}, "118": {"fulltext": "108 THE COST OF LIVING.\\ndependency, and its detailed care has fallen into\\nmenial drudgery.\\nThe later writers on economics are beginning to\\ncall attention to the misconception exemplified by\\nthis state of things, and to define the use of money in\\nthe household as productive consumption, and to\\nshow that supervision and organization are as valuable\\nadjuncts of labor and as worthy of high esteem in this\\nas in factory manufacturing.\\nSince the object of all endeavor to get wealth is to\\nuse it, and the use of the most of it is in connection\\nwith the home life, it is evident that the household\\nand its management is the most important factor in\\nnational prosperity.\\nIt is due to the blind conservatism of the average\\nman that he has left so long the consideration of\\nwhat became of the money he worked so hard to\\ngain. Most of the economic theories and statistics\\nhave dealt with the incomes of the poor man where\\nthere was little choice, but the real test is with the\\nclass which corresponds to the plastic middle layer,\\nthe fermentable mass of humanity, out of which rises\\nthe cream of society or from which sink the dregs.\\nA recent French writer is quoted by Bullock as stat-\\ning that The human race could increase its welfare\\nalmost as much by a better ordering of its consump-\\ntion as by an increased production of wealth, and this\\nwithout any real retrenchment in consumption.", "height": "3506", "width": "2207", "jp2-path": "costoflivingasmo00rich_0118.jp2"}, "119": {"fulltext": "THE ORGANIZATION OF THE HOUSEHOLD. 109\\nAnd this better ordering means the wise manage-\\nment of the household, so that the satisfaction of the\\nhuman wants as well as the animal needs shall be as\\ncomplete as possible.\\nTo obtain this result requires that the superintend-\\nent, the manager, shall be a person with a knowledge\\nof the utilities of the various substances used, with a\\nstandard by which to measure the relative values of\\nthe commodities to the given family, and the strength\\nof character to resist specious temptations to spend\\nfor that which is only temporarily gratifying and not\\npermanently useful.\\nIn no department of human activity would an\\napplication of the laws of economic utility be more\\nproductive of immediate gain than in the conduct of\\nthe household.\\nThat the shrewd business man so long neglected\\nthis most important factor in social progress seems at\\nfirst sight unaccountable, but it has been easier to\\nearn than to give; time and thought to wise spending\\nof money. That he understands in a measure what\\nis needed is seen in the economical management of\\nlarge hotels and of ocean steamers, which give a better\\nreturn for the money expended than does the average\\nhousehold of the same class of persons as those who\\npatronize them. The single house seems to the\\nexpert in organization too small an affair upon which\\nto expend his energies; for the same effort he can", "height": "3553", "width": "2213", "jp2-path": "costoflivingasmo00rich_0119.jp2"}, "120": {"fulltext": "110 THE COST OF LIVING.\\nsupervise the comfort of one thousand persons.\\nHence the tendency to herd together lessens the value\\nof the individual home, just as the cheaper production\\nof the factory tended to kill the home manufacture.\\nIndividual establishments are going the same way,\\nand only one thing will stop the march of events, and\\nthat is a belief in the greater value of the single\\nfamily home in the production of men and women,\\nand with this belief must come a recognition of the\\nimportance of the organization and management of\\nthe affairs of the single household.\\nIn any manufacturing establishment the cost of pro-\\nduction and distribution far outweighs the cost of the\\nraw material; the economy of the great industrial com-\\nbinations is in the administrative departments, just as\\nin the economy of the large hotel over the small one.\\nIf the expenditure in any given family is, for\\nexample, five thousand dollars a year, fully half this\\nsum is due in salary to those who administer the other\\nhalf, who keep the accounts, who study the markets,\\nwho spend time and strength in keeping informed as\\nto the values and aesthetics of the articles purchased,\\nand who give time to the carrying out of the plans\\nthus formed.\\nIf the man and woman share alike in the work,\\nthen twelve hundred dollars apiece should be consid-\\nered a personal share to use upon personal needs and\\nupon the higher social and ethical claims.", "height": "3506", "width": "2207", "jp2-path": "costoflivingasmo00rich_0120.jp2"}, "121": {"fulltext": "THE ORGANIZATION OF THE HOUSEHOLD. Ill\\nIn the average family where the income is twenty-\\nfive hundred dollars, and the man gives no thought\\nwhatever to the expenditure of the household, then\\ntwelve hundred dollars should go to the woman to\\nspend for these same needs as she chooses, provided\\nshe can satisfy the family with the rest, and prove an\\nefficient manager.\\nIf this principle of a responsible position were\\nrecognized as a fundamental one in twentieth-cen-\\ntury housekeeping, we should hear no more of the\\ninterference of women in economic industries; we\\nshould see instruction in household management\\ndemanded in order that success might follow, as in\\nany other position; and even if a competition arose\\nwith men who might prefer to keep the management\\nin their own hands, it would soon settle itself, for\\nmost men prefer to earn a thousand dollars by hard\\nwork to attending to the careful details required to\\nsave a hundred dollars, while women take kindly\\nto the regular systematic oversight which this home\\neconomics demands, if once they see the value of it.\\nLet once the dictum go forth that for every dollar\\nspent in the material wants of the household there\\nshall be a dollar put into the hands of the manager for\\nhigher purposes, and a revolution in living would\\nresult.\\nIf my readers have had the patience to follow me\\nthus far, I am sure they are asking who is to have the", "height": "3553", "width": "2213", "jp2-path": "costoflivingasmo00rich_0121.jp2"}, "122": {"fulltext": "112 THE COST OF LIVING.\\nknowledge and wisdom and time to carry out the\\nideals and keep the family up to these standards.\\nWho, indeed, but the woman, the mistress of the\\nhome, the one who chooses the household as her\\nprofession, not because she can have no other, not\\nbecause she can in no other way support herself, but\\nbecause she believes in the home as the means of\\neducating. and perfecting the ideal human being, the\\nflower of the race for which we are all existing;\\nbecause she believes that it is worth while to give her\\nenergy and skill to the service of her country and\\nage.\\nThe greatest disqualification for this position to-day\\nis woman s lack of knowledge of and respect for\\nscience and the laws of nature.\\nLet her once acquire these and she will come into\\nher kingdom. Let her once gain perfect control of\\nher machinery, feel it yield under her hand, know\\nher power, and we shall hear no more of domestic\\ndifficulties so great as to cause hundreds of house-\\nwives to turn their backs on home life and retreat into\\nhotels and apartment houses.\\nThe organizing ability which has won such signal\\nsuccess in the engineering world cannot all be con-\\nfined to one sex; it has been developed by education,\\nby contact with the world. Give women a chance\\nto spend as wisely and economically as men have\\nlearned to manufacture and produce.", "height": "3506", "width": "2207", "jp2-path": "costoflivingasmo00rich_0122.jp2"}, "123": {"fulltext": "THE ORGANIZATION OF THE HOUSEHOLD. I13\\nGive her an education in the laws which govern the\\nprocesses of daily life, in chemistry, in physics, in\\nbiology, in mechanics, and then develop her taste in\\nart and music as well as in literature. Teach the\\ngirls in school the principles of form and color and\\ncertain elementary economics of expenditure.\\nThe present education of woman is not tending to\\nfit her for this higher office of spending wisely the\\nmoney earned by herself or any one else; dense\\nignorance of the fundamental principles of sanitary\\nscience prevails even among so-called educated\\nwomen, those who should set an example.\\nThat women have minds capable of grasping busi-\\nness principles is proved by the success of many in\\nprofessional callings; but the majority have yet to\\nlearn what it means to subordinate the present to\\nthe future; they have yet to submit to the action of\\nlaw.\\nAs Mary Tillinghast expresses it: I find that the\\nstumbling-block to women is their unwillingness to\\ngo to the bottom of things. They shrink from pay-\\ning the price of hard study.\\nThe gradual displacement of women in various\\nsalaried positions in government and corporation\\noffices is a sure proof of this failure on the part of the\\nmajority to accept strict business principles. This\\nlack in character will not be remedied until education\\nis brought to bear and science is made an essential", "height": "3553", "width": "2213", "jp2-path": "costoflivingasmo00rich_0123.jp2"}, "124": {"fulltext": "114 THE C0ST 0F LIVING.\\npart of every woman s training, so that she may-\\nacquire a respect for science and for economic law.\\nMeanwhile let her serve in the home an apprentice-\\nship which will make the further study easier and\\nwhich will more sensibly advance the welfare of the\\ncommunity than any outside work can do.\\nLet her not grasp for the reins of business until she\\ncan master the running of one home.\\nThat the household is held by popular opinion to\\nbe a place of menial service and petty, degrading\\nduties and not the centre of all social impetus, of high\\nand lofty ideals of health and happiness, is proved by\\nthe scant courtesy which home economics as a branch\\nof woman s education receives. That the household\\nis not run on economic principles is acknowledged\\nby the neglect of it in the study of economics.\\nThe woman s province is degraded by her own\\nconnivance, since knowledge is at her disposal and she\\ndoes not avail herself of it. She persists, ostrich-\\nlike, in ignoring the movements in other departments\\nof social life. She should make the home an expres-\\nsion of her individuality, but she has none to express.\\nNeither will traditional education help her to adapt\\nherself to others. Social training in ethical ideals and\\nthe inculcation of a belief that home-making must be\\nthe woman s profession for which she requires a power-\\ngiving knowledge, must become accepted factors in\\nthe education of every woman, rich or poor.", "height": "3506", "width": "2207", "jp2-path": "costoflivingasmo00rich_0124.jp2"}, "125": {"fulltext": "THE ORGANIZATION OF THE HOUSEHOLD. 1 1 5\\nThe term managing woman has been a re-\\nproach rather than an epithet to be sought for, but it\\nwas because the manner of the person rather than\\nthe management was offensive.\\nIf the house-mother can so manage the finances of\\nthe family as to secure the safe rearing of a group of\\nchildren with such refined but strong characters as\\nwill enable them to become capable, forceful men\\nand women, why should she not have all praise\\nWhat can pay better for the effort than this manu-\\nfactory of brain and muscle power, the home\\nThe time has come for a radical change in methods.\\nI have no hesitation in saying that no man is justified\\nin giving over the housekeeping to a woman because\\nshe is a woman; that unless he is satisfied that she\\nknows how to use money, or that she can learn, he\\nshould keep the accounts and pay the bills himself.\\nAs I see the situation, the most pressing needs of\\nto-day are:\\n1st. A knowledge of what it is essential to keep\\nin the home. Must bread be made in the house\\nmust the laundry work be retained\\n2d. A knowledge of how much time is required to\\nperform the various services demanded, with, of\\ncourse, a certain allowance for the unexpected. How\\nmany rooms can a chambermaid put in order in an\\nhour This depends upon a comprehension of eco-\\nnomic use of human power.", "height": "3553", "width": "2213", "jp2-path": "costoflivingasmo00rich_0125.jp2"}, "126": {"fulltext": "Il6 THE COST OF LIVING.\\n3d. A knowledge of the relative values of the\\ngoods consumed in the house and of the services\\ndemanded in causing this consumption.\\nIf service must be economized, then the trifles on\\nthe bureau, the carved ornaments on the mantel-shelf\\nmust be put away in order to save the time of dust-\\ning. One course at meals must be sacrificed rather\\nthan the temper of the whole family be tried past\\nendurance in the vain endeavor to make one pair of\\nhands do the work of two.\\n4th. A comprehension of the inexorable laws of\\npower and energy when the maid is required to\\nanswer the bell or the telephone once in five minutes,\\nand go over two flights of stairs to do it; it often\\ninvolves the same expenditure of energy as if she were\\nrequired to climb rapidly a monument 2400 feet high.\\nThere is still too much of the element of slavery in\\nthe work of the house, a disregard for the mechanical\\nefficiency of the human machine.\\nI do not in the least blame young women for going\\ninto the factories, where their work is measured by\\nlaw and not caprice.\\n5th. An acceptance of the fact that woman cannot\\nemancipate herself from nature s laws, that she must\\ninform herself in regard to them and accept their\\nbondage, making for herself within limits a world of\\nfreedom, lies at the bottom of all household reform.\\nI am aware that some one will say, But all the", "height": "3506", "width": "2207", "jp2-path": "costoflivingasmo00rich_0126.jp2"}, "127": {"fulltext": "THE ORGANIZATION OF THE HOUSEHOLD. II7\\npoetry of life is destroyed by the insistence upon a\\ncut-and-dried plan, and life will not be worth living\\nif each day and hour must be accounted for. True,\\nif the plan is allowed to show through its covering.\\nA skeleton, unclothed, is not a thing of beauty, but\\ndoes not detract from the grace and charm of the\\nperfect body to which it is essential.\\nIn the same way the skeleton of purpose and prin-\\nciple must underlie and define the well-ordered and\\ntruly delightful household life. Saving for its own\\nsake is niggardly and hardening to the soul. Saving\\nfor a high and noble purpose raises the art to the\\nlevel of heroic endeavor.\\nSo much depends upon the point of view. The\\ncasual observer delights in the hectic bloom of the\\nyoung consumptive, but the physician sees beyond\\nthe fair cheek to the deadly cause beneath and has\\nno joy in the sight. The apparent freedom from\\ncare and tyranny of custom shown to a chance\\nvisitor by many a household conceals the canker of\\ndebt and disgrace which is sure, sooner or later, to be\\nrevealed.\\nThe present disorganized condition of the house-\\nhold is only a phase which may pass as quickly as it\\nhas arisen. One generation has seen it develop,\\nanother may see it a matter of history. Men have\\nbeen too busy subduing the obvious obstacles of\\nnature to look under the surface of their daily life,", "height": "3553", "width": "2213", "jp2-path": "costoflivingasmo00rich_0127.jp2"}, "128": {"fulltext": "Il8 THE COST OF LIVING.\\nbut the very fact that the problem of living is begin-\\nning to press home will stimulate them to the applica-\\ntion of those scientific principles which have spanned\\ncontinents, controlled rivers, and tunnelled mountains\\nto the building of houses that may be lived in safely\\nand economically. The art which has given fine\\nchurches and museums will decorate and beautify the\\nhomes. The outlook is full of hope and not of\\ndespair. The only need is knowledge (science) of\\nwhat the demands are and a determination to meet\\nthem. The love of conquering obstacles has not\\ndied out of the Anglo-Saxon race.\\nThe twentieth-century household demands of its\\nmanagers, first of all, a scientific understanding of the\\nsanitary requirements of a human habitation; second,\\na knowledge of the values, absolute and relative, of\\nthe various articles which are used in the house, in-\\ncluding food; third, a system of account-keeping that\\nshall make possible a close watch upon expenses;\\nfourth, an ability to secure from others the best they\\nhave to give, and to maintain a high standard of\\nhonest work.\\nIf the housewife cannot and will not apply herself\\nto the problem, let her not stand longer in the way\\nof progress as she is surely doing to-day.", "height": "3506", "width": "2207", "jp2-path": "costoflivingasmo00rich_0128.jp2"}, "129": {"fulltext": "INDEX.\\nPAGES\\nAccounts, keeping of 3 6 37, 53\\nApartment house 56. 102\\nAttitude of mind 9 2\\ntoward food 74\\nBudgets, actual 33, 34\\nsuggested 37\\nChoice, power of 92, 93, 97. 99\\nClothing 82 88\\nCost of existence 3\\nliving 29, 32, 41, 60, 65, 66, 72, 85\\nDeath-rate 7 7\u00c2\u00b0\\nDisease ig6\\nresistance to 22 2\\nDiseases of modern life 67\\nEconomic conditions XI x 4, 69, 71\\nconsumption IO\\nEconomics 3, 108, 114\\nhousehold 20, 79, in\\nof expenditure XI 3\\nEconomy of combination IIQ\\nlabor 43, 5\\nthe home 2\\ntime 2,28\\n119", "height": "3553", "width": "2213", "jp2-path": "costoflivingasmo00rich_0129.jp2"}, "130": {"fulltext": "120 INDEX.\\nPAGES\\nEducation 6, 13, 14, 15, 19,23, 38,42, 69,89,91,94,98,99,\\n100, 106, 112, 113, 114\\nEmotional life 89, 90\\nEngel s laws 33, 34. 35\\nExpenses 28, 30\\nhousehold 50-64, 69, 100, ioi, 103\\nreadjustment of 14, 55, 56\\nFamily, cost of 10\\npurpose of 6, 8\\ntable 71, 72, 73\\nFood 35, 65-81\\nattitude of mind toward 74\\ncost per day 77\\ntables 81\\nwaste of 75\\nFuel 50, 52, 63, 64\\nHealth 20, 25, 68, 97\\nHome 6\\ndefinition of 5, 13, 15, 44, 71, 115\\neconomical management of 31\\nestimation of 12, 23, 71\\nlife 9, 10, 114\\nHouse, cost of 44\\nfurnishing 47\\noffice of 6,47\\nrent 39, 45, 4 8 54, 61\\nsanitary requirements of 49~54\\nHousehold expenditure 28, 34, 36, 50, 57, 69\\nmanagement 53, 108, 109, in, 118\\norganization 14, 100\\nreform 116\\nservice 59, 60\\ntwentieth-century 11S\\nIdeals 4, 8, 13, 20, 21, 22, 23, 27, 28, 44, 4S, 69, 91, 102, 112", "height": "3506", "width": "2207", "jp2-path": "costoflivingasmo00rich_0130.jp2"}, "131": {"fulltext": "INDEX. 121\\nPAGES\\nIdeals, sanitary IX 2 7\\nIncome, amount of 29, 30, 31, 39\\ndivision of 45, 57, 58, 61, 86, 90, 100\\nIntellectual life 89-99\\nOperating expenses 4 HH\\nOrganization of the household 100-118\\nOwnership 9 6 97\\nSanitary conditions 4 2 54, \u00c2\u00b04\\nscience 16, 25, 27, 58, 81, 85,113\\nSchools 5, 7, 3, 13, 84, 90, 92, 97, 99\\nScience for women 112-113\\nStandards 5, 21, 32, 36\\nof living 17, 19, 20, 24 26, 39, 52, 57, 68\\nof health 80\\nWages 58, 59. 6l 75\\nWaste 35, 7 75", "height": "3553", "width": "2213", "jp2-path": "costoflivingasmo00rich_0131.jp2"}, "132": {"fulltext": "", "height": "3506", "width": "2207", "jp2-path": "costoflivingasmo00rich_0132.jp2"}, "133": {"fulltext": "", "height": "3553", "width": "2213", "jp2-path": "costoflivingasmo00rich_0133.jp2"}, "134": {"fulltext": "", "height": "3506", "width": "2207", "jp2-path": "costoflivingasmo00rich_0134.jp2"}, "135": {"fulltext": "SHORT-TITLE CATALOGUE\\nOF THE\\nPUBLICATIONS\\nOF\\nJOHN WILEY SONS,\\nNew York.\\nLondon: CHAPMAN HALL, Limited.\\nARRANGED UNDER SUBJECTS.\\nDescriptive circulars sent on application.\\nBooks marked with an asterisk are sold at net prices only.\\nAll books are bound in cloth unless otherwise stated.\\nAGRICULTURE.\\nCattle Feeding\u00e2\u0080\u0094 Dairy Practice Diseases of Animals\\nGardening, Etc.\\nArmsby s Manual of Cattle Feeding 12mo, $1 75\\nDowning s Fruit aud Fruit Trees 8vo, 5 00\\nGrotenfelt s The Principles of Modern Dairy Practice. (Woll.)\\n12mo, 2 00\\nKemp s Landscape Gardening 12mo, 2 50\\nLoudon s Gardening for Ladies. (Downing.) 12mo, 1 50\\nMayuard s Landscape Gardening 12mo, 1 50\\nSteel s Treatise on the Diseases of the Dog 8vo, 3 50\\nTreatise on the Diseases of the Ox 8vo, 6 00\\nStockbridge s Rocks and Soils .8vo, 2 50\\nWoll s Handbook for Farmers and Dairymen 12mo, 1 50\\nARCHITECTURE.\\nBuilding Carpentry\u00e2\u0080\u0094 Stairs\u00e2\u0080\u0094 Ventilation Law, Etc.\\nBerg s Buildings and Structures of American Railroads 4to, 7 50\\nBirkmire s American Theatres\u00e2\u0080\u0094 Planning and Construction. 8vo, 3 00\\nArchitectural Iron and Steel 8vo, 3 50\\nCompound Riveted Girders 8vo, 2 00\\nrt Skeleton Construction in Buildings 8vo, 3 00\\n1", "height": "3553", "width": "2213", "jp2-path": "costoflivingasmo00rich_0135.jp2"}, "136": {"fulltext": "Birkmire s Planning and Construction of High Office Buildings.\\n8vo,\\nCarpenter s Heating and Ventilating of Buildings 8vo,\\nFreitag s Architectural Engineering 8vo,\\nGerhard s Sanitary House Inspection 16mo,\\nTheatre Fires and Panics 12mo,\\nHatfield s American House Carpenter 8vo,\\nHolly s Carpenter and Joiner 18mo,\\nKidder s Architect and Builder s Pocket-book. 16mo, morocco,\\nMerrill s Stones for Building and Decoration 8vo,\\nMonckton s Stair Building Wood, Iron, and Stone 4to,\\nWait s Engineering and Architectural Jurisprudence 8vo,\\nSheep,\\nWorcester s Small Hospitals Establishment and Maintenance,\\nincluding Atkinson s Suggestions for Hospital Archi-\\ntecture 12ino,\\nWorld s Columbian Exposition of 1893 Large 4to,\\nARMY, NAVY, Etc.\\nMilitary Engineering\u00e2\u0080\u0094 Ordnance Law, Etc.\\nBourne s Screw Propellers 4to,\\n*Bruffs Ordnance and Gunnery 8vo,\\nChase s Screw Propellers 8vo,\\nCooke s Naval Ordnance 8vo,\\nCronkhite s Gunnery for Non-com. Officers 32mo, morocco,\\nDavis s Treatise on Military Law 8vo,\\nSheep,\\nElements of Law 8vo,\\nDe Brack s Cavalry Outpost Duties. (Carr.). .32ino, morocco,\\nDietz s Soldier s First Aid 16mo, morocco,\\nDredge s Modern French Artillery Large 4to, half morocco,\\nRecord of the Transportation Exhibits Building,\\nWorld s Columbian Exposition of 1893.. 4to, half morocco,\\nDurand s Resistance and Propulsion of Ships 8vo,\\nDyer s Light Artillery 12mo,\\nHoff s Naval Tactics 8vo,\\n*Ingalls s Ballistic Tables 8vo,\\nHandbook of Problems in Direct Fire 8vo,\\n13 50\\n3 00\\n2 50\\n1 00\\n1 50\\n5 00\\n75\\n4 00\\n5 00\\n4 00\\n6 00\\n6 50\\n1 25\\n2 50\\n5 00\\n6 00\\n3 00\\n12 50\\n2 00\\n7 00\\n7 50\\n2 50\\n2 00\\n1 25\\n15 00\\n10 00\\n5 00\\n3 00\\n1 50\\n1 50\\n4 00", "height": "3506", "width": "2207", "jp2-path": "costoflivingasmo00rich_0136.jp2"}, "137": {"fulltext": "P 50\\n2 00\\n4 00\\n5 00\\n1 50\\n10\\n2 50\\n4 00\\n1 50\\n3 50\\n2 00\\n2 50\\n1 50\\n2 00\\n1 00\\nMahau s Permanent Fortifications. (Mercur.).8vo, half morocco,\\nMercur s Attack of Fortified Places. 12mo,\\nElements of the Art of War 8vo,\\nMetcalfe s Ordnance ami Gunnery 12mo, with Atlas,\\nMurray s A Manual for Courts-Martial lGmo, morocco,\\nInfantry Drill Regulations adapted to the Springfield\\nRifle, Caliber .45 32mo, paper,\\nk Phelps s Practical Marine Surveying 8vo,\\nPowell s Army Officer s Examiner 12mo,\\nSliarpe s Subsisting Armies 32mo, morocco,\\nVery s Navies of the World 8vo, half morocco,\\nWheeler s Siege Operations 8vo,\\nWiuthrop s Abridgment of Military Law 12mo,\\nWoodhull s Notes on Military Hygiene lGmo,\\nYoung s Simple Elements of Navigation. 16mo, morocco,\\nfirst edition\\nASSAYING.\\nSmelting Ore Dressing Alloys, Etc.\\nFletcher s Quant. Assaying with the Blowpipe.. 16mo, morocco, 1 50\\nFurman s Practical Assaying 8vo, 3 00\\nKunhardt s Ore Dressing 8vo, 1 50\\nO Driscoll s Treatment of Gold Ores 8vo, 2 CO\\nRicketts and Miller s Notes on Assaying 8vo, 3 00\\nThurston s Alloys, Brasses, and Bronzes 8vo, 2 50\\nWilson s Cyanide Processes 12mo, 1 50\\nThe Chlorination Process 12mo, 150\\nASTRONOMY.\\nPractical, Theoretical, and Descriptive.\\nCraig s Azimuth 4to, 3 50\\nDoolittle s Practical Astronomy 8vo, 4 00\\nGore s Elements of Geodesy 8vo, 2 50\\nHay ford s Text-book of Geodetic Astronomy 8vo. 3 00\\nMichie and Harlow s Practical Astronomy 8vo, 3 00\\nWhite s Theoretical and Descriptive Astronomy 12mo, 2 00", "height": "3553", "width": "2213", "jp2-path": "costoflivingasmo00rich_0137.jp2"}, "138": {"fulltext": "BOTANY.\\nGardening for Ladies, Etc.\\nBaldwins Orchids of New England Small 8vo, $1 50\\nLoudon s Gardening for Ladies. (Downing.) 12mo, 1 50\\nThome s Structural Botany 16mo, 2 25\\nWestermaier s General Botany. (Schneider.) 8vo, 2 00\\nBRIDGES, ROOFS, Etc\\nCantilever Draw Highway Suspension.\\n(See also Engineering, p. 7.)\\nBoiler s Highway Bridges 8vo, 2 00\\nThe Thames River Bridge 4to, paper, 5 00\\nBurr s Stresses- in Bridges. 8vo, 3 50\\nCrehore s Mechanics of the Girder 8vo, 5 00\\nDredge s Thames Bridges 7 parts, per part, 1 25\\nDu Bois s Stresses in Framed Structures Small 4to, 10 00\\nFoster s Wooden Trestle Bridges 4to, 5 00\\nGreene s Arches in Wood, etc 8vo, 2 50\\nBridge Trusses 8vo, 2 50\\nRoof Trusses 8vo, 125\\nHowe s Treatise on Arches 8vo, 4 00\\nJohnson s Modern Framed Structures Small 4to, 10 00\\nMerriman Jacoby s Text-book of Roofs and Bridges.\\nPart I., Stresses 8vo, 2 50\\nMerriman Jacoby s Text-book of Roofs and Bridges.\\nPart II., Graphic Statics 8vo, 2 50\\nMerriman Jacoby s Text-book of Roofs and Bridges.\\nPart III., Bridge Design Svo, 2 50\\nMerriman Jacoby s Text-book of Roofs and Bridges.\\nPart IV., Continuous, Draw, Cantilever, Suspension, and\\nArched Bridges Svo,\\nMorisou s The Memphis Bridge Oblong 4to,\\nWaddell s Iron Highway Bridges 8vo,\\nDe Pontibus (a Pocket-book for Bridge Engineers).\\n16mo, morocco,\\nWood s Construction of Bridges and Roofs 8vo,\\nWright s Designing of Draw Spans. Parts I. and II..8vo, each\\nn ii Complete 8vo,\\n4\\n2 50\\n00\\n4 00\\n3 00\\n2 00\\n2 50\\n3 50", "height": "3506", "width": "2207", "jp2-path": "costoflivingasmo00rich_0138.jp2"}, "139": {"fulltext": "CHEMISTRY.\\nQualitative Quantitative\u00e2\u0080\u0094 Organic Inorganic, Etc.\\nAdriauce s Laboratory Calculations 12mo, $1 25\\nAllen s Tables for Iron Analysis 8vo, 3 00\\nAusten s Notes for Chemical Students 12mo, 1 50\\nBolton s Student s Guide in Quantitative Analysis. .8vo, 1 50\\nClassen s Analysis by Electrolysis. (Herrickand Boltwood.).8vo, 3 00\\nCrafts s Qualitative Analysis. (Scbaeffer.) 12mo, 1 50\\nDrecbsel s Chemical Reactions. (Merrill.) 12mo, 1 25\\nFresenius s Quantitative Chemical Analysis. (Allen.) 8vo, 6 00\\nQualitative (Johnson.) 8vo, 3 00\\n(Wells.) Trans.\\n16th German Edition 8vo, 5 00\\nFuertes s Water and Public Health 12mo, 1 50\\nGill s Gas and Fuel Analysis 12mo, 1 25\\nHammarsten s Physiological Chemistry. (Maudel.) 8vo, 4 00\\nHelm s Principles of Mathematical Chemistry. (Morgan). 12mo, 1 50\\nKolbe s Inorganic Chemistry 12mo, 1 50\\nLadd s Quantitative Chemical Analysis 12mo, 1 00\\nLandauer s Spectrum Analysis. (Tingle.) 8vo, 3 00\\nLob s Electrolysis and Electrosyn thesis of Organic Compounds.\\n(Lorenz.) 12mo, 1 00\\nMandel s Bio-chemical Laboratory 12mo, 1 50\\nMason s Water-supply 8vo, 5 00\\nExamination of Water 12mo, 125\\nMeyer s Organic Analysis. (Tingle.) {In the press.)\\nMiller s Chemical Physics 8vo, 2 00\\nMixter s Elementary Text-book of Chemistry 12mo, 1 50\\nMorgan s The Theory of Solutions and its Results 12mo, 1 00\\nElements of Physical Chemistry 12mo, 2 00\\nNichols s Water-supply (Chemical and Sanitary) 8vo, 2 50\\nO Brine s Laboratory Guide to Chemical Analysis 8vo, 2 00\\nPerkins s Qualitative Analysis 12mo, 1 00\\nPinner s Organic Chemistry. (Austen.) 12mo, 1 50\\nPoole s Calorific Power of Fuels 8vo, 3 00\\nRicketts and Russell s Notes on Inorganic Chemistry (Non-\\nmetallic) Oblong 8vo, morocco, 75\\nRuddiman s Incompatibilities in Prescriptions ,8vo, 2 00\\n5", "height": "3553", "width": "2213", "jp2-path": "costoflivingasmo00rich_0139.jp2"}, "140": {"fulltext": "$2 50\\n2 00\\n3 00\\n2 50\\n1 50\\n1 50\\n1 50\\n3 50\\n3 00\\n2 50\\n2 00\\nSehimpf s Volumetric Analysis 12mo\\nSpencer s Sugar Manufacturer s Handbook 16mo, morocco,\\nHandbook for Chemists of Beet Sugar Houses.\\n16mo, morocco,\\nStockbridge s Rocks and Soils 8vo,\\nTillman s Descriptive General Chemistry. (In the press.)\\nVan Deventer s Physical Chemistry for Beginners. (Boltwood.)\\n12mo,\\nWells s Inorganic Qualitative Analysis 12mo,\\nLaboratory Guide in Qualitative Chemical Analysis.\\n8vo,\\nWhipple s Microscopy of Drinking-water 8vo,\\nWiechmann s Chemical Lecture Notes 12mo,\\nSugar Analysis Small 8vo,\\nWulling s Inorganic Phar. and Med. Chemistry 12mo,\\nDRAWING.\\nElementary\u00e2\u0080\u0094 Geometrical\u00e2\u0080\u0094 Mechanical\u00e2\u0080\u0094 Topographical.\\nHill s Shades and Shadows and Perspective 8vo, 2 00\\nMacCord s Descriptive Geometry 8vo, 3 00\\nKinematics 8vo, 5 00\\nMechanical Drawing 8vo, 4 00\\nMahan s Industrial Drawing. (Thompson.) 2 vols., 8vo, 3 50\\nReed s Topographical Drawing. (H. A.) 4to, 5 00\\nReid s A Course in Mechanical Drawing 8vo. 2 00\\nMechanical Drawing and Elementary Machine Design.\\n8vo. (In the press.\\nSmith s Topographical Drawing. (Macmilhin.) 8vo, 2 50\\nWarren s Descriptive Geometry 2 vols., 8vo, 3 50\\nDrafting Instruments 12mo, 1 25\\nFree-hand Drawing 12mo, 1 00\\nLinear Perspective 12mo, 1 00\\nMachine Construction 2 vols., 8vo, 7 50\\nPlane Problems 12mo, 125\\nPrimary Geometry 12mo, 75\\nProblems and Theorems 8vo, 2 50\\nProjection Drawing 12mo, 1 50\\n6", "height": "3506", "width": "2207", "jp2-path": "costoflivingasmo00rich_0140.jp2"}, "141": {"fulltext": "Warren s Shades and Shadows 8vo, $3 00\\nStereotomy\u00e2\u0080\u0094 Stone cutting 8vo, 2 50\\nWhelpley s Letter Engraving 12mo, 2 00\\nELECTRICITY AND MAGNETISM.\\nIllumination\u00e2\u0080\u0094 Batteries\u00e2\u0080\u0094 Physics\u00e2\u0080\u0094 Railways.\\nAnthony and Brackett s Text- book of Physics. (Magie.) Small\\n8vo, 3 00\\nAnthony s Theory of Electrical Measurements 12mo, 1 00\\nBarker s Deep-sea Soundings 8vo, 2 00\\nBenjamin s Voltaic Cell 8vo, 3 00\\nHistory of Electricity 8vo, 3 00\\nClassen s Analysis by Electrolysis. (Herrick and Boltwood.) 8vo, 3 00\\nCosmic Law of Thermal Repulsion 12mo, 75\\nCrehore and Squier s Experiments with a New Polarizing Photo-\\nChronograph 8vo, 3 00\\nDawson s Electric Railways and Tramways. Small, 4to, half\\nmorocco, 12 50\\nDredge s Electric Illuminations. .2 vols., 4to, half morocco, 25 00\\nVol. II 4to, 7 50\\nGilbert s De magnete. (Mottelay.) 8vo, 2 50\\nHolman s Precision of Measurements 8vo, 2 00\\nTelescope-mirror-scale Method Large 8vo, 75\\nLob s Electrolysis and Electrosynthesis of Organic Compounds.\\n(Lorenz.) 12mo, 1 0C\\n*Michie s Wave Motion Relating to Sound and Light, 8vo, 4 00\\nMorgan s The Theory of Solutions and its Results 12mo, 1 00\\nNiaudet s Electric Batteries. (Fishback.) .12mo, 2 50\\nPratt and Alden s Street-railway Road-beds 8vo, 2 00\\nReagan s Steam and Electric Locomotives 12rao, 2 00\\nThurston s Stationary Steam Engines for Electric Lighting Pur-\\nposes 8vo, 2 50\\n*Tillman s Heat. 8vo, 1 50\\n7", "height": "3553", "width": "2213", "jp2-path": "costoflivingasmo00rich_0141.jp2"}, "142": {"fulltext": "ENGINEERING.\\nCivil Mechanical\u00e2\u0080\u0094 Sanitary, Etc.\\n(See a o Bridges, p. 4 Hydraulics, p. 9 Materials of En-\\ngineering, p. 10; Mechanics and Machinery, p. 12 Steam\\nEngines and Boilers, p. 14.)\\nBaker s Masonry Construction 8vo, $5 00\\nSurveying Instruments 12mo, 3 00\\nBlack s U. S. Public Works Oblong 4to, 5 00\\nBrooks s Street-railway Location 16mo, morocco, 1 50\\nButts s Civil Engineers Field Book 16mo, morocco, 2 50\\nByrne s Highway Construction 8vo, 5 00\\nInspection of Materials and Workmanship 16mo, 3 00\\nCarpenter s Experimental Engineering 8vo, 6 00\\nChurch s Mechanics of Engineering Solids and Fluids 8vo, 6 00\\nNotes and Examples in Mechanics 8vo, 2 00\\nCrandall s Earthwork Tables 8vo, 1 50\\nThe Transition Curve 16mo, morocco, 1 50\\nDredge s Penn. Railroad Construction, etc. Large 4to,\\nhalf morocco, 20 00\\nDrinker s Tunnelling 4to, half morocco, 25 00\\nEissler s Explosives Nitroglycerine and Dynamite 8vo, 4 00\\nFolwell s Sewerage 8vo, 3 00\\nFowler s Coffer-dam Process for Piers .8vo. 2 50\\nGerhard s Sanitary House Inspection 12mo, 1 00\\nGodwin s Railroad Engineer s Field-book 16mo, morocco, 2 50\\nGore s Elements of Geodesy 8vo, 2 50\\nHoward s Transition Curve Field-book 16mo, morocco, 1 50\\nHowe s Retaining Walls (New Edition.) 12mo, 1 25\\nHudson s Excavation Tables. Vol. II 8vo, 1 00\\nHutton s Mechanical Engineering of Power Plants 8vo, 5 00\\nJohnson s Materials of Construction Large 8vo, 6 00\\nStadia Reduction Diagram. .Sheet, 22\u00c2\u00a3 X 28\u00c2\u00a3 inches, 50\\nTheory and Practice of Surveying Small 8vo, 4 00\\nKent s Mechanical Engineer s Pocket-book 16mo, morocco, 5 00\\nKiersted s Sewage Disposal 12mo, 1 25\\nMahan s Civil Engineering. (Wood.) 8vo, 5 00\\nMerriman and Brook s Handbook for Surveyors. .16mo, mor., 2 00\\nMerriman s Geodetic Surveying 8vo, 2 00\\nRetaining Walls and Masonry Dams 8vo, 2 00\\nSanitary Engineering 8vo, 2 00\\nNagle s Manual for Railroad Engineers 16mo, morocco, 3 00\\nOgden s Sewer Design 12mo, 2 00\\nPatton s Civil Engineering ,8vo, half morocco, 7 50\\n8", "height": "3506", "width": "2207", "jp2-path": "costoflivingasmo00rich_0142.jp2"}, "143": {"fulltext": "Patten s Foundations 8vo QQ\\nPratt and Alden s Street-railway Road-beds gvo 2 00\\nRockwell s Roads and Pavements in France. io mo t 25\\nSearles s Field Engineering 16mo momcco 3 0Q\\nRailroad Spiral 16mo morocc0t t 50\\nfeiebert and Biggin s Modern Stone Cutting and Masonry. .8vo 1 50\\nSmart s Engineering Laboratory Practice 12mo 2 50\\nSmith s Wire Manufacture and Uses. Small 4to 3 00\\nSpalding s Roads and Pavements 12mo 2 00\\nrr 1 TD H U i ]icCemeu t .V. .W 2 00\\nTaylor s Prismoidal Formulas and Earthwork 8vo 1 50\\nThurston s Materials of Construction, 8vo 5 00\\nTrautwine s Civil Engineer s Pocket-book. 16mo, morocco, 5 00\\nCross-section g beet 25\\nExcavations and Embankments.. 8vo, 2 00\\nLaying Out Curves l2mo, morocco, 2 50\\nWaddell s De Pontibus (A Pocket-book for Bridge Engineers).\\n16mo, morocco, 3 00\\nWait s Engineering and Architectural Jurisprudence 8vo, 6 00\\nSheep, 6 50\\nLaw of Field Operation in Engineering, etc 8vo.\\nWarren s Stereotomy\u00e2\u0080\u0094 Stone-cutting 3 V0 2 50\\n\u00e2\u0080\u00a2Webb s Engineering Instruments 16mo, morocco^ 50\\nKew Edition 1 2 5\\nWegmann s Construction of Masonry Dams 4 to 5 00\\nWellington s Location of Railways. Small 8vo 5 00\\nWheeler s Civil Engineering 8vo 4 00\\nWolff s Windmill as a Prime Mover 8vo 3 00\\nHYDRAULICS.\\nWater-wheels\u00e2\u0080\u0094 Windmills\u00e2\u0080\u0094 Service Pipe\u00e2\u0080\u0094 Drainage, Etc.\\n(See also Engineering, p. 7.\\nBazin s Experiments upon the Contraction of the Liquid Vein\\n(Trautwiue.) 8vo\\nBovey s Treatise on Hydraulics 8vo\\nCoffin s Graphical Solution of Hydraulic Problems.. .12mo\\nFerrel s Treatise on the Winds, Cyclones, and Tornadoes. .Svo,\\nFuertes s Water and Public Health 12mo\\nGanguillet Kulter s Flow of Water. (He ring Trautwi\u00e2\u0080\u009e e\\n8vo,\\nHazen s Filtration of Public Water Supply. 8vo,\\nHerschel s 115 Experiments ,8vo\\n9\\n2 00\\n4 00\\n2 50\\n4 00\\n1 50\\n4 00\\n2 00\\n2 00", "height": "3553", "width": "2213", "jp2-path": "costoflivingasmo00rich_0143.jp2"}, "144": {"fulltext": "Kiersted s Sewage Disposal l2mo, $1 25\\nMason s Water Supply 8vo, 5 00\\nExamination of Water 12mo, 125\\nMerriman s Treatise on Hydraulics 8vo, 4 00\\nNichois s Water Supply (Chemical and Sanitary) 8vo, 2 50\\nWegmann s Water Supply of the City of New York 4to, 10 00\\nWeisbach s Hydraulics. 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Small 8vo.\\n(In the press.)\\nLeast Squares 12mo,\\n*Ludlow s Logarithmic and Other Tables. (Bass.) 8vo,\\nTrigonometry with Tables. 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