{"1": {"fulltext": "", "height": "3400", "width": "2182", "jp2-path": "200eggsyearperhe00warr_0001.jp2"}, "2": {"fulltext": "Class\\nBook\\nCopyright^\\nCOPYRIGHT DEPOSIT.", "height": "3415", "width": "2111", "jp2-path": "200eggsyearperhe00warr_0002.jp2"}, "3": {"fulltext": "", "height": "3415", "width": "2091", "jp2-path": "200eggsyearperhe00warr_0003.jp2"}, "4": {"fulltext": "", "height": "3415", "width": "2111", "jp2-path": "200eggsyearperhe00warr_0004.jp2"}, "5": {"fulltext": "?i^fa i tf a T ia ^tfa T tftftf\\n200 Eggs a Yea r\\nPer Hen\\nHow To Get Them.\\nPrice 50 Cents.\\nPUBLISHED BY\\nEDQAR L WARREN, Wolfeboro, N. H\\n1900.\\nt^^^s^rs^if", "height": "3415", "width": "2091", "jp2-path": "200eggsyearperhe00warr_0005.jp2"}, "6": {"fulltext": "EGGS FOR HATCHING.\\nWill Condition Powder Affect the Fertility\\nof Eggs for Hatching?\\nOn this point M. K. Boyer, of Farm-Poultry, says he has repeatedly\\nexperimented. He, too, like some others, at one time charged condition\\npowders with producing infertile eggs, but the trials made with Sheridan s\\nCondition Powder have fully convinced him that by its use the stock are\\nstrengthened aud made more vigorous, and such a condition is bound to not\\nonly produce strong fertile eggs, but hardy chicks. (Read test case below.)\\nA. TEST CASE.\\nFANNY FIELD, in Farm-Poultry, July, 1895, says:\u00e2\u0080\u0094\\nOf course you want to know how the hatching of eggs from my hens,\\nencouraged by Sheridan s Condition Powder, turned out, and how the\\nchicks are coming on and I am as eager to tell as you are to hear. Up\\nto date (July 1) I set one hundred and ninety- four eggs one hundred and\\nfifty-three hatched, and there are yet twenty-five to hear from. Every chick\\ncame from the shell strong and well. We have lost twenty-three, but ouly\\none by sickness. Three were crushed, by the mother hens, two strayed off\\nin the wet grass after a rain, and died from the effects of the chill, the hawks\\ntook five, and skunks gobbled an even dozen.\\n[NOTE.\u00e2\u0080\u0094 It looks as though the Sheridan s Condition Powder improved, rather than\\ninjured, the fertility of the eggs, judging from the above test case.]\\nNo Matter What Kind of Foods You Use!\\nSheridan s Condition Powder\\nis needed with it to assure perfect assimilation of the food elements neces-\\nsary to produce eggs. It is absolutely pure highly concentrated most\\neconomical, because such small doses in quantity costs less than one-tenth\\ncent a day per hen. Use freely when hens are laying eggs for hatching.\\nSold by Druggists, Grocers and Feed Dealers, or sent by mail. Large cans most economical to buy.\\nIF YOU CAN T GET IT NEAR HOME SEND TO US. ASK FIBST.\\nWe send one package, 25c.; five, $1.00. A two-pound can, $1.20; Six, $5.00. Express paid. Sample\\ncopy best Poultry paper sent free.\\nI. S. JOHNSON CO., 22 Custom House St, Boston, Mass.", "height": "3415", "width": "2111", "jp2-path": "200eggsyearperhe00warr_0006.jp2"}, "7": {"fulltext": "REVISED EDITION.\\n200 Eggs a Year Per Hen:\\nHow to Get Them.\\nA Practical Treatise\\non\\nEgg Making and Its Conditions\\nand\\nProfits in Poultry.\\nPrice 50 Cents.\\nPUBLISHED BY\\nEDGAR Ia. WARREN Wolfeboro, H. H.\\n1900.", "height": "3415", "width": "2091", "jp2-path": "200eggsyearperhe00warr_0007.jp2"}, "8": {"fulltext": "47396\\nLibrur y of Cornircs*\\n\u00e2\u0080\u00a2^o Copies Received\\nSEP 141900\\nCopyright antry\\nSECOND COPY.\\nD^ vertiH to\\nORDtfl DIVISION,\\nSE P 24 1900\\n80202\\nCOPYRIGHT\\n1899, 1900,\\nBy EDGAR L. WARREN,", "height": "3415", "width": "2111", "jp2-path": "200eggsyearperhe00warr_0008.jp2"}, "9": {"fulltext": "THE TWO HUNDRED EGG HEN.\\nWe live in a competitive age. Business of all kinds is over-\\ndone. It is much harder to make a success to-day than it was 10\\nyears ago, and it will be much harder 10 years hence than it is\\nnow. The men who succeed are the men who place their\\nproducts on the markets in the best shape at the least cost.\\nThousands are looking towards the poultry business for a living.\\nCompetition will soon be felt here as keenly as in other lines.\\nThe men who are to succeed in the poultry business are the men\\nwho can place their products on the market in the best shape at\\nthe least cost. Where everything is bought it costs 75 cents a\\nyear to feed a hen. It costs this whether she lays 100 or 200 eggs\\nin the time. If the poultryman is to secure a good return on his\\ninvestment it is evident that it is for his interest to keep the 200\\negg hen. It is as easy to get 200 eggs apiece from a flock of hens\\nin a year as it is 100, if one only knows how, and it is the object\\nof this book to tell how. If the reader will carefully follow my\\ninstructions I am prepared to assure him that he will greatly\\nincrease his egg yield and eventually reach the 200 egg mark.\\nAN ESSENTIAL THING IN STARTING.\\nI do not mean to say that the reader can take a flock of old\\nhens of any breed or no breed and get 200 eggs a year apiece\\nfrom them. There is no man living who can do that. The hens\\nmust be young and must come from an egg-producing strain.\\nThere is an old saying that blood tells. This is as true of poultry\\nas of anything else. There are some breeds noted for egg pro-\\nduction, and in all breeds there are strains that lay better than\\nothers. If the reader is not prepared to start in with a good-lay-\\ning strain he must not expect to get 200 eggs apiece from his\\nbirds. By carefully following the instructions of this book he\\ncan largely increase his egg yield, but he must not expect to get\\n200 eggs apiece. I cannot impress it too strongly upon the\\nreader s mind that if he expects to get 200 eggs apiece from his\\nhens he must start in with a great-laying strain.", "height": "3415", "width": "2091", "jp2-path": "200eggsyearperhe00warr_0009.jp2"}, "10": {"fulltext": "WHAT BREED IS BEST?\\nThere is an old Latin proverb, De gustibus non est disputan-\\ndum, which I will take the liberty to translate for the benefit of\\nthose who have been out of school for some time. Its meaning is\\nthis In matters of taste there is no argument. This is as true\\nin the poultry business as it is elsewhere. Other things being\\nequal that breed is the best for a man which he likes best. There\\nis no breed that combines all the excellences and has none of the\\ndefects. There is no breed that does not have its admirers. In\\ngeneral it may be said that the most profitable breeds are to be\\nfound in the Asiatic, American and Mediterranean classes, as fol-\\nlows In the Asiatic class the Light Brahmas, Buff and Partridge\\nCochins in the American class the Barred, Buff and White Ply-\\nmouth Rocks, all the Wyandottes and the Rhode Island Reds in\\nthe Mediterranean class the Black Minorcas, Brown, White and\\nBuff Leghorns. These are the great money-making varieties.\\nThe Asiatics are excellent table fowls and prolific layers of dark-\\nbrown eggs. They are good sitters and mothers, although some-\\nwhat clumsy. They are inclined to be sluggish and readily take\\non fat. They stand cold well, and make good winter layers.\\nThe Mediterraneans are egg machines, turning out great quanti-\\nties of white-shelled eggs. They do not stand cold as well as the\\nAsiatic and American breeds, and are not as good fowls for the\\ntable. The Americans on the whole are the favorites. They are\\nall-round birds, good layers of brown eggs, excellent for the\\ntable, good sitters and mothers. They stand cold well, and are\\nthe birds for the farmers and breeders. The danger with every\\nbreed is that it will get into the hands of the fanciers and be bred\\nfor points rather than for utility. Stamina is the important\\nthing, and not the show card. It will be a great day for the\\npoultry business when farmers keep more pure-bred fowls, for\\nthen the great standard varieties may be kept up without danger\\nof deterioration.\\nHOW MANY VARIETIES SHALL I KEEP?\\nAfter studying the matter carefully I have come to the con-\\nclusion that it is better for the average poultryman to confine him-\\nself to one variety. He will get better results and make more\\nmoney if he concentrates his energies than he will if he dissipates\\nthem.", "height": "3415", "width": "2111", "jp2-path": "200eggsyearperhe00warr_0010.jp2"}, "11": {"fulltext": "There is no danger of contamination where only one variety\\nis kept. Unless a man farms out his birds keeping one kind\\nhere and another there it is almost impossible to prevent mix-\\nture. Some ambitious rooster will scale the fence and get into\\nthe wrong yard, or some giddy pullet will arrange a tryst with a\\ncockerel that has captured her fancy, of another breed. Where\\nonly one variety is kept there are times when the poultryman can\\ngive his stock a run to grass, opening the gates and letting the\\nbirds range at will. A few weeks freedom in the spring and fall\\ngreatly invigorates the flock. Where several varieties are kept\\nsuch a vacation is impossible.\\nWhere a man keeps only one variety he has more birds to\\nchoose from, and consequently can steadily improve his flock.\\nSuppose a man intends to keep 300 layers. To keep his stock\\ngood it will be necessary for him to get out 600 to 800 chickens\\neach year. If he keeps only one variety, out of this large number\\nhe ought to be able to make up some very choice breeding pens\\nbut if he keeps half-a-dozen varieties the circle of choice is very\\nmuch restricted. Consequently his stock will not show rapid\\nimprovement.\\nHow much better it looks to see just one kind on a place!\\nThe casual visitor is impressed, and even those who pass by have\\ntheir attention attracted. Many a time have I heard favorable\\ncomments upon my White Wyandottes from persons driving by;\\nand summer people who come here in large numbers are willing\\nto pay me an extra price for eggs and chickens, just because my\\nstock looks so nice.\\nWhen I send away for stock or eggs I always send to a\\nspecialist. I have the feeling that a man who handles only one\\nkind can do better for me than a man who handles a dozen or\\nmore. This feeling is shared by others. I know men who will\\nnot buy of a man who advertises more than one breed.\\nWhere a man desires to keep more than one variety I would\\nsuggest that he confine himself to one family or breed. In this\\nway he will escape some of the difficulties that beset the path of\\nthe man who handles a number of varieties. The fowls being all\\nof one family will have the same characteristics and respond to\\nthe same treatment. In case of an accidental mix-up the damage\\nis reduced to a minimum, for the birds are all of the same size,\\ncomb and contour.", "height": "3415", "width": "2091", "jp2-path": "200eggsyearperhe00warr_0011.jp2"}, "12": {"fulltext": "HOW MANY EGG RECORDS ARE WRECKED.\\nSome time ago I received a letter from a young woman who\\nis an enthusiastic poultrywoman, in which she said that she was\\ngetting a goodly number of eggs, but that her record was lowered\\nbecause she had kept over half a dozen hens which had laid well\\nthe year before. She said that she knew better, but could not\\nresist the temptation. I mention this case because it is so typical.\\nMore egg records are wrecked by keeping old hens in the flock\\nthan in any other way There is always a temptation when a hen\\nhas laid well to keep her the second year. This temptation must\\nbe resisted if one is in quest of a big egg record. The fact that a\\nhen has laid well for one year since coming to maturity inca-\\npacitates her from ever laying so well again. She has drained\\nher system, and requires long recuperation before she can lay\\neven moderately. You may set it down as an axiom that it is\\nthe pullets that give the big egg records. If you have in your\\nflock some hens that you desire to keep a second year as a reward\\nfor past services, put them in a pen by themselves and do not\\nlook for large egg production from them. It is the pullets that\\nlay, and the early-hatched pullets at that. Get out your chickens\\nin March, April or May, according to the breed, if you want\\nwinter layers.\\nAnother way in which many egg records are wrecked is by\\nharboring loafers in the flock. Not every early-hatched pullet is\\na layer. The loafers must be weeded out in some way or they\\nwill reduce your average. Suppose you have two hens in a pen,\\nand one lays 200 eggs a year and the other none. The average\\nfor the two is 100 eggs apiece. The loafer has reduced her com-\\npanion s egg record one-half. Many poultrymen are now using\\nthe Eureka nest box or some other similar contrivance and keep-\\ning individual records.\\nTO PICK OUT THE LAYERS.\\nSometimes a person cannot afford to go to the expense of a\\npatent nest box, or does not care to keep individual records, but\\nwould like to be assured that every pullet in the pen is a layer.\\nThere is a very simple and inexpensive way to do this. Partition\\noff one corner of the pen into a little cage, and into this put the\\npullets one by one. Give the pullet the same food that is being\\ngiven the rest, and keep a dish of water near her. Let her\\nremain in the pen until you are satisfied that she does or does not", "height": "3415", "width": "2111", "jp2-path": "200eggsyearperhe00warr_0012.jp2"}, "13": {"fulltext": "lay. Sometimes three days are sufficient for a test, sometimes a\\nweek, and sometimes two weeks are needed. If a pullet is old\\nenough to lay and does not lay in two weeks, or lays only two or\\nthree eggs in that time, she should be killed and eaten. Other-\\nwise she will reduce your egg record. I repeat what I have just\\nsaid, that one cannot afford to harbor loafers. Sometimes the\\nhandsomest pullets are the poorest layers. I had a pullet once,\\nperfect in form and plumage, which failed to respond to the test\\nand was killed. I did not find any trace of an egg in her. She\\nwas absolutely barren. It costs 75 cents a year to feed a hen, and\\nthis money is thrown away if the hen does not lay. Therefore\\ntest your pullets. If you do not care to go to the trouble of par-\\ntitioning off a place in the pen, an old dry goods box with slatted\\ntop will answer. But I would strongly recommend that this\\ninside cage or pen form a feature of every compartment in your\\nhen house. Its uses are many. I have already referred to its\\nvalue as a place to test pullets. If you alternate cocks the one\\nthat is resting may be confined in this pen. Broody pullets may\\nbe kept there. It is an excellent place in which to set hens, and\\nthe chickens may be kept in the pen with their mothers until they\\nare old enough to be put out of doors.\\nTHE THREE CONDITIONS OF EGG PRODUCTION.\\nAfter the idle and sluggish birds have been weeded out and\\nthe pens made up, we are in a position to strike for a big egg\\nrecord. In order for us to realize our ambition it will be neces-\\nsary for us at the outset to understand the conditions of egg pro-\\nduction. It was a maxim of Lord Bacon, one of the greatest men\\nthat ever lived, that Nature is the great teacher, and that in order\\nto learn we must interrogate Nature. If we study Nature with\\nopen eyes she will often give us suggestions of great value and\\nfruitfulness. The poultryman must continually go to Nature,\\nthe great teacher, and he will not go in vain. In the state of\\nNature in which wild fowls live, or in the state of semi-Nature\\nin which the farmer s fowls are kept, what is the season of egg\\nproduction? Summer. Why? Because in summer the condi-\\ntions of egg production are present. What are these conditions?\\nWarmth, proper food and exercise. Reproduce these conditions\\nat any season of the year and the fowl must lay. The poultry-\\nman should keep this fact in mind and govern himself by it.", "height": "3415", "width": "2091", "jp2-path": "200eggsyearperhe00warr_0013.jp2"}, "14": {"fulltext": "THE HEN HOUSE.\\nIt is not my purpose in this booklet to give plans for a hen\\nhouse. The style of house a man builds will depend upon his\\nmeans and his inclinations. Variety is one of the fundamental\\nlaws of the human mind. There are poultry houses costing\\nthousands of dollars, and there are poultry houses that were built\\nfor less than a dollar a running foot. It is not always the most\\nexpensive house that gives the most eggs. But whether the\\nhouse be cheap or dear it should have three characteristics.\\ni. It must be dry. This is imperative. Dampness seems to\\nbe fatal to fowls. They will stand considerable cold without\\ninjury, but succumb speedily to dampness. Roup, rheumatism\\nand kindred evils go with a damp house. If possible the house\\nshould be located where there is good natural drainage. The\\nmost important thing about the house is the floor. The best floor\\nis made by carting in rocks to the depth of two feet, filling the\\ninterstices with gravel, and carpeting the whole with six inches\\nof dry sand. In regions where rocks abound, as they do in New\\nEngland, such a floor is not particularly expensive. Next to this\\nranks a board floor, covered with sand and gravel. Where the\\nhouse is in a high and dry location an earth floor does very well,\\nprovided it is raised above the level of the ground.\\n2. It should be warm. Nature has provided the hen with an\\nample covering of feathers, and she will not freeze even if the\\ntemperature of her house goes far below zero. But under such\\ncircumstances she will lay few eggs. How can she? All her\\nfood goes toward making caloric, and there is no surplus for\\nanything else. Accordingly if you want eggs in winter you must\\nsee to it that your hens are kept warm. When I speak of the\\nnecessity of keeping the house warm I do not mean that it must\\nbe kept at 68 degrees, the proper temperature for a human dwell-\\ning. The temperature of a hen s body is 103 degrees, five more\\nthan the temperature of the human body. Then the hen is sup-\\nplied with a thick coat of feathers. In a properly constructed\\nhouse there is no need of artificial heat. A house should be so\\nbuilt that in the coldest weather water will not freeze solid in it.\\nIf it is as warm as this it is warm enough. If you are going to\\nbuild a house in which you expect to get winter eggs, you must\\nnot build it too cheap. Tarred paper should be used under the\\nshingles or clapboards and the house should be sheathed inside.\\nDouble windows should be put on in the coldest weather. To\\nventilate the house open the doors wide for a few minutes even", "height": "3415", "width": "2111", "jp2-path": "200eggsyearperhe00warr_0014.jp2"}, "15": {"fulltext": "9\\non the coldest day. If a lantern will burn in a house with a clear\\nbright flame the ventilation is sufficient.\\n3. It should be sunny. Fowls love the sun. See them stand\\nin the path of sunlight in the morning of a clear bright winter\\nday. The house should be situated where the sun will shine in\\nit the most hours every day in winter. There should not be too\\nmany windows for the windows let the heat pass out as easily as\\nthey let it pass in, and the change in temperature between day\\nand night is too great.\\nTHE TOILET OF THE HOUSE.\\nIn enumerating the conditions of egg production I might\\nhave mentioned a fourth, comfort. Hens will not lay unless they\\nare fairly comfortable. How can a hen lay eggs in a cold, damp\\nhouse with a swarm of parasites sucking her blood I said a few\\nsections back that if you want an egg record you must harbor no\\nloafers. The worst loafers you can harbor are swarms of lice\\nthat suck the life-blood of your hens and yield nothing in return.\\nAnd yet it is comparatively easy to keep a flock clear of lice. I\\nseldom find them. Why? Because I do away with the condi-\\ntions that favor them. I keep my house clean. In order to keep\\nyour birds free of lice you must start right. Perhaps you have\\non your place an old ramshackle house in which hens have been\\nkept for years. It is impossible to keep fowls free of lice in such\\na house. Why? Because the house is haunted. Lice lurk in\\nevery crack and crevice, and it is almost impossible to extermi-\\nnate them. You may fumigate, you may burn sulphur but some\\nwill escape to hatch out their pestilential brood. The best way\\nis to tear down the old house, burn the boards, and start in again.\\nBuild a new house of clean, sweet-smelling lumber, and make up\\nyour mind that it shall not be polluted with lice.\\nBefore putting your birds into your new house dust them\\nthoroughly with some good insecticide. Sprinkle some of it in\\nthe nest boxes. Take an old can half full of kerosene, and with\\na paint brush go over the roosts. This should be done in sum-\\nmer at least once a week. Provide the hens with a sand bath,\\nremove the droppings every few days, keep the cobwebs swept\\ndown, sprinkle air-slacked lime about freely, and you will have\\nlittle trouble with lice.", "height": "3415", "width": "2091", "jp2-path": "200eggsyearperhe00warr_0015.jp2"}, "16": {"fulltext": "10\\nRIDDING A HOUSE OF VERMIN.\\nSometimes through carelessness or neglect a house becomes\\ninfested with vermin, and then radical measures are necessary.\\nIn the first place the house should be thoroughly fumigated.\\nClose every door and window, and see that there are no cracks or\\napertures to admit air. Burn a pound of sulphur for every ioo\\nsquare feet of floor space in the house thus a house 10 x 10 will\\nrequire one pound of sulphur, one 20 x 10 two pounds, one 30 x\\n10 three pounds, and so on. The sulphur must be burned in iron\\nvessels, which must be set on gravel or sand, so that there can be\\nno danger from fire. Into each vessel put a handful of carpen-\\nter s shavings saturated with kerosene, and upon these sprinkle\\nthe sulphur. Place the vessels in position, apply a match to the\\nshavings, and hastily leave the house, closing the door behind\\nyou. Do not open the house again for five hours, when every\\ndoor and window should be thrown wide open. In case you feel\\nany anxiety about fire, you can look in through a window once in\\na while to see that everything is going well.\\nAfter the fumes of sulphur have been driven out, with a\\nhand sprayer go through the house sending a spray of kerosene\\neverywhere. These sprayers can be bought for a dollar each,\\nwill last for years, and are simply invaluable. All the time you\\nhave been at work the hens have been in the yard outside, without\\nfood, and are now anxious to return to their home. Let them in\\none by one, and as each enters catch her and dust her well with\\nsome good insecticide. Tobacco dust, which can be bought at\\nthe florist s for five cents a pound, is cheap and effective.\\nYou have now freed your house and birds from vermin for\\nthe time being, but have not destroyed the eggs, and in a week\\nanother swarm will hatch out. Accordingly it will be necessary\\nto repeat the process once or twice before the pests are exter-\\nminated. You can tire them in time but before you get\\nthrough you will have learned the truth of the old saying, that\\nan ounce of prevention is worth a pound of cure.\\nTO DUST A HEN.\\nWith your left hand grasp the hen by the legs, and lay her\\nbreast-down upon a newspaper. The powder should be in a tin\\nbox with a handle and a perforated cover. Sprinkle the powder\\ninto the feathers around the vent, rubbing it in well. Work the\\npowder into the feathers about the neck. Work the powder", "height": "3415", "width": "2111", "jp2-path": "200eggsyearperhe00warr_0016.jp2"}, "17": {"fulltext": "11\\ninto the feathers on the sides and under the wings. Let the hen\\nstand a moment, keeping your hands lightly around her so that\\nshe cannot get away. Return her to the roost and take another.\\nAfter going through the pen shake the powder that has fallen on\\nthe newspaper back into the can or package. One application\\nkills the lice that are on the hen at the time, but in a week there\\nwill be another brood. The best poultrymen recommend dusting\\na hen at least three times, at intervals a week apart, and never\\nadmitting a strange hen into the pen without first dusting her\\nthoroughly. One lousy hen will contaminate all the rest, and\\nso it is necessarv to be on one s guard all the time.\\nFEEDING FOR EGGS: WHAT TO FEED.\\nWe now have our hens in a dry, warm, sunny and comfortable\\nhouse, have supplied them with facilities for keeping clean, and of\\ncourse want them to lay. What shall we feed and how much\\nshall we feed them This is the most momentous question that\\nconfronts the poultryman. Unless a hen is supplied with mate-\\nrials for egg production she cannot lay. She can no more pro-\\nduce eggs without the proper food than a factory can turn out\\nthe finished product without raw materials. What shall we feed\\nand how much shall we feed therefore?\\nLet us again follow Lord Bacon s advice and interrogate\\nNature. Suppose we take a hen as she comes up to the house at\\nthe close of a long day in summer from foraging in the fields, kill\\nher, take out her crop and analyze its contents. If we do so it is\\nobvious that we shall obtain a least a part of the information we\\nare after, for a hen lays in summer or not at all.\\nWhat do we find as the result of our analysis? The crop\\nwe are dissecting has about as many articles in it as the average\\nsmall boy s pocket, and they are equally miscellaneous. We\\nfind grains of corn that the hen has picked up about the barn,\\npieces of bread and table waste that she has found under the sink\\nspout, clover leaves and tips of grass blades, bugs, worms and a\\nmass of matter that we cannot resolve into the original elements.\\nThe first thing that impresses us as the result of our analysis is\\nthat the hen seeks variety. The second is, that this variety\\nadmits of classification. This mass of miscellaneous matter that\\nwe found in the hen s crop can be arranged in three divisions: I.\\nGrain. 2. Green food and vegetables. 3. Animal food in\\nthe form of bugs, worms and so forth. The conclusion is irre-", "height": "3415", "width": "2091", "jp2-path": "200eggsyearperhe00warr_0017.jp2"}, "18": {"fulltext": "12\\nsistible, that these three elements must be combined if we would\\nhave a perfect ration.\\nHow shall we combine them? The answer is not so difficult\\nas one would at first suppose. There are many ways. The hen\\nmakes a new combination every day. Perhaps the ideal way is to\\nhave no stereotyped method, but to study variety. If we combine\\ngrain, green food and meat in the daily ration, the hen can hardly\\nfail to respond with a goodly output of eggs.\\nThere is no article of food that is so much abused as corn.\\nCorn has its place, and an important place, in the bill-of-fare of\\nfowls. But a hen cannot be properly nourished on corn alone.\\nShe needs a balanced ration. The men who get results in egg\\nproduction are the men who pay great attention to feeding, and\\nseek variety.\\nFEEDING FOR EGGS: HOW MUCH.\\nThe problem, as every poultryman knows, is not what to feed,\\nbut how much. If you do not believe this write to the editor of\\nyour favorite poultry paper and ask him how much food you shall\\ngive a flock of 15 hens, and see what he will say. It takes a great\\ndeal of skill to steer between overfeeding on the one hand and\\nunderfeeding on the other. I believe however that there is a\\nscientific principle underlying the matter, and think that after a\\ngreat deal of study and experimentation I have discovered the\\nprinciple.\\nIn order to determine how much we should feed we must\\nagain interrogate Nature. Before we began to dissect the crop\\nof the hen we had killed, suppose we had put it in the scales to\\nascertain its weight. If the hen from which the crop was taken\\nwas of an American breed, if she had been running in the fields\\nall day and just before she had been killed had been given all the\\ncorn that she would eat, her crop with its contents would weigh\\nnot far from six ounces. Allowing that two ounces of food have\\npassed from the crop into the gizzard during the day, and from\\nthe gizzard into the intestines, it will be seen that when a hen is\\non the range, supplied with abundance of food, she will consume\\nabout eight ounces of food in the course of 24 hours. It would\\nseem therefore that this is about the amount a hen needs to sup-\\nply all the demands of her system and leave a margin for egg\\nproduction. But before we settle down to this conclusion there\\nare some things to be taken into consideration. On the range the", "height": "3415", "width": "2111", "jp2-path": "200eggsyearperhe00warr_0018.jp2"}, "19": {"fulltext": "13\\nhen has had plenty of exercise, and needs more food to supply\\nthe tissue lost than when in confinement. On the range\\nfood is more bulky and less nutritious than the food the hen\\nreceives in her pen. It contains a larger proportion of grass\\nand vegetables. It is probable that in the pen, where the hen\\ndoes not exercise so freely as she does on the range and where\\nher food is more concentrated, she does not need so much food by\\none-fourth as she does when at liberty. Six ounces of food a day\\nought therefore to be ample to supply all the needs of a hen in\\nconfinement.\\nSuppose we try a little experiment to verify this conclusion.\\nLet us take a laying hen a year old and shut her up in a pen by\\nherself, feeding her but once a day, but giving her all she will eat\\nat this meal. The food we set before her is a mash containing\\nall the elements for nutrition and egg production. We shall find\\nthat the hen will continue to thrive and lay eggs on six ounces of\\nfood a day. There will be a falling off in egg production, owing\\nto the close confinement and change in methods of feeding,\\nbut the hen will live and lay on six ounces of food a\\nday. We are now confirmed in our conviction, that in the Amer-\\nican breeds six ounces of food a day is about the normal amount\\nfor a hen in confinement. Whether she needs a little more or a\\nlittle less must be determined by individual experimentation.\\nSix ounces of food a day for a hen weighing six pounds seems\\nat first thought an enormous quantity. In the same ratio a man\\nweighing 160 would consume 10 pounds of food every 24 hours.\\nBut before we dismiss the matter as absurd let us consider a\\nmoment. The hen s food is not so concentrated as the man s. It\\ncontains far less nutriment in proportion to bulk. A consider-\\nable proportion of it will be voided in the form of excrement.\\nThen the hen has a task to perform such as is imposed upon few\\nother creatures. She is expected to lay an egg weighing not less\\nthan two ounces; and an egg, as everyone knows, is one of the\\nrichest of food products. Deduct from the six ounces of food\\ntwo ounces for waste and two ounces for egg production, and it\\nwill be seen that only two ounces are left to repair the tissues and\\nmaintain the temperature of the body. The laying hen needs a\\ngenerous diet, and those doctrinaires who advocate keeping her in\\na state of semi-starvation have no support in reason for their\\ntheory.", "height": "3415", "width": "2091", "jp2-path": "200eggsyearperhe00warr_0019.jp2"}, "20": {"fulltext": "14\\nFEEDING FOR EGGS: THE AUTHOR S METHOD.\\nHaving given my readers the principles that apply to feeding,\\nI propose now to tell them how I put these principles into prac-\\ntice. I desire to state here that I have no patent methods. I aim\\nto apply common sense to the problem of egg production, as I do\\nto other things but I do not claim to have a monopoly of wisdom.\\nThere are doubtless other methods as good as mine. As I said\\nin a preceding section, there are many possible combinations that\\nwill produce good results. I give you mine, and leave you to\\nadopt it or not as you think best.\\nI aim to hatch out my chickens early in the spring, so that\\nthey will get to laying before cold weather; and by the first of\\nOctober begin to make up my laying pens for the winter. In\\neach pen there are 1 8 or 20 pullets but the number will ultimately\\nbe reduced to 15, as the pullets are tested and the inferior ones\\nthrown out. The pen when complete will contain one male and\\n15 females.\\nFrom October to April I feed as follows A mash the first\\nthing in the morning. This mash is made as I am about to\\ndescribe. At the mill I buy corn and oats ground and mixed\\ntogether. The basis of the mash is this mixture combined with\\nbran, in the proportion of two scoopfuls of corn and oats to one\\nof bran. About two-thirds of the mash is made up in this way.\\nI next put in one-half ounce of green ground bone for each fowl.\\nI am aware that this is a much larger proportion of green ground\\nbone than is generally recommended, but it is no larger proportion\\nof animal food than Nature furnishes when the fowls have free\\nrange. So great is my faith in green ground bone, that I have\\nventured to give expression to it as follows\\nTo make hens lay\\nTwo eggs a day,\\nFeed green ground bone\\nIn the mash at morn.\\nIt is perhaps needless to state that into the mash go the scraps\\nfrom the table, which otherwise would be burned. I aim to intro-\\nduce some green food every morning, and to give as large a\\nvariety as possible, believing that this is Nature s way. One day\\nI feed clover, the next cabbage, the third onions, the fourth\\napples, the fifth potatoes, and so on. These vegetables are\\nchopped fine or run through a root cutter, and fed raw. I feed\\nclover once a week, or oftener when I can get no other green", "height": "3415", "width": "2111", "jp2-path": "200eggsyearperhe00warr_0020.jp2"}, "21": {"fulltext": "15\\nfood but confess that I am not so much in love with it as most\\nwriters on poultry topics seem to be. The fowls do not eat it\\nwith great avidity. That tells the story. The food that is eaten\\nwith the best relish is the food that gives the best results. The\\nyear that I made such a phenomenal record with my hens 214\\neggs apiece from October to October I fed no clover whatever\\nbut vegetables instead. Before the clover is fed in the mash it\\nshould be steeped for some time in hot water.\\nThe mash is salted about as I would salt it if it were intended\\nfor human consumption, and in the coldest weather I sprinkle in\\ncayenne pepper. The mash is mixed with boiling water, and is\\nallowed to remain on the stove until the whole mass is steamingf.\\nI do not take it off until the fire underneath has warmed the kettle\\nso that it begins to feel uncomfortable to the hand. I aim to\\nhave the boiling water thoroughly incorporated, so that there will\\nbe no dry streaks, and to have the mash in what might be called\\na granulated state that is, crumbly but not sloppy. As I feed it,\\nthe mash is neither raw nor cooked but half way between.\\nMy feed troughs are pine boards four feet long and one foot\\nwide, rimmed with laths to keep the mash from being scattered\\nover the floor. I feed the mash warm, not scalding hot and feed\\nwhat the hens will eat in 10 minutes. If anything is left on the\\nboards at the end of 10 minutes it is scraped back into the kettle,\\nand the boards stood up against the wall where they will be out\\nof the way.\\nOne day in seven I give my hens a thanksgiving breakfast;\\nthat is, I give them all they will eat, not removing the surplus\\nuntil the last hen has turned away. The philosophy of this\\nthanksgiving breakfast lies in the fact that under my system of\\nfeeding, where I aim to keep the birds just a little hungry,\\nthere is danger that I will underfeed and this thanks-\\ngiving breakfast is designed to meet this danger. There\\nare always one or two hens in a flock less aggressive than the rest,\\nand these do not get their share and are underfed. But one\\nmorning in seven all can regale themselves to the utmost, and the\\ntimid hens and the hungry hens can be filled.\\nAt 11 o clock in the forenoon I feed a grain ration wheat,\\noats, or barley consisting of one-half ounce to each head. In\\neach house I keep an iron rake, and with this I rake the grain into\\nthe sand which forms a carpet to the floor. It takes but a\\nmoment, and in digging it out the hens get the best of exercise;", "height": "3415", "width": "2091", "jp2-path": "200eggsyearperhe00warr_0021.jp2"}, "22": {"fulltext": "16\\nfor for every kernel a hen finds she buries two. Mornings when\\nI feed the thanksgiving breakfast I omit this lunch at 1 1 o clock.\\nThe latter part of the afternoon I feed one ounce per head\\n(strong) of cracked corn. Sometimes I vary by feeding an equal\\namount by weight of scalded oats. (The oats are weighed before\\nscalding.) In the shortest days of winter I feed but twice, the\\nmash at sunrise and two ounces of corn to each hen (strong) in\\nthe middle of the afternoon. I do not believe in feeding whole\\ncorn to laying stock, as it is too easily found and quickly eaten.\\nI do not wish to give the reader the impression that I weigh\\nthe grain every day, as .this might seem too laborious a method.\\nAfter a little while the eye becomes accustomed to quantities and\\ncan judge with sufficient exactness. I do not weigh the grain or\\nmeasure the mash but once a month and when I do, find I have\\njudged quantities with surprising accuracy.\\nFrom April to October I feed differently. The weather is\\nsuch that the hens are able to be out in their yards, where they\\ncan pick up at least a part of their living. I have my garden and\\nlawn to look after, as well as my professional duties to attend to\\nand try to arrange so that the care of my hens will be as little bur-\\nden as possible. I feed no green food, as they can get plenty of\\nthat in their runs, and less green ground bone than in winter. I\\nfeed the mash at night, and give them all they will eat. I reduce\\nthe grain ration, throwing in a few handfuls of corn or oats\\nmorning and noon. If I were a farmer, and my hens had free\\nrange, I would feed nothing but cracked corn in the summer, and\\nnot much of that, perhaps half an ounce per head to my hens as\\nthey came up to the barn at night.\\nSummer and winter I keep plenty of pure water before my\\nhens, and this water is given them in clean vessels filled at least\\ntwice a day. In the winter I give warm water instead of cold.\\nA laying hen is a thirsty creature and should be well supplied\\nwith drink.\\nFEEDING FOR EGGS: ANOTHER EXCELLENT METHOD.\\nThere is a lady in Auburn, Maine, formerly a school teacher,\\nwho for some years has been devoting her spare time to poultry,\\nwith great success. No one in the city where she lives seems able\\nto get the same number of eggs from a given number of fowls\\nthat she can. This lady, Miss Maria Stevens, has very kindly\\ngiven me her method of feeding, and it gives me great pleasure\\nto present it here. It will be seen that Miss Stevens makes a", "height": "3415", "width": "2111", "jp2-path": "200eggsyearperhe00warr_0022.jp2"}, "23": {"fulltext": "17\\nliberal use of green ground bone and meat meal, as all must do\\nwho are in quest of a big egg record.\\nIn the morning, she writes, I feed a mash made of about\\ntwo parts bran to one part ground oats. For every 50 hens I\\nput in two quarts, good measure, of green ground bone also some\\nvegetable well cooked and mashed. This latter I vary as much\\nas possible, using water in which vegetables have been cooked\\nto moisten the mash, providing it is not so strongly flavored as\\nto be disagreeable to the hens, as sometimes happens if turnips\\nhave been cooked in it. The proportion of vegetable matter given\\nto hens in winter is much smaller than that given in summer, and\\nalso smaller than the other ingredients in the mash. In summer\\ncut grass or clover and vegetable tops are substituted for the\\nroots given in winter and are fed separately whenever convenient.\\nDried beef scraps are substituted in summer for the ground bone\\nin winter and are fed in smaller quantities, perhaps half the\\namount. I season with salt rather less than I would for my\\nfamily. I never use pepper, but occasionally ginger. When\\nusing pepper and seasoning highly with salt, I have always had\\nmore or less hens die of dropsy in spring. My mash is always\\nthoroughly scalded and frequently well cooked, as in winter I\\noften mix it the night before and let it remain in the oven over\\nnight. Animal meal I consider a cheap food which will make\\nhens lay but I cannot use it, even in much smaller quantities than\\nthe rule.\\nMy hens always have warm water in clean drinking vessels\\nin winter and cool water in summer.\\nThe second and last feed comes after dinner, when I hoe or\\nrake into the litter on hen house floor two parts whole oats to one\\npart wheat. The litter is six or eight inches deep, and the feed\\nis given generously enough to make them feel rewarded for\\nscratching up to the next afternoon.\\nOyster shells I prefer to throw in fresh every day, especially\\nin the latter part of the winter, when they get too busy laying\\nto eat the proper amount of lime.\\nA neighbor adopted my way of feeding, but with pullets\\nbought of me failed to get like results. I attribute the failure to\\nthe fact that he was afraid of wasting feed, and if he could possi-\\nbly find a grain would not feed more. In the morning I feed all\\nthe hens will eat with a relish.", "height": "3415", "width": "2091", "jp2-path": "200eggsyearperhe00warr_0023.jp2"}, "24": {"fulltext": "18\\nTHE GOLDEN RULE FOR FEEDING.\\nI can do no better than to close this section by giving what I\\nbelieve to be the golden rule for feeding. Select a representative\\nhen and put her in a pen by herself, keeping her there at least a\\nweek, feeding her but once a day, either morning or night as may\\nbe most convenient. Weigh out to her all the mash she will eat,\\nand keep careful record of the results. The average amount she\\nconsumes per day by weight will be the minimum you should feed\\neach member of the Hock for best results in egg production.\\nA NEST BOX FOR INDIVIDUAL RECORDS.\\nWithin the past few years the poultry business has been\\nalmost revolutionized by the introduction of a nest box for indi-\\nvidual records. It is a fact well known to all breeders of animals,\\nthat desirable traits may be transmitted, and by careful matings a\\nstrain may be permanently established. I suppose that all the\\nhorses in the world come from a common ancestor. And yet\\nhow great the differentiation to-day Natural selection, supple-\\nmented by human selection, has produced the trotter, the pacer,\\nthe hackney, the saddle horse, the huge Percheron and the dimin-\\nutive Shetland pony. Among cows some breeds are noted for\\nthe production of butter, others for milk, and others for beef.\\nAmong hens there are some breeds that excel as egg producers,\\nand in all breeds there are strains that lay better than others. It\\nis obvious that if we are to build up a great egg-producing strain\\nwe must breed from great layers.\\nHow may these great layers be picked out? There are two\\nways. One is by the testing pen the other, by the trap nest box.\\nThe former makes the pen the unit; the latter, the individual\\nbird. The former is the way I myself proceed. My laying pens\\nare made up of birds that have been carefully tested in solitary\\nconfinement, as described in a preceding section. If every bird\\nin the pen is a layer, and the average of the pen in egg production\\nis satisfactory, I do not hesitate to breed from that pen. This is\\na great labor-saving method. The birds do not require the con-\\nstant attention that is demanded where individual records are\\nkept. Each bird is tested at the beginning of the season, and\\nmarked with a leg-band if she meets the test. Otherwise she is\\nput in the pen for culls or dispatched.\\nSome poultrymen desire to make the individual bird the unit,\\nand not the pen; and for their purpose a nest box is necessary.", "height": "3415", "width": "2111", "jp2-path": "200eggsyearperhe00warr_0024.jp2"}, "25": {"fulltext": "19\\nThere are many of these boxes on the market. The right to use\\nthese boxes, with plans for their construction, costs from one to\\nthree dollars. Through the courtesy of Mr. G. M. Gowell, agri-\\nculturist of the Maine Experiment Station, I am able to present\\nmy readers with the plan for a nest box free of charge. The nest\\nbox here described was made by Mr. Gowell after a careful study\\nof the various nest boxes on the market, and is intended to com-\\nbine their excellences and avoid their defects. This is the box\\nthat is illustrated here, and the description of it is in Mr. Gowell s\\nown words.\\nSINGLE NEST BOX.", "height": "3415", "width": "2091", "jp2-path": "200eggsyearperhe00warr_0025.jp2"}, "26": {"fulltext": "20\\nThe nest box is very simple, inexpensive, easy to attend,\\nand certain in its action. It is a box-like structure, without end\\nor cover; and is twenty-eight inches long, thirteen inches wide\\nand thirteen inches deep inside measurements. A division\\nboard with a circular opening seven and one-half inches in diame-\\nter is placed across the box twelve inches from the back end and\\nfifteen inches from the front end. The back section is the nest\\nproper. Instead of a close door at the entrance, a light frame of\\ninch by inch and a half stuff is covered with wire netting of one\\ninch mesh. The door is ten and one-half inches wide and ten\\ninches high and does not fill the entire entrance, a space of two\\nand a half inches being left at the bottom and one and a half\\ninches at the top, with a good margin at each side to avoid fric-\\ntion. If it filled the entire space it would be clumsy in its action.\\nIt is hinged at the top and opens up into the box. The hinges are\\nplaced on the front of the door rather than at the center or back,\\nthe better to secure complete closing action.\\nThe trip consists of one piece of stiff wire about three-six-\\nteenths of an inch in diameter and eighteen and one-half inches\\nlong, bent as shown in drawing. A\\npiece of board six inches wide and just\\nlong enough to reach across the box\\ninside is nailed flatwise in front of the\\npartition and one inch below the top of\\nthe box, a space of one-fourth of an inch\\nbeing left between the edge of the board\\nand the partition. The purpose of this\\nboard is only to support the trip wire in\\nplace. The six-inch section of the trip\\nwire is placed across the board and\\nthe long part of the wire slipped\\nthrough the quarter inch slot, and\\npassed down close to and in front of the,\\ncenter of the seven and a half inch cir-\\ncular opening. Small wire staples are\\ndriven nearly down over the six-inch\\nsection of the trip wire into the board\\nso as to hold it in place and yet let it roll sidewise easily.\\nWhen the door is set, the half inch section of the wire\\nmarked A comes under a hard wood peg or a tack with a large\\nround head, which is driven into the lower edge of the door\\n|KA/\\nJT\\ni**\\ntv", "height": "3415", "width": "2111", "jp2-path": "200eggsyearperhe00warr_0026.jp2"}, "27": {"fulltext": "21\\nframe. The hen passes in through the circular opening and in\\ndoing so presses the wire to one side, and the trip slips from its\\nconnection with the door. The door promptly swings down and\\nfastens itself in place by its lower edge striking the light end of\\na wooden latch or lever, pressing it down and slipping over it;\\nthe lever immediately coming back into place and locking the\\ndoor. The latch is five inches long, one inch wide and a half\\ninch thick, and is fastened loosely one inch from its center to the\\nside of the box, so that the outer end is just inside the door when\\nit is closed. The latch acts quickly enough to catch the door\\nbefore it rebounds. It was feared that the noise arising from\\nthe closing of the door might startle the hens, so instead of\\nwooden stops pieces of old rubber belting were nailed at the out-\\nside entrances for the door to strike against.\\nThe double box with nest in the rear end is necessary, as\\nwhen a bird has laid and desires to leave the nest, she steps to the\\nfront and remains there until released. With one section only,\\nshe would be very likely to crush her egg by standing upon it.\\nfcpg^ff, r^^zj^gj\\nNEST BOXES IN POSITION.", "height": "3415", "width": "2091", "jp2-path": "200eggsyearperhe00warr_0027.jp2"}, "28": {"fulltext": "22\\nKEEP THE HENS AT WORK.\\nThe hen at liberty is a great forager, on the move from morn-\\ning until night. She needs a chance to exercise when in confine-\\nment, or she will take on fat and become useless as an egg pro-\\nducer. Connected with each house there should be a yard of\\ngenerous size. The yard should be at least 10 times the size of\\nthe house: thus a house 10 x 10 will take a yard 10 x ioo; one\\n20 x 10 a yard 20 x 100 and one 30 x 10 a yard 30 x 100. These\\nyards are the best places in the world for fruit trees. It is surpris-\\ning how fast trees will grow and how heavily they will bear when\\nenriched by the droppings of fowls. There are two orchards in\\nthis town, standing side by side on the same soil, the trees of which\\nwere bought of the same agent on the same day. One of these\\norchards is used as a hen yard the other is not. The trees in the\\norchard that is used as a hen yard have made double the growth\\nand bear four times the fruit of the trees in the other. These two\\norchards are a good object lesson right here at home of the value\\nof planting fruit trees in poultry runs. The trees furnish shade\\nfor the hens in the hot days of summer, which is an important\\nconsideration.\\nIn winter when the hens are in their house they should be\\nmade to work. The floor should be covered to the depth of six\\ninches or a foot with litter, and grain should be thrown into it\\nand the hens made to dig it out. The litter should be shaken up\\nwith a fork once a week, and renewed once a month. If the floor\\nof your house is carpeted with dry sand you do not need to pro-\\nvide a litter except in the very coldest weather. Rake the grain\\ninto the sand with an iron-toothed rake, and make the hens\\nscratch for it.\\nGRIT AND OYSTER SHELLS.\\nNature has not provided fowls with teeth, and consequently\\nthey cannot masticate their food as can the higher animals. The\\nfood passes from the crop into the gizzard, where it is prepared\\nfor the stomach by trituration that is, as the food passes through\\nthe gizzard it is triturated, or ground up, by the little flinty parti-\\ncles which line that member. Unless the fowl is well supplied\\nwith grit the food passes into the stomach improperly prepared,\\nand the result is indigestion. It is a great mistake not to keep\\nthe fowls well supplied with grit. Oyster shells are necessary to\\nsupply the lime needed for the egg shells, and should be supplied\\nin abundance.", "height": "3415", "width": "2111", "jp2-path": "200eggsyearperhe00warr_0028.jp2"}, "29": {"fulltext": "23\\nDON T CROWD YOUR BIRDS.\\nThere is a snare spread for beginners in the poultry business\\nwhich catches nearly all it is to crowd the birds. The prospec-\\ntive poultryman has kept a small flock and they have laid well.\\nHe begins to reason like this I have kept 12 hens in this pen\\nthe past year and they have netted me two dollars apiece. All I\\nhave to do to increase my income is to increase the number of my\\nbirds. If 12 hens have paid me $24, 50 hens will pay me $100.\\nThis seems logical, and the prospective poultryman goes to work\\nand puts in 50 birds, only to find at the end of the year that the\\n50 birds have not paid him so well as the 12 did. They have laid\\nno more eggs, and sickness has been rife among them. More\\nmen lose money and retire from the poultry business in disgust\\nfrom losses brought about by putting too many birds into one pen\\nthan from any other cause.\\nThe farmer would not think of putting two cows in one stall.\\nHe would not plant his potatoes in rows one foot apart. He\\nwould not shut up his family in one room. Why should he not\\ndisplay the same good sense in dealing with his fowls? Experi-\\nence has shown that 10 square feet of floor space is about the\\namount needed by each hen if she is to do her best. Where the\\nhouse is kept perfectly clean, and where the hens have a chance\\nto get out doors every pleasant day, they can get along with a\\nsomewhat smaller space. But for the best results in egg produc-\\ntion there must be plenty of room. The year I made the phenom-\\nenal record with my White Wyandottes 214 eggs apiece from\\nOctober to October I knocked out the partitions between two\\npens and gave the flock double room.\\nBEST SIZE FOR A FLOCK.\\nThe size of a flock will depend something upon circum-\\nstances. Experience has shown that a large number of birds\\nkept together do not do so well as a smaller number. Twenty-\\nfour females and one male are as many as should ever be put in\\none pen, and even then there should be 10 square feet of floor\\nspace to each bird. The ideal number to a pen, I think, is one\\nmale and fifteen females. Where this number is kept it makes it\\neasy to feed the grain in the proportion I have elsewhere recom-\\nmended, one ounce to each bird making just one pound to the\\nflock. It takes moral courage to cut down the size of the pens,\\nbut the man who does it will have his reward.", "height": "3415", "width": "2091", "jp2-path": "200eggsyearperhe00warr_0029.jp2"}, "30": {"fulltext": "24\\nSICKNESS IN THE FLOCK.\\nWhere fowls are treated as I have recommended there will be\\ncomparatively little sickness. It seldom pays to doctor sick\\nfowls. They should be killed, and burned or buried. In case\\nyou desire to doctor a sick fowl quarantine her so that she cannot\\ncommunicate her disease to the rest. The Farm Poultry\\nDoctor, by N. W. Sanborn, M.D., is the best brief treatise on\\ndiseases of fowls that I know anything about.\\nINTRODUCE NEW BLOOD.\\nIn order to keep up the quality of the flock new blood must\\nbe introduced from time to time. I am aware that much less is\\nsaid in these days against inbreeding than was the case a few\\nyears ago, and that inbreeding is systematically practiced by\\nmany poultrymen with apparently no harmful results. But I do\\nnot believe in it. It is against Nature, and must eventually\\nresult in deterioration. Why is it that many breeds once famous\\nhave lost their popularity? It is because the stamina has been\\nbred out of them. Hawthorne, who was a keen observer, as well\\nas one of the greatest masters of English prose that ever lived,\\nin The House of Seven Gables has a paragraph showing the\\ndeterioration that came to a famous breed of fowls from too close\\ninbreeding. Nor must we forget to mention a hen-coop of very\\nreverend antiquity, he says, that stood in the further corner of\\nthe garden, not a great way from the fountain. It now contained\\nonly Chanticleer, his two wives, and a solitary chicken. x\\\\ll of\\nthem were pure specimens of a breed which had been transmitted\\ndown as an heirloom in the Pyncheon family, and were said,\\nwhile in their prime, to have attained almost the size of turkeys,\\nand, on the score of delicate flesh, to be fit for a prince s table.\\nBe that as it might, the hens were scarcely larger\\nthan pigeons, and had a queer, rusty, withered aspect, and a\\ngouty kind of movement, and a sleepy and melancholy tone\\nthroughout all the variations of their clucking and cackling. It\\nwas evident that the race had degenerated, like many a noble race\\nbesides, in consequence of too strict a watchfulness to keep\\nit pure.", "height": "3415", "width": "2111", "jp2-path": "200eggsyearperhe00warr_0030.jp2"}, "31": {"fulltext": "25\\nBUYING STOCK AND EGGS.\\nNew blood can most conveniently be introduced through the\\nmale, and males may be procured in two ways through purchase\\noutright, through eggs bought of reputable dealers. The former\\nmethod is the more satisfactory, the latter the less expensive. In\\npurchasing a full-grown bird the buyer takes no risks. He may\\nascertain in advance just what he is to buy. Any dealer will\\nsend description of his birds, and some will send photograph or\\nblue print. If the bird is not as represented he may be returned.\\nThe element of uncertainty is practically eliminated. In buying\\neggs it is different. The most careful and conscientious breeder\\ncannot guarantee that any given per cent, of the eggs he sends\\nout will produce chickens. There is no way of determining, even\\nby the Roentgen ray, whether there is a germ of life in an egg or\\nnot until it has been incubated a few days. After the eggs leave\\nthe breeder s hands they may be chilled, if in winter, and roughly\\nhandled at any season of the year. The customer may have bad\\nluck. He may not know how to run an incubator; the hen may\\nleave her nest or may break some of the eggs under her feet.\\nThe business of selling eggs for hatching, which on the surface\\nseems so profitable, is really very unsatisfactory, and many\\nbreeders have abandoned it altogether.\\nIf three eggs out of a sitting incubate, and the buyer gets\\nthree strong, sturdy chicks, he has no cause for complaint; but,\\non the contrary, has made a good bargain. Suppose he pays two\\ndollars for the sitting, and in the fall has a trio, a male and two\\nfemales. The man who sold him the eggs would charge him ten\\ndollars for birds equally good. One must not expect eggs\\nshipped in the dead of winter, subjected to all the exigencies of\\ntravel, to hatch equally well with eggs procured about home\\nin June.\\nINCUBATOR OR HEN, WHICH?\\nSooner or later the poultryman must face the question with\\nwhich this paragraph is headed, and it is my purpose now to help\\nhim to an answer. In this matter, as in most others, there is\\nsomething to be said on both sides. In favor of the natural\\nmethod there is first of all economy. It costs at least $25 to\\nsecure the outfit for artificial incubation, and this is an expense\\nthat many can ill afford. Chickens brooded by hens have more\\nstamina and are subject to fewer diseases than chickens brooded", "height": "3415", "width": "2091", "jp2-path": "200eggsyearperhe00warr_0031.jp2"}, "32": {"fulltext": "26\\nin any other way. There is no mother for a brood of young\\nchickens that can equal an old hen. Some of the most progres-\\nsive poultrymen in the country use hens exclusively, setting hun-\\ndreds of them at a time.\\nThe disadvantages of the natural method is that it is never\\ncompletely under one s control. Whatever mental qualities a hen\\nmay or may not possess she has a full-grown, large-sized will\\nand no method has yet been discovered to make a hen sit when\\nshe does not want to. To realize the largest profits in poultry,\\nchickens must be hatched early and kept growing from the day\\nthey leave the shell. It is not always possible to have a supply\\nof sitting hens on hand. The sitting hen is liable to leave her\\nnest before her task is done, and no amount of persuasion will\\ninduce her to return. Sometimes she crushes eggs or young\\nchicks under her clumsy feet. At the best she can bring out but\\na few chickens at a time. After a while the up-to-date poultry-\\nman is almost certain to come to the conclusion that he must\\nhave an incubator.\\nThe advantage of the artificial method is that it is so com-\\npletely under one s control. The incubator may be started at any\\ntime. The best machines are so adjusted that the element of\\nchance is practically eliminated, and every fertile egg may be\\nincubated. The trouble comes in rearing the chickens. Brooder\\nchickens require much more attention and are more subject to\\ndiseases than chickens brooded under hens. The per cent of\\nloss is greater. Especially among beginners there is sometimes a\\nslaughter of the innocents that is frightful.\\nTo sum up: If one wants early chickens and wants them in\\nquantities and has the time to give to them, he should by all\\nmeans get an incubator. Otherwise he would best stick to\\nthe hen.\\nGET A GOOD INCUBATOR OR NONE.\\nIn purchasing an incubator remember that the best is the\\ncheapest. A poor machine is dear at any price. Beware of the\\nhome-made incubator. Sometimes they work satisfactorily, but\\noftener they do not. I know a young man of more than ordinary\\ningenuity who constructed an incubator from plans that he found\\nin a paper. By visiting the machine at intervals during the\\nday and by getting up two or three times a night to trim the lamp\\nor to pull out plugs so that the surplus heat might escape, he was", "height": "3415", "width": "2111", "jp2-path": "200eggsyearperhe00warr_0032.jp2"}, "33": {"fulltext": "27\\nable to keep the temperature somewhere near where it ought to\\nbe. But one warm Sunday, while he was at church, the temper-\\nature took a leap upward, and when he returned at noon the\\nthermometer registered 120 degrees. As a consequence 180\\nchickens were prematurely roasted, and nearly three weeks of\\nvaluable time lost. The young man has lost confidence in incu-\\nbators and now hatches his chickens with hens. An incubator\\nshould be bought at least a month before it is to be started on\\neggs, in order that the operator may become thoroughly familiar\\nwith the machine and know how to run it right.\\nA NATURAL HEN INCUBATOR.\\nUnder the hap-hazard method of keeping fowls, which too\\noften prevails, hens are set in any place and in any way that may\\nseem the most convenient. Sometimes they are set in the cellar,\\nsometimes in the barn chamber, and sometimes in the hen house,\\nin the midst of the laying stock. Old boxes, baskets and even\\npails are used as nests. It is no wonder that under such condi-\\ntions hens break eggs and leave their nests, and that the owner s\\npatience becomes completely exhausted long before the hatching\\nseason is over.\\nThe work of caring for sitting hens may be reduced to a min-\\nimum by the construction of what I may call a natural hen incu-\\nbator, the design for which is shown here.\\ni^^i .\u00e2\u0080\u00a2n ,^r~^r\\nA NATURAL HEN INCUBATOR.", "height": "3415", "width": "2091", "jp2-path": "200eggsyearperhe00warr_0033.jp2"}, "34": {"fulltext": "28\\nThis natural hen incubator may be of any length but should\\nbe two feet deep, two feet high, and divided into compartments\\n18 inches wide. Some prefer a door to each compartment, but\\nI find it more convenient to have the doors somewhat longer, so\\nthat one may enclose a number of divisions. The top should be\\nhinged at the back, so that it can be lifted up if desired, as\\nshown in the cut; but ordinarily it is shut down. The door in\\nfront is covered with chicken wire. Each compartment should\\nbe in two divisions, so if a hen wishes to leave her nest tempora-\\nrily she can do so.\\nIf possible, enough hens should be set at one time to utilize\\nall the compartments behind a door. The door should be kept\\nlatched except in the morning when it is opened, the hens taken\\noff, fed and watered and left to dust. In from 10 to 20 minutes,\\naccording to the weather, the hens should be driven back. As\\nthe hens are all set at the same time it makes no difference which\\ncompartment a hen enters. She will find eggs ready for her.\\nUnder this arrangement the hens cannot interfere with each\\nother. Eggs are not broken by hens jumping down upon them,\\nas the hens all walk into the compartments from a level. One\\nhundred sitting hens can be looked after with comparatively\\nlittle trouble.\\nWhere a number of hens is set at the same time one or two\\nshould be kept in reserve, in case some of the hens break up.\\nThe comfort of a sitting hen should be scrupulously looked\\nafter. Before she is placed on the nest she should be thoroughly\\ndusted with some good insect powder and again just before she\\nbrings off her brood. She should be taken off the nest, fed and\\nwatered and given a chance to dust herself every day. Sitting\\nhens should be fed on whole corn, as that is slowly digested and\\nis a heat-forming; food.\\nTO SET A HEN.\\nWhere incubation is carried on by the natural method it is\\nimportant to have a supply of sitting hens on hand in March,\\nApril and May, in order that the chickens may be hatched early.\\nWhile it is true that no method has yet been discovered to make\\na hen sit at will, it is also true that the instinct may be encour-\\naged. As soon as we understand the philosophy of incubation\\nwe may go to work to bring about the desired result. In a state\\nof Nature when does the hen sit? In summer. Whv in sum-", "height": "3415", "width": "2111", "jp2-path": "200eggsyearperhe00warr_0034.jp2"}, "35": {"fulltext": "29\\nmer? Because the reproductive instinct has been stimulated by\\nthe hot weather. Because she has laid her litter out. Because\\nshe has become fat and sluggish. It is evident therefore that if\\nwe can reproduce these conditions we can hasten the time of incu-\\nbation.\\nOld hens make the best sitters, because they are not so active\\nas young ones. The treatment of hens that are kept for sitters\\nshould be radically different from the treatment of hens that are\\nkept for layers. They should be confined more closely and fed\\ndifferently. Corn should form an important part of their food.\\nAs soon as a hen shows symptoms of broodiness she should be\\nencouraged. She should be taken at night and placed in a nest\\nprepared for her in a dark, quiet place. This nest should contain\\nchina eggs, and should be covered with a burlap bag to make it\\ndark. After 36 hours the bag may be removed and the hen let\\nout for food and water. If she goes back it is safe to entrust her\\nwith real eggs.\\nTO BREAK UP A SITTING HEN.\\nTo break up a sitting hen take a soft cord four feet six inches\\nlong, attach one end to the hen s leg and the other to a staple\\ndriven into the sill of the house. Leave the hen in the pen with\\nthe rest, but where she cannot get on a nest, feed lightly, and keep\\nwater within reach. Usually a few days of this treatment is\\neffectual but if the hen requires more heroic measures put her in\\nthe pen with a vigorous male, who will soon break her up.\\nTHE BEST MATING FOR VIGOR.\\nIn another section of this book I have insisted strongly that\\nwe must look to pullets for large egg production. The produc-\\ntion of eggs however is not all there is to the poultryman s trade.\\nHe must raise young stock in order to supply the market with\\npoultry and to replenish his supply of layers. It is a well-known\\nfact that eggs from year-old hens are larger and produce more\\nvigorous chicks than eggs from pullets. The best mating for\\nvigor is undoubtedly a cockerel to year-old hens, and next to this\\na cock to mature, well-grown pullets. I would advise the\\npoultryman to keep over enough year-old hens to make up his\\nbreeding pens. Those that are kept over, being the pick from a\\nlarge number, will be his choicest birds, and by breeding from\\nthem his stock will steadily improve. Pullets for layers; but\\nyear-old hens for breeders and mothers!", "height": "3415", "width": "2091", "jp2-path": "200eggsyearperhe00warr_0035.jp2"}, "36": {"fulltext": "30\\nTHE LAW OF SEX: MALES OR FEMALES AT WILL.\\nOne of the most interesting problems that confronts the\\nbiologist is that of sex. What are the conditions that produce\\na male organism and what the conditions that. produce a female?\\nIt is obvious that in a world where everything is by law sex is\\nnot by chance, but what the law is has never until now been dis-\\ncovered. Upwards of 500 hypotheses have been advanced but\\neach hypothesis, when tested by all the facts, has proved inade-\\nquate. In a matter where there is so much uncertainty and\\nwhere so many eminent names are connected with theories that\\nhave long since been abandoned, it becomes one to speak with\\nmodesty. But it has happened more than once that a great\\ndiscovery has been made by some obscure man or woman who\\nseemingly has stumbled almost by accident upon something the\\nrest of the world has overlooked. I realize what a stupendous\\nclaim I make, but I believe I have thought out the great law that\\nunderlies sex, and am able to give that law for the first time to\\nthe world. I believe the law will be more carefully studied than\\nI have been able to study it, and better formulated but I believe\\nthe law as I enunciate it will be accepted in all its essential par-\\nticulars.\\nBefore I enunciate the law I desire to call attention to a fact\\nwith which all are more or less familiar that is, the presence of\\ntwo sex principles in Nature. These principles are the\\nmasculine and the feminine. Not only are these principles pres-\\nent in animal life, but they are also present in plant life, the\\ntwo great divisions of sex occurring here. Among flowering\\nplants there are staminates and pistillates, or flowers with male\\nor female organs and among flowerless plants there are the two\\ncorresponding sex divisions. The importance of this fact to\\nagriculture has never been sufficiently grasped. As I write the\\ntrees are laden with a wealth of pink and white blossoms, and\\neverybody is predicting an enormous apple crop. But such will\\nnot be the case, at least in this section. Why? Because there\\nare so few bees to fertilize the flowers. Last summer was so\\ndry that little honey was stored, and consequently many colonies\\ndied in the winter. As I go about among my trees my ears are\\nnot saluted by the hum of little wings and my eyes gladdened by\\nthe sight of busy little bodies. There will be a good crop of the\\nself-fertilizing varieties, such as the Baldwin and Greening; but\\nthe varieties that require cross fertilization will almost be a\\nfailure.", "height": "3415", "width": "2111", "jp2-path": "200eggsyearperhe00warr_0036.jp2"}, "37": {"fulltext": "31\\nThere is another fact in this matter of sex, which is generally\\noverlooked, but the significance of which is enormous. Not only\\nare there two sex principles in Nature, but these two sex princi-\\nples are present in the same individual One of these principles\\nis stronger than the other, and gives the name to the sex, but both\\nare there. In every man there is a certain feminine element, and\\nin every woman a certain masculine element. It may be that in a\\nhigher type that is to be produced at some future time both of\\nthese elements will be blended in exact proportion, and the two\\nprinciples will no longer be localized but combined. Such a\\nconsummation seems hinted at in Luke 20:35, 36, But they\\nwhich shall be accounted worthy to obtain that world, and the\\nresurrection from the dead, neither marry, nor are given in mar-\\nriage neither can they die any more for they are equal unto the\\nangels and are children of God. The mistake that has been\\nmade in the past has been in identifying sex with certain out-\\nward organs whereas these organs are not the source but the\\nmanifestation of sex. In the last analysis sex is not physiological\\nbut moral.\\nWhat are the elements that we denominate as masculine, and\\nwhat are the elements that we denominate as feminine? The\\nmasculine elements are strength, courage, enterprise, excitability,\\nand (may I add?) ferocity. The feminine elements are docility,\\ntimidity, domesticity and maternal love. To put it another way,\\nthe masculine is the active principle, the feminine the passive the\\nmasculine is the aggressive principle, the feminine the domestic.\\nWe are in a position now to advance to a statement of the law.\\nIf the sex of an individual is the resultant of the preponderance\\nof the masculine or feminine element in the composition, it fol-\\nlows with the inevitability of an axiom that whichever of these\\nelements preponderates at the time of the formation of sex will\\ndetermine its character. The Mississippi is comparatively clear\\nuntil the Missouri pours into it, and then the water becomes a\\ntawny tide. The strong current from the alluvial plains of the\\nCentral West gives color to the whole mighty river from the\\npoint of juncture to the Gulf. So the sex element that is the\\nstrongest colors and controls the whole. The law of sex is The\\nsex of the offspring is in accordance zvith the dominant sexual\\nprinciple at conception and immediately afterwards.\\nWill this law stand the test of an appeal to facts? It will.\\nThe sex of the offspring is in accordance with the dominant\\nsexual principle at conception and immediately afterwards.", "height": "3415", "width": "2091", "jp2-path": "200eggsyearperhe00warr_0037.jp2"}, "38": {"fulltext": "32\\nWhat is the masculine principle, as I have defined it? The\\nactive and aggressive as distinguished from the passive and\\ndomestic. When should you expect the masculine principle to\\npredominate? In time of war and tumult. If the law of sex is\\ncorrect, as I have outlined it, it should follow that at such times\\nthere should be an excess of males born. Such is always the\\ncase. If the law of sex is correct, as I have given it, among\\nwhat class should you expect to find the greatest number of\\nmales? Among the poor. Why? Because the struggle of life\\nis fiercer among the poor than among the rich, and this calls out\\nthe aggressive qualities. It is a well known fact that among\\nthe poor male children predominate, while among the comforta-\\nble and well to do the reverse is the rule. If the law of sex, as I\\nhave given it, is correct, in what times should we expect the\\ngreatest number of female children to be born? In times of\\npeace and prosperity. Why? Because life is easier at such\\ntimes, and the masculine qualities are not so much at the fore.\\nThe law being as it is it follows that to secure a preponder-\\nance of offspring of either sex we must secure the conditions that\\nfavor the production of that sex. I am writing now of the\\npoultry business. The same principles that apply to poultry\\nbreeding will apply to the domestic animals and even to man him-\\nself. But I must confine myself to the task in hand. We want\\na preponderance of females. The law being as it is, what are\\nthe conditions that will produce the greatest number of females\\nand the smallest number of males?\\ni. Affinity. I mean by this that the male and females\\nshould be adapted to each other. Those who have observed\\nfowls closely have noticed that a cock will have his favorites, and\\nthat the females will often welcome one male more than another.\\nWhere there is perfect affinity the birds are happy and contented,\\nand the conditions are right for the production of females.\\nWhere the birds are not well mated and frequent quarrels ensue,\\nthe aggressive qualities are uppermost and the offspring likely to\\nbe largely males. It follows that two roosters should never be\\nkept in one flock, if an excess of females is desired, as they will\\nquarrel with each other. Nor can the practice of alternating\\nroosters be recommended, as in this case fertility is secured at\\nthe expense of sex.\\n2. Freedom from disturbance and fear. Fowls are\\nextremely conservative, creatures of habit to an amusing extent.\\nIf a hen laid in a certain nest yesterday she means to lay in the", "height": "3415", "width": "2111", "jp2-path": "200eggsyearperhe00warr_0038.jp2"}, "39": {"fulltext": "33\\nsame nest to-day, even if it is occupied and the one by its side is\\nempty. If a hen roosted in a certain place last night she is deter-\\nmined to roost in the same place to-night, whether you want her\\nto or not. Where hens are kept stirred up by the presence of\\nstrangers or shifted frequently from pen to pen, the feminine\\nqualities are disturbed and the masculine qualities are aroused.\\nThe quieter you can keep your hens the more pullets you will\\nhatch. You should be careful how you admit visitors to your\\npens during the breeding season.\\n3. Abundant nutrition. There is nothing that will make\\nanimals so cross and restless as hunger. On the other hand the\\nmost savage animals become less ferocious after a hearty meal.\\nRegular and abundant nutrition promotes calm and contentment.\\nThe sexual perfection of many insects depends upon the nutri-\\nment supplied to the larvae. It has been found that if caterpillars\\nare starved before entering the chrysalis state the resultant but-\\nterflies or moths are males, while others of the same brood highly\\nnourished are females. Don t be afraid to feed laying hens gen-\\nerously. If you let them sit when they want to do so they will\\nconsume their surplus fat, and after their needed rest will be in\\ncondition to go to laying again.\\n4. Comfort. As I pointed out in the case of human beings\\nmore females than males are born in times of peace and pros-\\nperity. The reason is life is less strenuous and the active, aggres-\\nsive qualities are less called upon. The same principle applies\\nin the case of the lower animals. A dry, warm, clean, sunny\\nhouse has its effect upon sex. Fowls kept in such a house should\\nproduce a preponderance of pullets. In the dead of winter we.\\nshould expect more males than females to be hatched, but as the\\nseason advances the excess should be the other way.\\n5. Time of impregnation. Among human beings it has been\\nfound that the nearer conception comes to the close of the\\nmenstrual period the more likely the child is to be a girl. The\\nfresher the ovum when fertilized the greater the chances that the\\noffspring will be a female. Reasoning from analogy it follows\\nthat eggs laid at the beginning of a litter are more likely to\\nproduce pullets than eggs laid later. It is no great advantage\\ntherefore to have the hens in our breeding pens begin to lay early\\nin the fall. In American breeds the shells are darkest at the\\nbeginning of a litter, and the darker the shell therefore the\\ngreater the probability that the chick hatched will be a pullet.", "height": "3415", "width": "2091", "jp2-path": "200eggsyearperhe00warr_0039.jp2"}, "40": {"fulltext": "34\\n6. The greater the number of females to a male the more\\npullets. The hens are more ready for the attentions of the male\\nand welcome his approaches instead of resisting them. Put as\\nmany females with a male as he can fertilize, and the majority of\\nchickens hatched will he pullets.\\nFERTILE EGGS AND HOW TO GET THEM.\\nAll around me my neighbors are complaining of poor hatches.\\nOne man tells of putting 200 eggs into an incubator, and bringing\\nout only four chicks. Some sittings have been entirely infertile.\\nTwo or three chicks to a sitting has been about the average. The\\nfertility is better now, as the season is later, but it is still low.\\nith me the fertility has never been more satisfactory. In some\\nsittings every egg has incubated. My neighbors look upon me\\nwith wonder, and think I must be in possession of some strange\\nsecret. Not at all. I simply have applied a little thought to the\\nproblem and have found it easy of solution.\\nReproduction draws upon the vital forces as no other act does.\\nThe tree that is laden with fruit this year so that its boughs have\\nt be propped up to sustain the weight of golden apples, will not\\nbear again so luxuriantly for several seasons. Reproduction is\\npossible only when the vitality is highest, and when the individ-\\nual is neither too young nor too old.\\nIn order to get fertile eggs three things are absolutely neces-\\nsary maturity, vitality, comfort. The conditions in the breeding\\npen must be such as to promote an excess of vitality. Where the\\nmale is immature, where the house is so cold that all the food eaten\\ngoes to maintain the caloric, where the fowls are alive with ver-\\nmin or rotten with disease, the fertility will be low. Inbreeding\\nalso tends to infertility. So does lack of exercise and overfat\\ncondition of fowls in the breeding pen.\\nDoubtless diet has an important effect upon fertility. Unless\\nevery element needed for the embryo is present, the egg will be\\ninfertile or the chick will die in the shell. There are some kinds\\nof food that stimulate the genital organs and promote sexual\\nactivity. Raw onions chopped fine and fed in the mash twice a\\nweek are excellent during the breeding season. Clover is also a\\nvaluable food for fertilitv.", "height": "3415", "width": "2111", "jp2-path": "200eggsyearperhe00warr_0040.jp2"}, "41": {"fulltext": "35\\nTO KEEP CHICKS FROM DYING IN THE SHELL.\\nChicks die in the shell from two causes. The first is weak\\ngerms. The number of deaths from this cause may be reduced\\nto a minimum by increasing- the vitality of the fowls and so of the\\ngerms. The other cause is lack of moisture. Millions of chicks\\ndie every year that might have been saved with a little care.\\nit is a fact well known to all physiologists that a human being\\nwill suffer more and die quicker from thirst than from hunger.\\nThere are well authenticated cases where a man has gone with-\\nout food for several weeks, but no case is recorded where a man\\nhas gone that length of time without water. The embryo in the\\nshell needs a large supply of water, and Nature has arranged\\nto meet this need by putting 78 per cent of water into the egg.\\nUnder the hen. as in the incubator, evaporation goes steadily\\nforward. Moisture percolates through the shell, and unless the\\nloss is made good the embryo is deprived of water and becomes\\nless vigorous if it does not die.\\nNature takes care that when incubation goes on in accordance\\nwith her laws the eggs shall be liberally supplied with moisture.\\nThe hen in her wild state makes her nest upon the ground\\nwhere the eggs come in contact with the moist earth. Every\\nday or two the hen leaves her eggs and goes out in search of\\nfood, coming back with her feathers wet with dew. When a hen\\nsteals her nest the same thing happens. The hen comes off every\\nnow and then, burrows in the damp earth, races through the wet\\ngrass and comes back to her eggs as wet as if she had been in\\nthe river. After a while she brings out a dozen lively chicks,\\nand her owner wonders how she does so when the hen he sets\\nbrings out only two or three.\\nWhere a sitting hen does not have a chance to get out\\ndoors, her owner should supply moisture to make good the loss\\nto the eggs by evaporation. Eggs should be sprinkled on the\\n7th and on the 14th da} Remove the hen from the nest and\\nwith a whisk broom sprinkle the eggs thoroughly with water of\\na temperature of 95 degrees. On the 19th day the eggs should\\nbe given a bath. Fill a pail with water of the temperature of 95\\ndegrees, and after it has become still drop the eggs in it one by\\none, letting them remain from one to three minutes. If there is\\na lively chick in the egg in a minute or two it will begin to bob\\nup and down as a float does on the water when a fish is nibbling\\nat the bait below. Take the egg out and put it back in the nest,", "height": "3415", "width": "2091", "jp2-path": "200eggsyearperhe00warr_0041.jp2"}, "42": {"fulltext": "36\\nwiping it with a towel if it is winter but letting the surplus water\\nremain if it is summer. In case an egg does not show any move-\\nment after being in the water three minutes if it does not\\njump von might as well throw it away, as it will not incubate.\\nChicks from eggs treated in this way come out strong and clean\\nand make a surprising growth.\\nREARING THE CHICKS.\\nIn order to get the 200-egg hen we must start with the chicks.\\nThey must come of good stock. Men do not gather grapes of\\nthorns or figs of thistles. The eggs for hatching should be of\\nmedium size, symmetrical in shape, and free from excrescences.\\nThey should be handled as little as possible after being gathered\\nand during incubation. It is a good plan to test the eggs on the\\nseventh day and remove the infertile ones. These will be per-\\nfectly clear. If hens are used for hatching it is a good plan to\\nlift them up carefully from time to time to see that no eggs are\\nbroken under them. The larger varieties are greater offenders\\nin this respect than the smaller ones, as they are more clumsy.\\nIn case eggs are broken they should at once be removed, and the\\nsoiled eggs in the nest washed in blood-warm water and wiped\\ndry with a soft cloth for if this is not done the pores in the shells\\nwill become clogged and the chicks inside die of suffocation.\\nI suppose there is no subject on which poultrymen differ so\\nmuch as on the proper feeding and care of chicks. Some pre-\\nscribe a bill-of-fare as elaborate as that of a first-class hotel, while\\nothers recommend a more moderate menu. I know a man who\\nraises chicks with good success who feeds nothing but dry Indian\\nmeal. I know another who feeds nothing but cracked corn.\\nAnother who feeds whole wheat. The fact is, I suspect, there is\\na wide range of diet suitable for healthy chicks, and no hard and\\nfast rule can be laid down.\\nREARING THE CHICKS: CRACKED CORN METHOD.\\nThe first method I recommend is what I call the cracked corn\\nmethod. It is for those whose time is limited, who wish to raise\\nhealthy chicks with as little trouble as possible. It consists in\\nkeeping fine cracked corn before the chicks all the time, and let-\\nting them help themselves whenever they feel like it. Some of\\nthe finest chicks I have ever seen have been raised in this way.\\nTo the success of this method it is absolutely essential that cool,", "height": "3415", "width": "2111", "jp2-path": "200eggsyearperhe00warr_0042.jp2"}, "43": {"fulltext": ";*7\\nfresh water be kept before the chicks all the time, and that they\\nhave free range out-of-doors. This is the method for farmers\\nwho have little time to bother with chicks, but who wish to raise\\nenough to replenish their flock. Chicks brought up in this way\\nare seldom troubled with sickness, and make rapid growth.\\nREARING THE CHICKS: AUTHOR S METHOD.\\nMy own method of rearing chicks is somewhat peculiar. I\\ndo not know that I would recommend it to all. T do\\nnot know that T would practice it myself under different cir-\\ncumstances. But it works well, and is very simple. I seldom\\nlose a chick, and my chicks make rapid growth and are strong\\nand vigorous.\\nI live in a region where rocks abound, and where gravel may\\nbe had for little more than the cost of hauling. My brooder\\nhouse is in a wet place, and to make it perfectly dry I filled in\\nbelow. the sills with two feet of rocks, and then filled the chinks\\nbetween the rocks with coarse gravel. I then put on as a top\\nlayer six inches of fine gravel. The floor of the brooder house\\nnow is always dry, and there is a fine chance for chicks to scratch\\nand burrow.\\nI do not disturb the hen or chickens for 24 hours after the\\nhatch. Then I lift the hen off the nest, put the chickens in a\\nbasket, take the hen under my left arm, and convey the hen and\\nchicks to the brooder house where I set them down and feed\\nthem. For the first meal I give a mash made of two parts Indian\\nmeal and one of bran, mixed up with boiling water, and brought\\nto a granulated (not sloppy) state. Into the mash I put a pinch\\nof salt and a sprinkling of black pepper. After the chicks have\\neaten what they want 1 scrape back what is left into the dish,\\nsprinkle plenty of fine cracked corn on. the floor and go away. I\\ndo not look in upon the chicks until the next morning, when I\\ngive them another meal of mash and see that they have plenty of\\nfine cracked corn to last them until I come again. I ought to add\\nthat I am careful to keep cool fresh water in the brooder house\\nall the time. My fountain is a lard pail inverted in a shallow tin\\ndish. Near the rim of the pail I bore half a dozen little holes with\\nan awl, through which the water constantly percolates.\\nUnder my system I feed a mash once a day. After the first\\nweek I aim to introduce a little variety. Sometimes I chop up a\\nfew onions to stir into the mash, sometimes I put in clover meal,\\nand sometimes a little cooked meat chopped fine. I aim to keep", "height": "3415", "width": "2091", "jp2-path": "200eggsyearperhe00warr_0043.jp2"}, "44": {"fulltext": "38\\nplenty of fine cracked corn on the floor of the brooder house all\\nthe time, so that the chicks can help themselves whenever they\\nfeel like it.\\nI keep the brooder house filled with chicks and hens, keeping\\nchicks of the same age in the same pen. By watching the hens\\na little I soon discover which ones get along together, and remove\\nthe timid or troublesome ones at night. It may be that when I\\nstart J will have half a dozen hens and 60 chickens in one com-\\npartment, and will gradually remove the hens until only two or\\nthree are left. I am not particular that each chick shall find its\\nown mother. -It will find some mother, and that is enough.\\nI keep the chicks in this brooder house until the weather is\\nwarm and dry. Then 1 let them out upon the ground. In the\\nhouse they are safe from hawks, rats, cats and other predatory\\ncreatures, and make rapid growth. I keep the house scrupu-\\nlously clean. The top of the gravel is removed every few days.\\nI use my sprayer freely, and throw in air-slacked lime. My\\nmethod may be called the lazy man s method, but it works like\\na charm and takes but little time.\\nREARING THE CHICKS: FARM POULTRY METHOD.\\nThe third method I call the Farm Poultry method, as it is\\nrecommended by that paper. For the first 24 hours after hatch-\\ning chicks do not need food, as the portion of yolk that has\\njust been taken into the abdomen has not been fully digested; and\\nthen too the chick should get accustomed to the fact that he has\\njust been horned before his little crop is started on its seldom\\nempty journey through life. When the hatch comes oft let the\\nlittle fellows have a drink of pure fresh water (not too cold);\\nthis invigorates them and helps clear the digestive organs of the\\nwaste from digested yolk.\\nThe first food should be bread crumbs and hard boiled egg,\\nor johnnycake. To each pint of food half an even teaspoonful\\nof Sheridan s Condition Powder should be added, and also a\\nsprinkling of chicken grit. The food for the first few weeks\\nshould be johnnycake, rolled oats, coarse oatmeal, and bread or\\ncracker crumbs. A little well cooked meat finely minced three\\ntimes a w r eek, and a liberal supply of fresh green food, grit, char-\\ncoal, and pure water, are essential to health. Twice a week they\\nshould get the Condition Powder with their food, preferably\\nmixed with the johnnycake or bread crumbs, and moistened with", "height": "3415", "width": "2111", "jp2-path": "200eggsyearperhe00warr_0044.jp2"}, "45": {"fulltext": "39\\nmilk. This will insure a good digestion, and a good digestion is\\na safeguard against disease.\\nWhen the chicks get to be six weeks old they should have a\\ncooked mash for supper six nights in the week, and Sheridan s\\nPowder should he given in this mash twice a week in the propor-\\ntion of a heaping teaspoonful to each quart of dry meal in the\\nmash. As the chicks grow the amount may be slowly increased,\\nuntil the proportion is two teaspoonfuls to each quart of dry\\nground grain. For other food they should have hulled oats,\\nwheat and a little cracked corn fresh green food always.\\nFrom the first have a litter of chaff or cut clover and sand\\nfor thechicks to scratch in exercise is essential to good digestion.\\nGive them sunny quarters, and provide a shelter in case the sun\\nis too hot, and for protection in stormy weather. When warm\\nweather comes be sure that they can have plenty of freedom and\\nexercise on the green bosom of )ld Mother Earth. Keep them\\nbusy, happy and hungry. Be careful not to overfeed. If you\\nmust coop them up, make the coops large enough to give them\\nplenty of room to exercise and grow. Change the location of\\nsuch coops often, to give them fresh ground to run on.\\nWHEN TO HATCH THE CHICKS.\\nChicks of the .Asiatic breeds should be hatched in March,\\nchicks of the American breeds in April, and chicks of the Med-\\niterranean breeds in Maw\\nTO START PULLETS TO LAYING IN THE FALL.\\nSometimes pullets are slow about starting in to lay in the fall.\\nThey were hatched out early, and are big enough to lay but week\\nafter week goes by and no eggs reward their owner s patient care.\\nI do not believe it is best to hurry Nature, and to develop pre-\\ncocity at the expense of size and vigor but sometimes Nature\\nmay be assisted to advantage.\\nIt is a well-known physiological fact that a change is often\\nbeneficial to the health. The benefit from a summer vacation\\ndoes not come from the rest one takes. for often one is more\\nactive than one would be at home, but from the change of air\\nand scene and from the new impressions that come to the mind.\\nI have sometimes stimulated Qg^; production in a flock of hens by\\nshifting them from one pen to another or by making some slight\\nchange in their bill of fare.", "height": "3415", "width": "2091", "jp2-path": "200eggsyearperhe00warr_0045.jp2"}, "46": {"fulltext": "40\\nWhere pullets are old enough to lay and do not lay they need\\nsome slight shock or change to start them in. The majority of\\nthose who rear chickens give them free range, or as near free\\nrange as possihle, during the summer months. This is correct.\\nBut after they get their growth their energies need to be directed\\nto egg production and not run off in useless exercise. Accord-\\ningly as early as October ist if not before the pullets should\\nbe taken from the range and put into the laying houses. Here\\ntheir range should be restricted. More meat meal or ground\\nbone may be advantageously introduced into their ration, and a\\nstimulant may be given in the shape of cayenne pepper or Sheri-\\ndan s Condition Powder. This treatment soon induces egg pro-\\nduction, if they are of the bred-to-lay kind.\\nHOW AND WHERE TO MARKET THE PRODUCT.\\nProducing the eggs and rearing the chicks form but a part,\\nand perhaps the smallest part, of the poultryman s business. In\\norder to make money he must market the product to the best\\nadvantage. It is here, I am convinced, that the majority of\\npoultrymen fail. They are not good business men. They work\\nhard enough, but do not calculate closely and do not sell at the\\nright time or at the right place. In these days when competi-\\ntion is so close and the margin for profit so narrow, the differ-\\nence between profit and loss in the poultry business may consist\\nin the manner in which the product is put on the market.\\nThe man who keeps but a few hens and does not make poultry\\nraising his principal occupation, will probably do better to sell his\\neggs and poultry to his regular grocer than to hunt up private\\ncustomers. It is true that he may receive a cent or two a dozen\\nmore if he sells at houses, but this is more than offset by the loss\\nin time. The grocer is not so particular about his eggs, so long\\nas they are fresh, as is the private customer, and will take eggs of\\nall sizes and colors. It is true he does not wish to pay in cash,\\nbut the profit on his goods is about the only profit he makes on\\nthe transaction for the grocer is often compelled to sell eggs for\\njust what he gave for them. The grocers are the great buyers\\nof eggs throughout the land.\\nThe man who keeps hens on a larger scale, and who wants to\\nmake the most out of the business with the least trouble, will do\\nwell to make an arrangement with a city grocer to ship him a\\ncertain number of cases each week throughout the year. The\\npoultryman should go to the city and see the grocer personally-", "height": "3415", "width": "2111", "jp2-path": "200eggsyearperhe00warr_0046.jp2"}, "47": {"fulltext": "41\\nThe chances are lie will get an order. This is far more profita-\\nble than selling to the local grocer. In the town where I live I\\nhave never known eggs to go above 30 cents a dozen, and they\\nremain at this figure but a short time while in the cities to the\\nsouth of us they sometimes sell as high as 45 or 50 cents.\\nThe poultryman who produces a gilt-edged product can often\\nmarket to private customers to advantage. The hotels will take\\na limited number of fancy fresh eggs. They do not take so many\\nas one would think, because in cooking they use cold storage eggs.\\nClubs are good customers, and will pay a fancy price for a fancy\\narticle. Druggists use a large number of brown eggs in con-\\nnection with their soda trade, and will often pay a good price\\nfor fresh eggs of good color. There are private families that will\\ngladly pay the poultryman the same price they have to pay for\\neggs at the store, and pay in cash. The advantage of having pri-\\nvate customers is, that one can sell them beside eggs, poultry,\\nvegetables, cream, berries and other products of the farm and\\ngarden.\\nHow may these private customers be obtained? I know of\\nno better way than by advertising. A card in the local paper or\\na few hundred postals sent through the mails will be sure to bring\\nresults. I believe in postal card advertising, and give an idea\\nfor a card to send out.\\nI FANCY FRESH EGGS\\nDELIVERED AT YOUR DOOR. I\\nYVhv go to the store and take your chances on\\neggs which may or may not be fresh when you can\\nhave strictly fresh eggs delivered at your door twice\\na week? Every egg dated and guaranteed. A\\npostal card will bring me.\\nI EDGAR L. WARREN, I\\nf Pleasant View, J\\nf\\nWOLFEBORO, N. H. X\\n\u00e2\u0080\u00a2f\\n4 ^s sxsx$ ex$ $x$", "height": "3415", "width": "2091", "jp2-path": "200eggsyearperhe00warr_0047.jp2"}, "48": {"fulltext": "42\\nThe town where I live is a noted summer resort, hundreds of\\npeople coming here every season. The shore of the lake is dotted\\nwith camps and cottages. So far as I know there is not a farmer\\nin town who advertises. A card like this sent to campers would\\nhe heard from\\nTo Campers. I\\nI\\n)ne of the delights of going into the country is 1|\\nto have strictly fresh eggs, vegetahles and cream.\\n1 make it a point to supply campers with fancy fresh l\\neggs, broilers and roasters, cream, berries, fruits J\\nand early vegetables. I deliver every morning. A X\\npostal will bring me.\\nEDGAR L. WARREN,\\nPleasant View,\\nWolfeboro, N. H.\\nThe poultryman who keeps from 300 to 500 head of laying\\nstock will have a good deal of poultry to dispose of, especially if\\nhe follows my advice in this booklet to keep pullets, principally,\\nfor layers. It will be quite a problem to dispose of this stock to\\nthe best advantage. In passing I would remark that the poultry-\\nman should keep his own table well supplied. Plump and juicy\\nbroilers and roasters are just as good for him as they are for any\\none else. There is no reason why the poultryman s table should\\nnot rejoice once a week with broilers or roasters. If the poul-\\ntryman uses an incubator he can begin to reduce his stock in the\\nspring. There is no better time to kill a hen than when she wants\\nto sit, for then she is sure to be plump and in good condition.\\nDuring the summer there is in most towns a good market for\\npoultry. The poultryman should steadily cull from his flock,\\nand about moulting time have a grand round up, selling the\\nfowls for what they will bring, except those that he wishes to", "height": "3415", "width": "2111", "jp2-path": "200eggsyearperhe00warr_0048.jp2"}, "49": {"fulltext": "43\\nkeep over for breeders. Quite a number of cockerels may be dis-\\nposed of to the farmers at a dollar apiece, if a postal card like this\\nis sent them\\nChoice Cockerels Cheap.\\nI have a number of choice White Wyandotte\\nf cockerels, which I will sell for one dollar each if\\ni taken at once. If bought out of town cockerels like jj\\nthese would cost from three to five dollars. Intro-\\nduce new blood and grade up your flock by pur-\\nJ chasing a cockerel of my heavy-laying strain. First f\\n4 conu first served.\\nI EDGAR L. WARREN,\\nPleasant View, r\\nWolfeborOj N. H.\\ns\\nBefore taking- leave of the subject I trust the reader will par-\\ndon me if I give a few words of advice. Re strictly honest. The\\npoultry business offers opportunities for deception. Beware how\\nyou yield to them. Let it be your ambition to be known as the\\nhonest poultryman. Date and guarantee every egg you sell.\\nBe neat in your person, and have your goods fresh and attractive.\\nBe pleasant and accommodating. Make all the friends you can\\nwithout sacrifice of principle, for it is with his friends that a man\\ndoes business and not with his enemies.\\nKILLING AND DRESSING FOWLS FOR MARKET.\\n)ne of the most disagreeable tasks the poultryman has to per-\\nform is to kill and dress his fowls. It seems heartless after\\nmaking a bird a pet and gaining its confidence to take its life.\\nStill it has to be done. The Creator of the universe, in putting\\nman at the head of the animal kingdom, gave him dominion over\\nfish, fowl, cattle and all creeping things. Man has no right to\\ntorture or maltreat any living thing; but he does have the right,\\nunder certain circumstances, to take life. It is probable that the\\nanimal escapes what to man is the most distressing feature of the\\nwhole situation, the dread of death. It enjoys every moment of", "height": "3415", "width": "2091", "jp2-path": "200eggsyearperhe00warr_0049.jp2"}, "50": {"fulltext": "44\\nits existence, and the agony of dissolution is brief. It is far more\\nhumane for the poultryman to kill his own fowls, even though\\nthey have been his pets, than to consign them to the tender mer-\\ncies of the commission merchant for in the former case the fowls\\nare not packed in close and stuffy coops, jolted over stone pave-\\nments in express wagons, left to suffer for food and drink. As\\nfowls must he killed it is well to know how to kill them humanely\\nand expeditiously, and the following instructions should be com-\\nmitted to memory.\\nt. Take the bird from the roost at night, 36 hours before it is\\nto be killed, and shut it up in comfortable quarters. The next\\nmorning give it a good breakfast, but nothing more to eat after\\nthis until it is killed. Let it have all the water it will drink. The\\nwater will add greatly to the fowl s comfort and assist in evacuat-\\ning the bowels. The confinement is for the purpose of having the\\nfowl at hand when it is wanted and of emptying the crop.\\n2. Suspend the fowl by the feet at a convenient height with a\\nsoft cord, the upper end of which is secured to a hook or nail in\\nthe ceiling or beam overhead.\\n3. Lock the wings together behind the back, to prevent flap-\\nping. Do this carefully, so that they will not be dislocated.\\n4. Take the tip of the wings in the left hand, and with the\\nright strike the fowl a smart blow on the head with a stick or\\ncudgel. Strike hard enough to produce concussion of the brain\\nand unconsciousness.\\n5. Grasp the fowl by the comb or by the feathers at the back\\nof the head with the left hand, and with the right insert the blade\\nof a sharp knife in the neck just back of the ear lobe, on the under\\nside of the neck bone and parallel with it. Run the blade clear\\nthrough the neck. When you withdraw the blade twist it to\\nright angles with the neck bone, severing the artery in the throat,\\nand causing the blood to flow profusely.\\n6. Begin to pluck immediately. Pluck up the breast and\\nsides to tail. Remove tail feathers. Unlock the wings, and strip\\nthem of long feathers. Remove feathers from around vent.\\nPluck the feathers from back. Finish plucking. If done quickly\\nthe feathers will come out easily and the skin will not be torn.\\nThe bird should be entirely denuded of feathers in 10 minutes.\\nIn case rents are made sew them up neatly with white thread.\\n7. If the fowl is to be drawn, with a sharp knife cut a slit\\nabout an inch long back of the vent and parallel with it, through\\nwhich insert index finger, hooking it into the intestines.", "height": "3415", "width": "2111", "jp2-path": "200eggsyearperhe00warr_0050.jp2"}, "51": {"fulltext": "45\\nRemove intestines. The lower end of the intestines and the egg\\nsac may be removed by enlarging the slit in the shape of a half\\ncircle, until it joins the ends of the vent. This will make a round\\nhole about the size of a silver half dollar. After removing the\\nintestines cut off the fowl s head, then draw back the skin and\\ntake off about an inch of the neck bone, pull the skin forward\\nand tie.\\n8. For the Boston and Xew England markets the poultry\\nshould be picked perfectly clean. For the New York markets the\\ntip feathers of the wings are left on. Do not singe the bodies for\\nthe purpose of removing any down or hair, as the heat from the\\nflame will give them an oily and unsightly appearance.\\n9. Plumping is recommended by some dealers, and consists\\nin dipping the carcass as soon as thoroughly picked for 10 seconds\\nin water nearly or quite boiling hot, and then immediately into\\nice-cold water. This makes the meat look plump and fat, con-\\nsiderably improving its appearance.\\n10. The laws of Massachusetts and New York do not\\nrequire poultry to be drawn. In the former State however the\\ncrop must be drawn if there is food in it at the time of killine\\nCustom, which is quite as potent as statute law, requires that\\npoultry marketed in Massachusetts be drawn; and carefully\\ndrawn poultry will sell so much more readily and for so much\\nbetter prices, that it pays well to comply with this demand.\\nPACKING AND SHIPPING.\\nCarefully sew up all rents or torn places on the skin, wash\\nclean in cool water, wipe dry and hang in a cool place until the\\nanimal heat is entirely out, before packing. Pack in clean barrels\\nor boxes with clean straw, as follows: first a thin layer of\\nstraw and then a layer of poultry in the same posture in which\\nthey roost, then a layer of straw and another of poultry, and so on\\nuntil the barrel or box is quite full, finishing with a layer of\\nstraw which should be tucked firmly into any crevices in the sides.\\nNail the corners or heads on securely, and mark carefully with\\nthe name and address of the dealer to whom you ship, not forget-\\nting your name and address as shipper and notify the dealer by\\npostal or letter that you have shipped him one or more boxes or\\nbarrels of dressed poultry by freight or express, as the case may\\nbe. Always take a receipt from the freight or express agent, and\\nship so as to reach the market not later than Friday. Any com-", "height": "3415", "width": "2091", "jp2-path": "200eggsyearperhe00warr_0051.jp2"}, "52": {"fulltext": "46\\nmission merchant will send quotations on application but the\\nprice you obtain will depend upon the condition of the birds upon\\narrival and the quality, common fowls never selling so well as\\npure-bred or grades.\\nTO SCALD A FOWL.\\nWhere the fowl is to be eaten at home, or where it is sold for\\nimmediate consumption, many prefer to remove the feathers by\\nscalding. There is a right and a wrong way to do this. The\\nright way is as follows: Kill in the manner described in the pre-\\nceding section. Begin to pluck as soon as the blood starts, and\\ncontinue until it stops Mowing. Have at hand a pail of hot water,\\njust below the boiling point,- and into this dip the fowl, taking\\nit out as soon a- possible. Let the water drip from the feathers,\\nand then dip the fowl again. The feathers will come off easily,\\nand the fowl will keep several days without discoloration. To\\nsum up: Dry pick as long as the blood Hows, and then get tl\\\\e\\nfowl in and out of the zvater as quickly as possible.\\nTO KEEP EGGS A YEAR.\\nWhen Li Hung Chang, the Chinese envoy, was in this country\\na few years ago. he brought along among other delicacies eggs\\npacked in clay, which were said to be as fresh when the mould\\nwas broken as if laid the day before. It is probable that the\\nChinese, tin ise curious people, could teach us many things about\\npoultry culture which it would be profitable to learn. Certainly\\nthe) have a method of preserving eggs as simple as it is effi-\\ncacious.\\nTo keep eggs a year, or a longer time, two things are neces-\\nsary: i. To exclude all germs of life from within. 2. To\\nexclude all germs of life from without. One of these is as\\nimportant as the other. The germ of life within the egg is intro-\\nduced at copulation. It is a fact not generally known that eggs\\nfrom flocks in which there is no male keep much longer than\\neggs from (locks in which one or more males are kept. There is\\na popular superstition that hens lay better if a cock is allowed to\\nrun with them. Such is not the case. The presence or absence\\nof a cock in a flock of laying hens has no influence one way or\\nthe other upon egg production. After the breeding season is\\nover males should be killed, or shut up in a pen by themselves.\\nThe practice that many farmers have of allowing half a dozen", "height": "3415", "width": "2111", "jp2-path": "200eggsyearperhe00warr_0052.jp2"}, "53": {"fulltext": "males to run with their hens is one that cannot be defended from\\nan economic or aesthetic standpoint.\\nTo exclude germs from without, eggs must in some way be\\nprotected from the air. Any solution that closes the pores of the\\nshell and protects the egg from the air is good. Even such a\\nsimple method as wrapping an egg in paper will postpone decay.\\nThe two absolutely sure methods of keeping eggs a year are:\\n1. To coat them with vaseline and keep them in lime water.\\n2. To keep them in soluble glass. Eggs treated in this way will\\nbe nearly as good at the end of a year as when laid down.\\nThere are many however who desire a simpler method, and\\nto such 1 would recommend either wood ashes or salt. Wood\\nashes are excellent. Experiments conducted by the National\\nAgricultural School of Germany show that eggs may be kept a\\nyear packed in wood ashes, with a loss of only 20 per cent.\\nWood ashes are cleanly, convenient and always at hand. Salt\\nalso is goo.!. LFse a grade of salt a little coarser than table salt.\\nwhat is called Turk s Island salt. Pack the eggs in a stone jar.\\nPut in first a layer ni salt, then a layer of eggs, and so on until\\nthe jar is filled. Stand the eggs upon the small ends, and do not\\nlet them touch. Cover them completely with salt. Set the jar\\nin a cool place. I have known eggs packed in this way to keep\\na year, and to be as good at the end of that time for cooking as\\nif laid but a few days before.\\nEGG EATING: HOW TO PREVENT IT.\\nEgg eating is a vice that it is much easier to prevent than to\\ncure. Where the eggs are gathered at frequent intervals, where\\nthe hens are supplied with plenty of material for making shells,\\nwhere the hens are kept busy when not on the nests, egg eating\\nis practically unknown.\\nEgg eating, like many other bad habits, is formed more by\\naccident than by design. The hen lays a soft-shelled egg. and\\nbefore she leaves the nest crushes it under her feet. Her feathers\\nbecome smeared. To remove the sticky substance the hen picks\\nat it. and discovers that it is palatable. She not only picks the\\nparticles from her feathers, but also eats the portion of the egg\\nthat remains in the shell. The knowledge spreads, and soon egg-\\neating is common in the flock.\\nThe only sure cure for egg-eating is the hatchet. Before this\\nis applied however an effort should be made to stop the vice. Two", "height": "3415", "width": "2091", "jp2-path": "200eggsyearperhe00warr_0053.jp2"}, "54": {"fulltext": "48\\nor more china eggs should be placed in each nest, and plenty of\\nthese eggs strewn in the litter upon the floor. The nest should\\nbe in a dark place, and should be so arranged that it is difficult\\nfor the hen to get at the egg after she has laid. A nail keg makes\\nan excellent nest for egg-eating hens. I have known men to\\nmake a double-decked nest, so that the egg after being laid would\\ndrop through a small hole into the receptacle below. Raw salt\\npork, chopped fine, is recommended for egg-eating hens but the\\nbest thing is never to allow them to contract the vice.\\nTHE FARMERS HENS.\\nThere is no man better situated to keep poultry at a profit\\nthan the farmer. His hens need not be restricted to narrow runs,\\nbut the greater part of the year may have the freedom of the\\nfields. The waste of the farm, and what the hens themselves\\npick up on the range, goes a long way towards their support. It\\nwould seem that if anyone could make money on hens the farmer\\nis the man. And yet one hears on every hand among farmers\\nthe complaint that poultry keeping does not pay. It is safe to\\nsay that the farmer might make two dollars off his hens where he\\nnow makes one, and it is the purpose of this section to show him\\nhow to do it.\\ni. There should be a better classification. The average\\nfarmer s flock is made up of fowls of all breeds and varieties.\\nThere are Leghorns, Plymouth Rocks, Light Brahmas, and hens\\nwhose ancestry the most skillful genealogist could not determine.\\nThis is a mistake. The different breeds require different treat-\\nment. A Leghorn will keep at work and lay if confined in a\\nspace two feet by four. A Light Brahma needs to be compelled\\nto work, or she will take on fat and be worthless for egg produc-\\ntion. It is much better and more profitable to keep but one\\nvariety, and to make a careful study of that variety.\\nThere should be a better classification in respect to sex.\\nThere is no sense in keeping half-a-dozen roosters running with a\\nflock, to eat their heads off, to worry the hens, and to continually\\nfight one with another. One rooster is enough. When the\\nchickens are 12 weeks old the males should be separated from the\\nfemales and put by themselves. There should be off in the fields\\na house, which can be locked up nights, where the cockerels can\\nhave their headquarters. They will do much better if separated\\nfrom the pullets, and they will get half their living off grasshop-\\npers and bugs.", "height": "3415", "width": "2111", "jp2-path": "200eggsyearperhe00warr_0054.jp2"}, "55": {"fulltext": "49\\nThere should be a better classification in respect to age. Pul-\\nlets and old hens should not be allowed to run together. If the\\nhens are fed as generously as the pullets they will get fat and\\nstop laying. The number of old hens should be reduced. I have\\nknown farmers to keep hens until they were six or seven years\\nold. I believe that pullets are the great egg producers and that\\nit is better to renew the flock every year. But practically this is\\nnot always possible. Under no circumstances however should\\nhens be kept over two years, if profit is a consideration.\\n2. The farmer s hens should be better housed. Of all the\\ncreatures on the farm the hen is the most neglected. The pig\\nhas his pen in which he is supreme, the cow has her warm and\\ncomfortable tie-up, the horse has his stall but the hen is often\\nleft to roost on the great beams of the barn, or thrust down into\\nthat ill-smelling dungeon, the barn cellar, or compelled to live in\\na house that is swarming with lice. The farmer neglects his\\nlittle feathered friend, and then complains because she does not\\nkeep him supplied with eggs at all seasons of the year.\\n3. The farmer should get his chickens out earlier. Under\\nfavorable conditions it takes from seven to eight months for a\\npullet to mature. Where her growth is checked by cold weather\\nit takes longer. It is capable of mathematical demonstration\\ntherefore, that if a farmer wants eggs in the fall when they bring\\nthe highest price he must hatch his chickens early. There is\\nanother advantage in hatching chickens early namely, the cock-\\nerels may be sold for broilers. In July and August in the town\\nwhere I live the price for broilers is 25 cents a pound, and the sup-\\nply does not equal the demand. At Thanksgiving the market is\\noversupplied with roasters, which can hardly be sold at 10 cents a\\npound.\\nFarmers might make use of the incubator to some extent.\\nThere is a time in the spring when the duties on the farm are\\nlight, when the farmer might get out two or three hundred\\nchickens just as well as not.\\n4. The farmer should feed differently. The great staple\\nfood on the farm is corn. This does well enough in summer,\\nwhen the fowls are on the range and can pick up the greater part\\nof their living; but in the winter they need variety. Corn is a\\ngreat fat-forming flesh-producing food, but does not contain all\\nthe elements needed for egg production. In another section I\\nhave given the principles that apply to feeding, and advise that\\nthese principles be thoroughly mastered.", "height": "3415", "width": "2091", "jp2-path": "200eggsyearperhe00warr_0055.jp2"}, "56": {"fulltext": "50\\nPOULTRY MANURE, AND HOW TO PRESERVE AND\\nAPPLY IT.\\nThe town in which I live is largely an agricultural town, and\\nhas as intelligent a class of farmers as is to be found anywhere.\\nThese men spend thousands of dollars a year for commercial fer-\\ntilizers. While this money is by no means wasted and while the\\nfarmers derive a certain benefit from these fertilizers, yet the\\nbenefit is by no means in proportion to the expenditure. A few\\nsimple principles well held in hand would enable them to spend\\ntheir money to much better advantage.\\nIt is probable that the soil on most of our farms contains all\\nthe elements that are needed for the production of any crop.\\nSome of these elements are present in larger proportion than\\nothers, but all are there. These elements are liberated by the\\nrains and frost, by ploughing and cultivation. There are certain\\nelements however that are not liberated as fast as needed. And\\nthese elements are among the most important they are nitrogen,\\npotash and phosphoric acid. As they are not supplied by the soil\\nas fast as they are needed they must be by the owner of the soil,\\nthe farmer.\\nThe perfect fertilizer is barnyard manure. This acts upon the\\nsoil mechanically, making it lighter than it would otherwise be,\\nand also filling it with humus. The prepossession therefore that\\nfarmers have in favor of barnyard manure is well founded, and\\nthe practice is sound to consume the crop as far as possible at\\nhome and apply the refuse to the soil. But barnyard manure is\\nsomewhat slow in its operation. The crop needs in addition a\\nstimulant. This it is the province of commercial fertilizers or\\ntheir equivalent to furnish.\\nHen manure is a highly stimulating manure. It is also a rich\\nplant food. Hen manure is highly concentrated. It is more\\nthan twice as valuable as sheep or hog manure, and more than\\nthree times as valuable as ordinary stable manure, as the follow-\\ning table will show", "height": "3415", "width": "2111", "jp2-path": "200eggsyearperhe00warr_0056.jp2"}, "57": {"fulltext": "51\\na\\nif.\\no\\no\\nPL,\\nO\\na; O\\nas\\n0.39I\\nO.59I\\n$3-30\\nO.39O\\nO.32O\\n3-29\\nO.29O\\nO.44O\\n2.02\\n0.260\\nO.480\\n2.21\\n0.500 to\\n0.800 to\\n7.07\\n2.000\\nO.9OO\\n2\\nSheep 0.768\\nPigs 0.840\\nCows 0.426\\nHorses 0.490\\nHen Manure 0.800 to\\n2.000\\nHen manure is so powerful that great care must be taken in\\napplying it. It should never be allowed to come into direct con-\\ntact with the roots of the growing plant. When applied in the\\nhill it should be well mixed with the soil.\\nHen manure supplies nitrogen in large quantities in the form\\nof ammonia, but ammonia being a highly volatile product is\\nrapidly dissipated. The problem of the poultrymen therefore in\\ndealing with hen manure is to find some substance that will\\nfix the ammonia. Sifted earth is not good, for it is apt to con-\\ntain bacteria which act destructively on the ammonia compounds.\\nWood ashes are worse than nothing, for they do not hold ammo-\\nnia, but drive it off by their caustic alkaline properties.\\nThe best thing I have found to preserve the ammonia in hen\\nmanure is gypsum or land plaster, which may be bought for 50\\ncents per 100 pounds. Scatter a few handfuls of plaster over\\nthe droppings before you remove them in the morning, and see\\nthat it is thoroughly incorporated. The result is a compound as\\nvaluable as any commercial fertilizer. The droppings from a\\nfowl in one year, when treated in this way, are worth one-half\\nwhat it costs to feed her.\\nKainit may be substituted for plaster in case a manure par-\\nticularly rich in potash is wanted, and acid phosphate may be\\nsubstituted for a rich phosphatic manure. Either of these sub-\\nstances will fix the ammonia, and the combination is a special fer-\\ntilizer of great value.", "height": "3415", "width": "2091", "jp2-path": "200eggsyearperhe00warr_0057.jp2"}, "58": {"fulltext": "52\\nWHY THE POULTRY BUSINESS IS NOT LIKELY TO\\nBE OVERDONE.\\nEvery now and then I come across a communication in some\\nnewspaper from an anxious subscriber asking if there is not a\\nlikelihood that the poultry business will be overdone. The\\nanswer usually given is, that so long as we import into the United\\nStates several million dollars worth of eggs and poultry each year\\nthere is no danger. With all due respect for editorial sagacity,\\n(and I have been an editor myself), it does not seem to me that\\nthis answer is entirely satisfactory. The poultry products that\\nare imported into the United States come largely from that por-\\ntion of Canada that is contiguous to our own territory, and that for\\npurposes of commerce is practically a part of our own country.\\nThe causes that operate to produce an increase of eggs and poul-\\ntry on one side of the border operate to produce a similar increase\\non the other. If the poultry business is not likely to be overdone\\nit must be for other and better reasons.\\nThat there is a possibility that the poultry business may be\\noverdone, is a proposition that I think no one will undertake\\nseriously to controvert. The great problem of the present day in\\nmanufacturing and commercial circles is the problem of consump-\\ntion. We produce more goods than we can sell, at least more\\ngoods than the home market requires. Why all this talk about\\nexpansion and the open door? Because we have come to a\\ntime in our industrial history when here in the United States we\\ncan produce in eight months as much as the people can consume\\nin twelve, and so we need an outlet for our surplus. We must\\nhave wider markets, or there will be low prices, shut downs, con-\\ngestion and general uncertainty in the business world.\\nWhy has farming been so unprofitable in New England?\\nWhy are there so many abandoned farms in this section? Sim-\\nply because of Western competition. We have not been able on\\nour rocky, worn-out soil to compete with the virgin acres of\\nthe West.\\nThat there is a possibility that the poultry business may be\\noverdone follows from these analogies. That there has been a\\nlarge increase in poultry raising in the past 10 or 15 years is\\npatent to everyone. The State census of Massachusetts shows\\nthat in the decade from 1885 to 1895 the poultry products of the\\nState increased 73.77 per cent. What is true of Massachusetts\\nis true more or less of the whole country. The profitableness of", "height": "3415", "width": "2111", "jp2-path": "200eggsyearperhe00warr_0058.jp2"}, "59": {"fulltext": "S3\\npoultry keeping has been preached so assiduously by the agricul-\\ntural and the poultry press, that about every third man one sees\\nthinks of starting a poultry farm. Is not the business likely to be\\noverdone and had not a careful man better keep out of it?\\nOne reason why the poultry business is not likely to be over-\\ndone lies in the very nature of the business itself. There is no\\nbusiness requiring more constant care and intelligent supervision.\\nThe egg is the surplus which the hen throws off after all the\\nneeds of her system have been supplied, the excess over and above\\nwhat is needed to repair waste and keep her in perfect health. In\\norder to produce eggs a hen must be of proper age, well nour-\\nished, in the best of health and protected from extremes of tem-\\nperature. These conditions cannot be secured without constant\\ncare and attention. The absence of any one of these conditions\\nmeans the lowering of the egg record. The majority of men who\\nengage in the poultry business will not devote the time and atten-\\ntion to it that is necessary, and consequently do not succeed. The\\npoultry business is a business that cannot be entrusted wholly to\\nthe care of subordinates. It is almost impossible to get a salaried\\nman who has the intelligence and executive ability to successfully\\nsupervise a large plant. Capitalists have turned their attention\\nto poultry more than once as to a field that offered rich returns,\\nonly to find that they had underestimated the difficulties; and,\\nafter sinking thousands of dollars, have retired in disgust. The\\npoultry business is the one business that cannot be con-\\nducted at profit on an enormous scale. Consequently there will\\nalways be room for careful men with some little capital.\\nAnother reason why the poultry business is not likely to be\\noverdone lies in the fact that the demand for eggs and poultry is\\nconstantly on the increase.\\nThe United States doubles in population every 30 years. The\\npresent population is not far from 75,000,000, and it will be\\n150,000,000 within the lifetime of many who read this book. How\\nshall this great multitude be fed? The production of cereals and\\nvegetables can be increased indefinitely, but not the production\\nof beef. The great plains of the West and Southwest, over\\nwhich cattle formerly ranged in countless numbers, have been\\ncut up into ranches and farms. There has been a sharp advance\\nin the price of all kinds of meats, and the advance is likely to be\\npermanent. Fishermen return each year with smaller fares.\\nThe American people will be driven by the failure of other food\\nsupplies to an increased consumption of eggs and poultry. It is", "height": "3415", "width": "2091", "jp2-path": "200eggsyearperhe00warr_0059.jp2"}, "60": {"fulltext": "54\\nprobable that the present population could consume four times\\nthe eggs and poultry it now consumes, were the prices lower.\\nThe increase in population and the increase in consumption of\\neggs and poultry, will make a good market for the poultryman s\\nproducts for years to come, so there is no need for anxiety.\\nQUALIFICATIONS FOR A SUCCESSFUL POULTRY MAN.\\nWhat are the qualifications for a successful poultryman?\\nWhat equipment should a man have who wishes to engage in\\npoultry raising as a pursuit? First and foremost I would men-\\ntion a love for the business. The poultry business is made up\\nof innumerable details. While the work is not hard yet there\\nare a thousand and one things to look after. There is no creature\\nwith which man has to do that so quickly responds to good care\\nand so quickly falls back when neglected as the hen. The ideal\\npoultryman is the man who finds his reward in his work rather\\nthan in what the work brings in. He should have a real interest\\nin his hens, should like to be with them and study them, should\\nbe sorry when the time comes that he must lock up for the night,\\nshould be glad when the time comes that he can let them out in\\nthe morning. The reason why women do better with hens than\\nmen is because they have such a liking for them. Second, the\\nman who would succeed in the poultry business should have a\\nrealization in advance of the difficulties he will have to meet. It\\nis easy to sit down with pencil and paper and figure out a profit,\\nbut it is not so easy to make the profit materialize. The poultry-\\nman s path is not strewn with roses, by any means. From the\\nday the chicks emerge peeping from the shell to the day when the\\nfowls are dressed and sent to market, he has to fight cats, rats,\\nhawks, skunks, foxes, lice, disease, thieves and innumerable other\\nenemies. There are times when the courage of the most enthu-\\nsiastic gives way, and he would be glad to sell out at a decided\\ndiscount. Third, the poultryman needs capital. He does not\\nneed so much capital as he would to start a bank or open a\\ndepartment store, but the more he has the better. The man with\\ncash can buy to better advantage, and hold his stock until it can\\nbe sold at a profit. There are weeks when there is little or\\nnothing coming in, but hens have to be fed just the same. I\\nknow men in the poultry business who are steadily losing money,\\nand if they were not backed by a bank account would have to\\nquit. Fourth, the poultryman must have some business ability.", "height": "3415", "width": "2111", "jp2-path": "200eggsyearperhe00warr_0060.jp2"}, "61": {"fulltext": "55\\nHe must know how to plan his work, how to buy and sell, how to\\nkeep accounts. He need not be a college graduate, but he must\\nnot be an ignoramus. If he is he will soon come to the end of\\nhis career.\\nWhat rewards may a well-equipped poultryman expect? Not\\na fortune. You can count on your fingers, almost, the men who\\nhave made fortunes in the poultry business. And these men have\\nmade their money by selling birds and eggs to breeders rather\\nthan by catering to the regular trade. But a careful, industrious\\nman, one who has a real liking for the work and has gone into it\\nintelligently, may reasonably expect a good living, a pleasant\\nhome, health, and the independence that comes from being one s\\nown master. If I were a workingman I would infinitely rather\\nhave the free healthful life of the poultry farm than to work in\\nthe heated shoe shop under the eye of a domineering boss, or to\\nput in 12 to 1 6 hours a day on a trolley car, or to be a clerk in a\\ngreat department store where I could not say my soul was\\nmy own.\\nWHY SO MANY FAILURES?\\nThe poultry business has its due share of failures. Within a\\nfew miles of where I write there are several plants that have\\nbeen converted to other uses, or, abandoned, have fallen into\\ndecay. Every now and then I meet a man who has retired from\\npoultrv keeping in disgust, and who consigns the business and\\neverything connected with it to the regions of unutterable woe.\\nCertainly it would seem to an onlooker that there is as good a\\nchance for success in the poultry business as in any other. The\\npoultryman deals in a product that always sells and sells for cash.\\nThere is never a time when eggs do not command some market.\\nIt would seem a very easy matter for a poultryman to arrange\\nhis sales and expenses so that there will be a good margin of\\nprofit. The manufacturer of eggs has an advantage over other\\nmanufacturers, in that he can dispose of his worn-out\\nmachinery the laying stock for about what it cost to install it.\\nWhy then are there so many failures?\\ni. One reason is that men rush into the business without\\nexperience. Other occupations require a long apprenticeship. In\\nlaw, medicine or the ministry a man has to study for years before\\nhe is admitted to his profession. In manufacturing a man must\\nbe familiar with every detail, and some of the most successful\\nmanufacturers in the country came up from the workman s\\ntoTC", "height": "3415", "width": "2091", "jp2-path": "200eggsyearperhe00warr_0061.jp2"}, "62": {"fulltext": "56\\nbench. In merchandising or banking it takes years to come to\\nthe front. And yet men think they can go into the poultry busi-\\nness without money, without experience, and make a success\\nfrom the start\\nI know a young man who came east from a great city to go\\ninto the poultry business. He was better off than most poultry-\\nmen in that he had the promise at the outset of a cash market\\nfor all the eggs he could produce, up to 1,000 dozen a day. It\\nwas fall when this young man began operations. He had no\\nstock and, instead of picking up stock among the neighboring\\nfarmers as best he could, sent away for chickens that had just\\nbeen hatched. They were a nice-looking lot, and with care in\\ndue time would have developed into good layers. But he had\\nno brooders, and the only way the little things could keep warm\\nwas by huddling together. Their growth was checked, and they\\nnever made strong, sturdy fowls. Some of them never laid an\\negg. The young man who came east with a contract in his\\npocket to furnish 1,000 dozen of eggs a day, actually did not get\\nenough for his own table and had to buy them of his neighbors\\nIt is surprising how jauntily men assume that they know all\\nthere is to know about the poultry business, and that there is\\nnothing for them to learn. Some time ago I was called\\nupon to advise some young men who had gone into the poultry\\nbusiness and were not making a success of it. They were honest,\\nhard-working young fellows, had a good market for their eggs\\nand stock, and yet their ledger showed a balance on the wrong\\nside. What poultry papers do you take? I asked. We take\\nnone now, was the reply. The poultry papers have the same\\nthings over and over again we can learn nothing from them.\\nNo matter how experienced a man may be it pays him to\\ntake poultry papers, and to take a good many of them. If he\\ngets a new idea once in six months he will be amply repaid.\\nThen it is worth something to keep up one s enthusiasm, without\\nwhich the work drags so that one is tempted to give it up.\\nThe beauty of the poultry business is that one can go into it\\nin a small way at first, and learn it while he relies upon his regu-\\nlar occupation to give him his daily bread. No man should\\nexpect to make poultry keeping his sole support until he has\\nmastered it in every detail. Then the chances of failure are\\nreduced to a minimum.\\n2. Another reason why there are so many failures in the\\npoultry business is poorly constructed and inconveniently", "height": "3415", "width": "2111", "jp2-path": "200eggsyearperhe00warr_0062.jp2"}, "63": {"fulltext": "57\\narranged plants. These young men of whom I spoke had one\\nof the worst arranged plants I ever saw. The houses were of all\\nsizes and were huddled together without any plan or system.\\nThe yards were too small, and the ground had become polluted\\nwith the droppings of generations of fowls. The houses were so\\nlow that as one went through them he was in constant danger of\\nbumping his head or becoming stoop-shouldered. I was com-\\npelled to tell them that before they could hope to make a success\\nthey must completely remodel their plant, remove the smaller\\nhouses to new soil and build over the larger ones.\\nCuriously enough there are two diametrically opposite errors\\nmade in the laying-out of plants. One is to make the plant too\\ncostly the other is to make it too cheap. The former error is\\nmore likely to be made by wealthy men who engage in the busi-\\nness partly as a diversion the latter by men with small capital\\nwho wish to begin as cheap as possible. Hens will lay as many\\neggs in a cheap house as they will in an expensive one, provided\\nit is clean, warm, snug and well-ventilated. But it is possible to\\nmake the house so cheap that it is shabby and inconvenient.\\nBefore the prospective poultryman lays out his plant it will\\npay him to visit several successful poultrymen in his neighbor-\\nhood and see if he cannot learn something from them. One or\\ntwo principles should be held firmly in mind. The laying stock\\nshould be in houses convenient of access, and these houses should\\nbe permanent and supplied with yards. The young stock should\\nbe on fresh ground, for the best results. Consequently their\\nhouses should be movable.\\nThe style of house that suits me best for laying stock is 60\\nfeet long, 12 feet wide, 6 feet posts, a roof, 9 feet from apex to\\nground. This house may be divided into four compartments of\\n15 feet each, should have 8 small windows, a door at each end,\\nwith small doors for the hens. This house rests on a stone\\nfoundation and has an earth or gravel floor. The sills are 4x4,\\nthe studding and rafters each 2x4.\\nUp this way the mills turn out what they call siding, which\\nseems to be the ideal stuff out of which to build poultry houses.\\nEach piece of siding is of pine, of an inch thick, with a\\nflange on either side. This flange joins into the flange on the\\nnext piece, and by matching them together a perfectly tight wall\\nis secured. The advantage of this siding is that it can be put\\non almost as fast as clapboards, requires no covering except\\npaint, is neat, and makes a warm and tight house. In this cold", "height": "3415", "width": "2091", "jp2-path": "200eggsyearperhe00warr_0063.jp2"}, "64": {"fulltext": "58\\nclimate a double wall on the north side, with the space between\\nfilled with sawdust, is advisable: but to the south of us no double\\nwall is needed. The roof of this house should be of hemlock\\nboards, shingled.\\nIf I were running an egg farm and wanted to make the most\\nmoney with the least work I would build houses such as I have\\ndescribed, and in each house I would put ioo layers. I would\\nhave no partitions in the house, and would let the birds out in\\none large yard. I would not have a male bird in the house,\\nnothing but females. The work of looking after such a flock\\nwould be slight, and if I fed them right and kept them clean I\\nshould expect 150 eggs a year apiece.\\n3. Another reason why men fail in the poultry business is\\nlack of good management. As a boy I learned from one of\\nthe most successful men of my acquaintance a principle that has\\nbeen of great use all through life. Never do what the majority\\nof those about you arc doing! I try to apply this principle in the\\npoultry business. I aim to hatch out my chickens either earlier\\nor later than my neighbors, and to have eggs when they have\\nnone. In the summer when everybody s hens are laying and\\neggs are cheap and poultry dear, I begin to kill off my stock\\nand in the fall when eggs are worth something then my early-\\nhatched pullets begin to get in their work.\\nThe ideal before the manager of every great business enter-\\nprise in this country is to be independent that is, to produce him-\\nself everything that he needs. The poultryman may apply in a\\nsmall way the principles by which these great businesses are con-\\nducted. He should aim to produce on his own land, so far as\\npossible, all he needs. He should make his hens his customers,\\nand sell them his corn, oats and wheat instead of hunting up\\nbuyers outside. In other words he should be a manufacturer as\\nwell as a farmer, and the machines that he runs should be stand-\\nard-bred, up-to-date hens.\\nWe are on the brink of momentous changes in the poultry\\nbusiness. Eggs for the best trade are no longer to be produced\\nby corn -fed hens in the old, hap-hazard way but are to come\\nfrom egg farms, scientifically conducted, with each egg dated\\nand guaranteed. There is lots of room for the neat, honest,\\nup-to-date poultryman", "height": "3415", "width": "2111", "jp2-path": "200eggsyearperhe00warr_0064.jp2"}, "65": {"fulltext": "59\\nPROFITABLE COMBINATIONS IN POULTRY CULTURE.\\nOne of the lessons a man learns in business is, that if he is to\\nbe successful he must have no unproductive capital. The man\\nwho puts up a block of stores as an investment finds his profits\\nseriously curtailed if one of the stores is left untenanted. The\\ngeneral manager of a railroad soon discovers that he must load\\nhis freight cars both ways if the road is to pay a dividend. The\\nsuperintendent of a factory learns that the same boiler that gen-\\nerates power to run the machinery will furnish surplus steam to\\nheat the rooms where the hands are at work and drive a dynamo\\nfor electric lighting. There is no waste in connection with a\\ngreat modern business. Every by-product is utilized. Business\\nis done on such a close margin now-a-days that all leaks must be\\nstopped, or there will be no profits.\\nThe up-to-date poultryman may learn a lesson from the way\\ngreat business enterprises are conducted. I suppose it would be\\npossible for a man to make a living from poultry alone. But the\\nman who should try to do this would be at a great disadvantage.\\nThe land that he devotes to his poultry might at the same time\\nbe used for something else. The food that he purchases might\\nin part at least be produced at home. The time that he has on his\\nhands when his poultry do not require his attention might be\\ndevoted to some other employment. Don t put all your eggs in\\none basket, is as good a rule for the poultryman as for any\\nother man.\\ni. Poultry culture may to a limited extent be combined with\\ngeneral farming. The agricultural papers, almost without excep-\\ntion, urge their readers to go into poultry raising more exten-\\nsively. This is a mistake. The farmer should keep better stock,\\nand should devote more attention to his poultry but should not\\nattempt to go into poultry raising on a large scale, unless his farm\\nis peculiarly adapted to it. The manufacturer of boots and shoes\\ndoes not think of changing over his machinery so that he can\\nturn out bicycles, and the superintendent of a woolen mill does\\nnot attempt to manufacture watches. Each man uses his plant\\nfor what it was intended. The section where I live is largely a\\ngrass growing, dairying country. The farms are large and are\\nfitted up for grass-growing and cattle raising. It would be folly\\nfor farmers here to let their mowing machines rust and their fields\\nrun to weeds and sell off their cows, to engage in poultry raising.", "height": "3415", "width": "2091", "jp2-path": "200eggsyearperhe00warr_0065.jp2"}, "66": {"fulltext": "60\\nI have known a man to do this and drop a thousand dollars a year\\nwhile he was learning his lesson. As I have said, farmers should\\nkeep better stock and care for their poultry more scientifically;\\nbut not every farmer should think that it is his mission to start\\na poultry plant.\\n2. Poultry culture may be combined with market gardening.\\nThe droppings from the fowls, properly taken care of, make a\\nvaluable fertilizer; and the market gardener, as he goes his\\nrounds, can take his eggs and poultry along at the same time.\\nMarket gardening must be carried on in the neighborhood of some\\ncity or large town, and this is a good place to dispose of the\\npoultry product.\\n3. Poultry culture and bee keeping go well together. I do\\nnot know of two occupations that so fit into each other as these.\\nThe bee keeper s busy season comes in hot weather when the\\npoultryman is not steadily employed. Bee keeping and poultry\\nraising can be carried on in a village on a comparatively limited\\narea. There seems to be almost a natural connection between the\\ntwo occupations.\\n4. Poultry culture and fruit growing make a good combina-\\ntion. It is a well-known fact that fruit trees in poultry runs make\\na more vigorous growth and produce a larger yield than trees in\\nother locations. The foliage of trees makes a grateful shade for\\nthe fowls, and the wormy fruit as it falls to the ground is eagerly\\ndevoured. The poultryman as he moves among his birds has his\\nattention constantly called to his trees and can watch them more\\ncarefully than he could if they were away by themselves.\\n5. Poultry and pet stock make a good combination for a\\nspecialist. The man who engages in this business must know\\nhow to advertise. It would hardly pay him to sell his eggs and\\nfowls at market rates, when he could sell at much larger prices\\nfor exhibition and breeding purposes. The pet stock business is\\ngrowing to mammoth proportions. I have a friend, a city pastor,\\nwho receives nearly as much from the sale of his canaries as from\\nhis salary. There is a man in Indiana who raises and sells 3,000\\nAngora cats a year, and has 10 acres devoted to the purpose.\\nThere is another man in the same state who has a rabbit farm of\\n60 acres, and raises 1,000.000 rabbits annually.", "height": "3415", "width": "2111", "jp2-path": "200eggsyearperhe00warr_0066.jp2"}, "67": {"fulltext": "61\\nWHERE THE MONEY IS MADE.\\nIn what goes before I have endeavored to take a conservative\\nview of the situation, and to avoid raising hopes that can never\\nbe realized. I have known too many men to drop money in the\\npoultry business to advise anyone to go into it without careful\\nconsideration. It is easy to exaggerate the profits. In the\\nmajority of cases no books are kept and no account made for\\nlabor or food. What comes in seems like so much clear gain.\\nIf a strict account was kept it would be found that the profits\\nin many cases were microscopic. One of the most successful prac-\\ntical poultrymen that I know anything about the man who\\nmakes his hens pay him better than any other man in town told\\nme that last year (1899) buying and selling on the market his\\nfowls netted him 92 cents per head. This did not include labor.\\nBy following out the methods recommended in this book selling\\neggs for hatching in the spring and cockerels for breeding in the\\nfall, by getting out his chickens early and selling broilers for 25\\ncents a pound he actually did considerably better than this, his\\nfowls netting him $1.65 apiece. Buying and selling on the mar-\\nket however he would have made only 92 cents. It will be seen\\nby this that the popular impression that a hen will pay $1 a year\\nabove her keep is not far out of the way. The poultry business\\nis no Klondike. There are a few men who make fortunes. The\\nmajority of poultrymen however make only about day pay,\\nsay from $9 to $12 a week. There is room in the poultry busi-\\nness for quite a number of men to do much better than this, and\\nto build up a business that will pay them from $1000 to $2500\\na year.\\nSuch men must cater to an entirely different trade from that\\ncatered to by the practical poultryman. They must appeal to a\\nwider public. There are many men of means who have a love\\nfor fowls and will pay a large price for choice specimens. These\\nare the fanciers. There are men that make nothing of paying\\n$25 for a cock that strikes their eye, and double that sum for a\\nprize winner at a large show. There are many others who can-\\nnot pay so much, but who do not consider $5 for a good cock at\\nall out of the way. Eggs for hatching from choice birds sell\\nfrom $2 to $5 per sitting. It will be seen that if a man can reach\\nand hold this trade his chances for making money are better than\\nin the more common and less amply rewarded departments of the\\nbusiness.", "height": "3415", "width": "2091", "jp2-path": "200eggsyearperhe00warr_0067.jp2"}, "68": {"fulltext": "62\\nHow may this trade be reached? In the first place a man\\nmust have something to sell. The public will pay a fancy price\\nonly for a fancy article. There are millions and millions of fowls\\nin the country and men are not going to pay $5 to $25 for a cock\\nand $2 to $5 a sitting for eggs, when they can get as good around\\nhome for one-fifth the amount. That is, they will not pay it\\nlong. The cheat is sure in the end to be discovered and exposed.\\nIf a man expects fancy prices he must have fancy stock. He\\nmust have a strain noted for egg production, or must breed prize\\nwinners, or must have a variety that is becoming popular but is\\nnot very widely distributed as yet.\\nIn order to reach the trade that pays one must advertise. One\\nmay have the best birds in the world, but if no one knows it one\\ncannot expect to sell. Printer s ink is the magic key that has\\nunlocked many a treasure house.\\nAdvertising is an art. I am convinced as I study the poultry\\npapers that even the great poultrymen have much to learn.\\nTheir advertisements do not catch the eye and tell the story as\\nthey ought. In many cases they are too diffuse, too general.\\nThe advertisements of breeders do not begin to compare in\\nefficiency and attractiveness with the advertisements of manu-\\nfacturers of incubators and poultry foods.\\nPersistency is an important quality in an advertiser. It takes\\ntime to make an impression. Herbert Spencer says that you\\nmust tell a man anything 600 times before he comprehends it.\\nThe most successful poultrymen are the men who keep hammer-\\ning away. Better a two-line advertisement coming out in every\\nissue than a much larger one that appears only once in a while.\\nStrikingness is another quality that an advertisement should\\npossess. The advertisement should be so worded and displayed\\nthat it will catch the eye. The poultrymen may learn much from\\na study of good advertising in other lines. The advertising\\npages of a magazine are not the least interesting part of the peri-\\nodical. See how carefully the advertisements are written, how\\nartistically they are displayed.\\nCourtesy must not be forgotten. Some advertisements make\\nme think of the methods pursued by cheap clothing dealers in\\nlarge cities, who buttonhole a passer-by and try to drag him in\\nby main strength. Take it for granted that your readers are\\nmen and women of refinement and intelligence, and try to address\\nthem as you would if you were talking with them face to face.\\nThe way to prepare an advertisement is first to think out", "height": "3415", "width": "2111", "jp2-path": "200eggsyearperhe00warr_0068.jp2"}, "69": {"fulltext": "63\\ncarefully what you want to say, and then write it down. Go over\\nwhat you have written and strike out every unnecessary word.\\nCondense, condense, condense Go over what remains and try\\nto arrange it in the most striking way. The longest and costliest\\nadvertisement is not necessarily the one that draws the most\\ntrade. A four-line advertisement, running six times, once\\nbrought me in $500 worth of orders.\\nThe man who does not have the capital to engage in the busi-\\nness on a large scale, or who does not feel competent to compete\\nwith breeders of established reputation, may largely increase his\\nprofits by imitating their methods within a limited area. Farmers\\nare waking up to the importance of keeping thoroughbred stock.\\nThe average farmer does not feel that he can afford to pay $2 or\\neven $1 for a sitting of eggs, but he will gladly pay 50 cents.\\nThe man who introduces a new and promising variety into his\\nneighborhood, or who has a strain of any established breed noted\\nfor egg production, can count on a large sale of eggs for hatch-\\ning around home. It is more profitable to sell eggs to the farmers\\nfor 50 cents a sitting than to sell them for double that sum to cus-\\ntomers out of town for in the latter case there is the expense for\\nadvertising and baskets, the time consumed in packing the eggs\\nand in correspondence. The farmers will come to the house to\\nget what they want. They hatch way into summer, and their\\ntrade is worth having. The man I referred to in the opening\\nparagraph of this section as realizing $1.65 per head from his\\nhens in 1899, in the hatching season sells nearly all the eggs he\\ncan spare to farmers for 50 cents a sitting.\\nPOINTS TO KEEP IN MIND.\\nIn this book I have told the reader how to get 200 eggs a year\\napiece from his hens. But unless he studies his flock closely and\\nmodifies the rules to suit his individual case he will not succeed.\\nThere are five points that he should keep constantly in mind\\n1. Do not let the hens get too fat. If the hens huddle\\ntogether in a group and seem lazy and apathetic the ration is too\\nrich and must be reduced. If when you lift them the hens feel\\nlike lumps of lead, or if they lay small or soft-shelled eggs,\\nthey are too fat and must be reduced in weight. The ration I\\nrecommend in this book is for hens in confinement. Where hens\\nhave free range the noon feed should be omitted altogether, and\\nthe morning feed should be light if given at all.", "height": "3415", "width": "2091", "jp2-path": "200eggsyearperhe00warr_0069.jp2"}, "70": {"fulltext": "64\\n2. Watch the droppings. These are a good key to the health\\nof the fowls. In this book I have recommended a much larger\\nproportion of ground bone and meat than is generally advised,\\nand it may be that so much meat and ground bone will induce\\ndiarrhoea. If so the proportion should for a while be reduced.\\n3. Be on the lookout for lice. Lice are more likely to trouble\\nthe male than the female, for the reason that the male is not so\\nparticular about taking his bath.\\n4. See that your fowls are comfortable and in good health.\\nThe egg is the surplus after all the needs of the fowl s constitu-\\ntion have been supplied. It stands to reason therefore that eggs\\ncannot be produced in great quantities unless the hens are com-\\nfortable and in good health.\\n5. Be gentle with your birds. The hen is naturally timid\\nand easily scared. When kindly treated however she becomes\\ntame. Much of the pleasure in keeping fowls comes from hav-\\ning them so tame that they will let their owner work among them\\nand even handle them at his will. One should never lose his\\ntemper, no matter how great the provocation. The hen is\\nnot a reasoning creature and often sorely tries her owner s\\npatience. But if he never allows himself to get angry or treat\\nher unkindly no matter what she may do, poultry keeping\\nbecomes not only a source of pleasure and profit but a means of\\nmoral discipline not to be despised.\\nCONCLUSION.\\nIn preparing this book I have been governed by two consider-\\nations economy, practicability. By economy I mean not only\\nfrugality in the use of money, but also frugality in the use of\\ntime. I am aware that the great majority of those who keep\\nfowls are not able to devote their whole time to the business, but\\nmust combine poultry keeping with other pursuits. I have had\\nthis class in mind in writing this book, and have endeavored to\\nshow how the maximum of profit may be obtained with the min-\\nimum of effort. Every statement in the book has been tested by\\nactual experience, and may be relied upon implicitly. I expect to\\nlearn as long as I live and to modify details from time to time,\\nbut never expect to depart radically from the principles laid down\\nin these pages.", "height": "3415", "width": "2111", "jp2-path": "200eggsyearperhe00warr_0070.jp2"}, "71": {"fulltext": "ARE TOD THINKING OF\\nSTHRTIHS B POOLTBI PLflXT?\\nThen you must be interested in the price of building\\nmaterials.\\nWe live in a heavily- timbered region, not far from the great\\nmarkets, consequently we can make low prices on lumber,\\nwhile freights are moderate.\\nOur matched pine boarding or siding is just the stuff for\\npoultry houses. The pieces are grooved together, so that rain and\\nwind cannot get in. They can be put on as fast as clapboards.\\nSouth of Boston a house built of matched pine boarding or\\nsiding requires no shingles, clapboards or roofing paper. North\\nof Boston the house should have a double wall on the cold\\nside, or be lined.\\nUp this way scores of summer cottages and camps are\\nbuilt of our matched pine.\\nPoultry houses can be built for about one dollar a run-\\nning foot.\\nDo you know of any cheaper or more convenient build-\\ning material?\\nWhy not write us?\\nS. W. CLOW CO.,\\nWolfeboro, N. H.", "height": "3415", "width": "2091", "jp2-path": "200eggsyearperhe00warr_0071.jp2"}, "72": {"fulltext": "GOOD LOOKERS\\nAND\\nGOOD LAYERS.\\nWarrens White Wyandottes.\\nCockerels, $2, $3 and $5 each. Eggs, $1.50 per 15; $3 per 30; $4 per 40.\\nNO INCDBATOK EGGS. STOCK LIMITED. ORDEB IN ADVANCE.\\nBRED FOR BEffUTY.\\nBRED FOR BUSINESS.\\nEDGAR L. WARREN, Pleasant View, WOLFEBORO, N. H.\\nA few 2QO=Egg Hens\\nA Good Garden,\\nAnd your Ta ble need\\nnot Lack for Delicacies.\\nTo produce the 200-Egg hen, consult the pages of this book.\\nTo produce the good garden, you must start with good seeds.\\nAs well expect good layers from scrub poultry or to hatch\\nchickens from infertile eggs, as to get a good garden from\\ncheap-grade seeds.\\nEASTMAN S SEEDS\\nhave an established reputation for hardiness, earliness, purity,\\nvigor and all that goes to make high quality in seeds. Many\\nare of our own growing, and all are sold under guaranty.\\nSend NOW for free catalogue. If not in the seed season, we\\nwill keep your address for next catalogue when issued.\\nTHE EASTMAN SEED CO., East Sumner, Me.\\nr", "height": "3415", "width": "2111", "jp2-path": "200eggsyearperhe00warr_0072.jp2"}, "73": {"fulltext": "", "height": "3415", "width": "2091", "jp2-path": "200eggsyearperhe00warr_0073.jp2"}, "74": {"fulltext": "", "height": "3415", "width": "2111", "jp2-path": "200eggsyearperhe00warr_0074.jp2"}, "75": {"fulltext": "", "height": "3415", "width": "2091", "jp2-path": "200eggsyearperhe00warr_0075.jp2"}, "76": {"fulltext": "", "height": "3415", "width": "2111", "jp2-path": "200eggsyearperhe00warr_0076.jp2"}}